Damage caused by the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is the major constraint to cowpea grain production in most cowpea producing countries. The activity of fenugreek essential oil was evaluated against the one-week-old adults of C. maculatus which exhibited good activity with an LC₅₀ value of 195.44 ppm. Two gamma radiation doses were chosen (50 and 100Gy) to study their combined effects with the LC₇₅, LC₅₀, LC₂₅ and LC₁₀ values of fenugreek essential oil on the mortality of C. maculatus adults. The weevils were subjected to gamma radiation then exposed to vapors of the volatile oils and mortality was recorded daily for four days. It was observed that mortality increased as a result of the combined effect of the two agents. Mortality percentages were 93.33, 81.66, 68.33, and 51.66% when one-week-old adults of C. maculatus were irradiated with 100Gy and exposed to LC₇₅, LC₅₀, LC₂₅ and LC₁₀ values of fenugreek essential oil, respectively, 96 h post-treatment. The irradiated weevils with 50Gy showed 85, 71, 60, and 45% mortality, respectively, 96 h post-treatment. The integration of fenugreek essential oil and gamma radiation is a safe, effective and affordable control method against cowpea weevils and they are promising to be the main components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs of this weevil.

Ants self-organize through interactions between individuals (nestmates). Therefore, it is possible that slight changes in individual behavior play an important role in interactions between individuals and subsequently lead to colony-level responses to environmental changes. While conducting research on the control/eradication of the invasive Argentine ant Linepithema humile Mayr, we observed an unusual behavior (i.e., a mandible-opening behavior: a toxicity-related behavior) displayed by ant workers after exposure to the insecticide fipronil until death. Although this phenomenon might represent a symptom of exposure to a toxin, it is possible that mandible opening behaviors are performed for the secretion of pheromones. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify why fipronil-exposed workers exhibit mandible-opening behavior.

Pistachio psylla [Agonoscena pistaciae Burck. and Laut. (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae)] is one of the pests that economically affect the worlwide pistachio production. Due to the harmful effects of chemicals used in pest control, residue problems can occur in products. In this study, the mass capturing efficiency of yellow sticky traps, which are mostly used to determine the appearance period of the pest, was determined with the 1016B coded version of the yellow sticky traps. The study was conducted in Tülmen, Karaköprü, Şanlıurfa (Turkey) province between 2016-2018. In the first year of the study, the difference between the cost of traps and the cost of pest control was determined between 4 traps/tree and 8 traps/tree in 100 trees. It was determined that 4 traps/tree was more economical. In the second and third years of the study, yellow sticky traps were hung on wild almond trees and pistachio orchards to determine the emergence of the pest from hibernation in these locations, and following the determination of emergence, psyllid adults and nymphs were counted on the 4 compound leaves of 10 trees by impact / visual control methods. After the count, traps were hung on 10 randomly selected trees, with 4 traps per tree, at the beginning of March each year. The adhesive on the traps was renewed monthly, and the number of nymphs was compared between March-November following the pistachio phenology on compound leaves with and without traps. In the statistical evaluation of the results of the study, it was determined that the psyllid nymph numbers in the orchards where 4 traps/tree were hung in both years were statistically different compared to the control. However, in 2017, the number of nymphs in the trees where traps were hung was much higher than in 2018, and this difference is assumed to be due to the fact that the precipitation was higher in 2018 and the adult individuals caught in the traps were fewer and the nymphs were damaged by precipitation in the control treatments. In terms of the number of nymphs on the compound leaves, it was determined that in 2017/2018, the number of trapped/control nymphs was 3381 / 6415 in 2017 while in 2018 this value was 3265 / 4746. In conclusion, the results of this study are important in terms of providing an alternative method to chemical control in pistachio integrated pest management and are promising in terms of offering an alternative control opportunity for psyllid control in low and medium populations. However, this method should be expected to reduce the psyllid population below the Economic Damage Threshold, by using it in combination with other control methods, rather than as a control method that can be used alone in high pest populations.

Due to its high protein content, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walpers) is the most consumed legume crop in tropical and subtropical environments. Callosobruchus maculatus (F) is regarded as a global threat to stored pulses since it attacks several cowpea bean kinds and other stored legumes. Therefore, it is deemed important to develop a safe method to protect cowpea from any infestation. The insecticidal activity of gamma irradiated moringa leaves powder using gamma radiation against C. maculatus adults was examined to protect cowpea seeds from infestation. Also, the current study was carried out to investigate some histochemical aspects of cowpea beetles C. maculatus. Moringa seeds irradiated with 20, 40, 60 and 80Gy obtained results indicating that the adults' mortality was increased and accelerated by using irradiated leaves as compared to the unirradiated leaves. The most effective dose was 40Gy where the percent accumulative mortality was 100% with the lowest median lethal time (LT₅₀) of 54.3 hrs. Moreover, the biochemical studies of adults (control, unirradiated M. oleifera and 40Gy irradiated M. oleifera) revealed a significant rise in both peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase activities in adults from 40Gy irradiated M. oleifera leaves treatment as compared to the adults from unirradiated M. oleifera leaves treatment and control adults. It could be concluded that leaves powder of irradiated M. oleifera as seed with 40Gy was effective for the control of insect infestation of grains and other stored products; it's also a safer and cheaper control method among integrated pest management program.

In the present manuscript, we report three species of Miltochrista Hübner i.e. M. aquila (Černý in Černý & Pinratana, 2009), M. weidenhofferi weidenhofferi (Černý, 2012), and M. kravchenkoi Volynkin, Saldaitis & Müller, 2022 for first time from India. Additionally, we illustrate male genitalia of M. aquila and M. infumata (Felder, 1874) and female genitalia of M. aquila and M. pseudomodesta Joshi, Singh & Volynkin in Joshi et al. 2017 for the first time.