A study on the habitat use and diet of Iksookimia hugowolfeldi, which is endemic to Korea, was carried out focusing on feeding and resting behaviour in the wild. This study focused on a valley stream in a forest on Geogeum Island (Eojeon-ri, Geumsanmyeon, Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea) with a large population. The bottom substrate of this stream was mud (< 0.1 mm in diameter, 10 % relative abundance), sand (0.1–2 mm, 30 %), gravel (2–16 mm, 20 %), pebbles (16–64 mm, 20 %), cobbles (64–256 mm, 10 %), and boulders (> 256 mm, 10 %), with an Aa-Bb river type and a slow current (0.1 m/s). The food sources analyzed based on the index of relative importance (IRI) included Diptera (70.98 %), Phryganeidae (10.46 %), Branchiopoda (9.74 %), Harpacticidae (8.33 %), Ephemeroptera (0.47 %) and other (0.02 %). As a diurnal and benthic filter feeder, two main feeding behaviours were observed: feeding on surface (sand, cobble) and on sand-cobble digging. Resting behaviour predominantly occurred on the surface of sand and cobbles, and sometimes while buried in the sand. Daily feeding behaviour was more active at the highest water temperature of 22.1– 23.7 °C from 14:00 to 15:00, and feeding behaviour occurred more frequently in July to August, at temperatures as high as 22–24 °C. Meanwhile, while the water temperature is below 8 °C, they are getting around in the water by being hid in or buried in the substrate. In that season, the empty stomach rate was higher than in other seasons.

The aim of this study was to determine the locomotor activity pattern of European mouflon and axis deer in a Mediterranean habitat on the island of Rab, and to determine the temporal overlap between these two species. Nine cameras with an infrared motion detection system were used to track animal activity over a 12-month period, 24 hours per day. A total of 122082 JPEG photographs were obtained, of which 69273 recorded the presence of the two target non-native ungulate species. The average monthly number of recorded animals varied by sex and season for European mouflon and by season for axis deer. Both species displayed a bimodal activity pattern, with an overlap coefficient of 0.74 for the activity of both species during the entire study period. The results indicate a non-competitive coexistence and similar activity patterns in the studied ungulate species, despite the high overlap coefficient.

The four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis) is a vulnerable, solitary endemic and smallest Asian herbivore bovid. Its activity and social behaviour were observed in the three wildlife sanctuaries of western India, by opportunistic focal animal sampling method from April 2014 to May 2016. The results show two peaks in animal activity; first in morning hours and second in evening hours mostly devoted to feeding (28.12 %) and walking (22.35 %). The species was observed to be mostly solitary (67.06 %) and the mean group size was 2.5 (± 1.29 SD). The mean flight initiation distance was 62.53 (± 23.47 SD) m, which was insignificantly related to freezing duration (r2 = 0.188, Y-intercept = 46.33 ± 8.49, P = 0.08). Localized defecation of T. quadricornis was found along with three mammals, while direct observations showed its association with six other mammals. The species also gleaned four plant parts of 13 tree species dropped by langurs.

The Savi's pine vole, Microtus savii is an Italian species living in grasslands, both natural and anthropogenic (i.e. agroecosystems) where it is generally considered a pest because it may damage crops and orchards. As for most rodent pests, the extent of the damage might depend on population density and temporal food availability (e.g. Brown et al. 2007, Jacob & Tkadlec 2010). However, data on demographic parameters are not available, making ecologically-based management strategies difficult to plan. Therefore, we conducted a study on Savi's pine vole demography for one year in two study areas in central Italy using capture-mark-recapture method. Density values ranged from 3 to 32 ind./ha, the highest population densities occurred in October, while the lowest occurred in February-April in both study areas. Turnover rates of both populations were very high, with time of residency usually no longer than two months. Juveniles' survival was constant in both study areas, but it differed between the two populations regarding adults. The two populations showed similar demographic trends along the year with relatively small intra-annual fluctuations. The breeding season covered the whole year in both areas. The results here presented contribute to add meaningful information about this poorly known species, and could be useful to plan population control strategies for this rodent in agroecosystems.

Research that elucidates the differences in the habitat use and diet of sympatric species is essential and meaningful for protection strategies. The habitat use and diet composition of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) and Alashan red deer (Cervus alashanicus) in the Helan Mountains, China, were examined from November 2013 to February 2015. Despite the partial overlap in habitat, the habitat used by blue sheep and Alashan red deer were significantly different. Blue sheep preferred mountain woodland steppe with high degree of slope at farther distances from water resources and bare rock. Alashan red deer selected winter habitat in moutain grassland with flat slopes, closer water resources, further distances to human disturbances and bare rock. The diet of blue sheep was significantly different from that of Alashan red deer regarding the proportions of the forage categories. Blue sheep grazed primarily on shrubs (36.7 %) and grass (23.1 %), while the diet of Alashan red deer was dominated by shrubs (43.6 %) and trees (25.6 %). Contrary to Alashan red deer, blue sheep preferred to forage on herbaceous plants.

Reintroductions and translocations have proven to be effective measures for rescuing small, isolated populations of endangered wildlife. However, the reproductive status of released wildlife is hard to obtain. To date, a giant panda named Luxin is the only translocated giant panda that has successfully bred in the wild. Using data collected from the GPS collar attached to her, we analysed her activity and home range during a breeding year and compared these values with those collected during a non-breeding (control) year. Delivery and mating days can be identified by extremely low levels of activity or even by the absence of activity. The activity of a giant panda with an infant was low, but it increased gradually after delivery. The activity rates during both the delayed implantation period and the infant-caring period were significantly lower in the breeding year than those in the control year. In the breeding year, the home ranges during the delayed implantation period and pregnancy were larger than those in the control year, while the home range during the infant-caring period was much smaller than that in the control year. Our results suggest that GPS collars embedded with activity sensors can be used to monitor the breeding status of released female giant pandas. They can provide valuable information for decision making in future release projects, providing only small disturbances to released giant pandas.