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The desert plant, Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae), inhabits the Saudi Arabian Sahara Desert. In these areas the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera, Acrididae), feeds on L. corniculatus containing the plant allelochemical linamarin; a cyanogenic glucoside that is usually toxic to polyphagous insects. Under laboratory conditions this plant was fed to S. gregaria. Haemolymph proteins and allelochemicals detoxification in S. gregaria, fed on L. corniculatus were assessed. Female 5th instar nymphs were reared on L. corniculatus or on wheat seedlings, Triticum aestivum, as control. In insects, glutathione-S-transferase is one of the most important detoxifying enzymes. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase (in units /gram) in the mid-gut tissues of 5th instar nymph females fed on L. corniculatus was significantly higher than in those fed on T. aestivum. The quantity of haemolymph proteins (in mg 100µl1) in adult locust females resulting from nymphs fed on L. corniculatus was significantly less than it was in females fed on T. aestivum. Decreasing protein synthesis in the adult females of S. gregaria might be related to detoxifying toxic compounds in L. corniculatus.
The present contribution is based upon stratiomyids (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) collected in Turkey between 1973 and 2014. A total of 29 species belonging to Beridinae, Clitellariinae, Sarginae, Stratiomyinae and Nemotelinae have been recorded. Among them, Actina chalybea Meigen, 1804, Adoxomyia dahlii (Meigen, 1830) and Nemotelus uliginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) are new records for the Turkish insect fauna. Additionally, the genus Actina was also recorded from Turkey for the first time. New distribution areas for previously known species were added. A Zoogeographic characterization is proposed for each species.
An inventory of the wasp-moths Ctenuchina and Euchromiina (Erebidae) was done for the Tumilco Mangrove, Tuxpan, Northern Veracruz, Mexico. Moth collecting was carried out between September, 2006 and June, 2007 with 20 field trips and with an effort of collection of 140 hours of night work and 140 hours of day collections, adding up to 280 hours of effective work in the field. Two types of collection techniques were used: butterfly nets and mercury light traps, the latter being placed during new moon time. Thirteen species were found: three of them in Ctenuchina and ten in Euchromiina. The month with greater richness and abundance was October.
The first cytogenetic analysis of Phlugis Stål, 1861, Phlugis proxima Bruner, 1915, revealed 2n♂ = 27, X0 and 2n♀ = 28, XX. Some tribe-specific chromosomal patterns are assigned to Meconematinae: 1) In Phlugidini, the X chromosome is metacentric and the largest chromosome of the karyotype; 2) In Phisidini, the X chromosome is telo/acrocentric, and largest element only in species with exclusively telocentric autosomes; 3) In Meconematini, three genera have an acrocentric X element and members of Xiphidiopsis Redtenbacher, 1891 exhibit a metacentric X chromosome; 4) The Australian Phlugidini showed 2n♂ = 29 and the Neotropical P. proxima 2n♂ = 27; 5) Phisidini, except one species, is characterized by lower diploid numbers (2n♂ = 19, 21 or 23); 6) Meconematini, except one presumed parthenogenetic species, is characterized by higher diploid numbers (2n♂ = 33, 31 or 27). No telomeric interstitial sites were observed, indicating a possible ancient chromosome fusion in the origin of the P. proxima karyotype
Small corn fields are intertwined within hazelnut orchards as main crops in Düzce province, located in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. In recent years, the fall webworm, Hyphantriacunea (Drury) reached outbreak levels in hazelnut orchards and chemical agents represented the primary means used to control the population of H. cunea in those orchards. Frequent pesticide spraying against H. cunea may have an adverse effect on beneficial insects and may also disrupt biological control of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) by Trichogramma species. Trichogramma specimens collected from corn fields of Düzce provinces in the West Black Sea region in Turkey were identified as T. brassicae Bezdenko based on morphological and molecular characteristics. As a result of this study, natural occurrence of the parasitoid, T. brassicae is still important in successfully suppressing the ECB population in Düzce province of Turkey. It seems that this wasp species adapts well to corn fields. Two years following the initial incidence of parasitism, T. brassicae parasitized more than 90% of the eggs of ECB. A second generation borer attack had not caused stalk or tassel breakage and/or boring into the ear shanks in 2014 and 2015. In both years, larvae were extremely sparse. It would appear that T. brassicae was responsible for the total collapse of the host population. Parasitization of host eggs by T. brassicae in 2014 and 2015 were correlated with the time of collection (r=0.71 and 0.26, respectively). Reasons for the high incidence of parasitism by T. brassicae possibly may have been overwintering survival and alternate hosts of T. brassicae being available prior to August.
A method for recognizing the final stadium and the four preceding stadia of dragonfly nymphs (Odonata: Anisoptera) was derived by dividing hind wing sheath length (WSL) by maximum head width (HW). Based on measurements for 15 species representing all seven North American families, five stadia can be delineated, counting backwards from the final (F-0) to the four preceding stadia (F-1, F-2, F-3, and F-4). The ratio WSL/HW over all species ranged as follows: F-0, 0.89–1.39 (mean 1.16); F-1, 0.57–0.88 (mean 0.70); F-2, 0.36–0.61 (mean 0.46); F-3, 0.24–0.44 (mean 0.32); and F-4, 0.15–0.32 (mean 0.23). As a crude guide, a ratio near 1 or greater indicates F-0, about two-thirds indicates F-1, about one-half indicates F-2, about one-third indicates F-3, and about one-fourth indicates F-4. Plathemis lydia (Libellulidae) had the highest WSL/HW ratio in F-0 (1.32–1.39).
The Pantanal is the largest floodplain in the word with more than 140,000 km2, and the annual cycles of flood and drought are the most important factors that determine ecological interactions and patterns of diversity. Usually, capões are elongated or rounded arboreal patches of herbaceous vegetation found in flooded fields. This study aimed to determine the effect of size, distance, and heterogeneity of capões on selected components of insect communities in Brazilian Pantanal, testing the hypotheses that (I) larger capões show greater ecological metrics, (II) the closer one is more similar in insect composition, and (III) heterogeneity affects the composition of the insect community. We used Malaise traps to capture insects. There was a positive relationship between richness and abundance and capão size and this influenced insect community composition. The distance between capões also affected insect community composition. The variation in heterogeneity of capões influenced community composition at the family level, and these characteristics are important in determining the components of community.
Arachnids are important predators in arthropod assemblages that occur from early successional old fields to mature forests. As generalist predators, they may occupy varying trophic niches in different environments that have different prey available. Given that trophic niche can be quantified by the enrichment of 15N in an organism, we tested the null hypothesis that the trophic niche is invariant between old fields and forests in three groups of arachnids: cursorial and web weaving spiders (Araneae), and harvestmen (Opiliones), by comparing the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) in specimens of each group collected from field and forest. Cursorial spiders fed at the highest trophic level in both habitats, and likely consumed other predators as well as herbivores in the field. Web weavers showed slightly higher δ15N in the field than in the forest. Harvestmen and cursorial spiders had significantly lower δ15N in the forest, indicating a trophic shift downward during later succession when they may increase the proportion of detritivore prey in their diets.
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