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István Mikó, Carolyn Trietsch, Thomas van de Kamp, Lubomír Masner, Jonah M. Ulmer, Matthew Jon Yoder, Marcus Zuber, Emily L. Sandall, Tilo Baumbach, Andrew R. Deans
Ceraphronoidea is composed of two, seemingly well-defined families, Ceraphronidae and Megaspilidae.The position of Trassedia Cancemi 1996 within the superfamily is unclear, as this genus shares characteristics of both families. For instance, Trassedia possess both the pterostigma form characteristic of Megaspilidae, and the Waterston's evaporatorium, a structure unique to Ceraphronidae. Trassedia was known only from a single specimen of T. luapi Cancemi 1996 from Madagascar. We describe nine new species: Trassedia australiensis Mikó and Masner sp. nov. (Australia), Trassedia yanegai Mikó and Trietsch sp. nov. (Thailand), Trassedia brasiliensis Masner and Mikó sp. nov. (Brazil), Trassedia nigra Masner and Mikó sp. nov. (Brazil), Trassedia nigrorufus Mikó and Masner sp. nov. (Panama), Trassedia guianensis Mikó and Masner sp. nov. (French Guiana), Trassedia angustioculus Mikó and Masner sp. nov. (French Guiana), and Trassedia pilosus Masner and Mikó sp. nov. (Costa Rica), and Trassedia gauldi Mikó and Masner sp. nov. (Costa Rica and Brazil). To illuminate the morphological concepts presented here, we provide SR-µCT and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)-based 3D reconstructions. The Waterston's organ is sexually dimorphic in Trassedia; it is unpaired in males and paired in females. We describe modifications of the metasoma apex that align with the enlarged hind tarsi, a leg phenotype peculiar to Trassedia and the unique subdivision of the first valvifer. We report the presence of the occipital depression in Trassedia and describe how this structure is involved in a secondary articulation between the head and the mesosoma. We discuss the possible function and phylogenetic relevance of the pterostigma in Ceraphronoidea. Based on its Southern Hemisphere distribution we hypothesize that Trassedia's presence predates the break-up of Gondwana.
Flies in the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) are economically important fruit pests, which also serve as models for studying modes of speciation and coevolution with their hymenopteran parasitoids. We describe the morphology of Rhagoletis bushi n. sp., and its geographic distribution, host association, phylogenetic relationships, and identify an associated species of parasitoid wasp. R. bushi n. sp. is in the tabellaria species group and infests the fruit of buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea) in the Northern Great Plains of North America. There is a suite of morphological characters, and a unique host plant association, that are diagnostic of R. bushi n. sp. Further evidence for the validity of R. bushi n. sp. and its placement within the tabellaria species group comes from a multilocus molecular phylogeny for representatives of species in the tabellaria, pomonella, and cingulata groups inferred from five loci (COI, CAD, period, AATS, and 28S). Additionally, we report a species of parasitoid, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), attacking R. bushi n. sp.
The ambrosia beetle Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff sensu lato is a complex of genetically divergent emerging pests responsible for damages to tree industries and ecosystems around the world. All lineages within the species complex are currently considered morphologically identical, presenting problems for their delineation and highlighting the shortcomings of species concepts based solely on type-specimen morphology.The objectives of this work were to 1) broaden the geographic sampling of the E. fornicatus complex in Asia, 2) reconstruct relationships between clades and populations, 3) find morphological characters or combinations of characters which are useful in delimiting the genetic lineages of the E. fornicatus species complex, and 4) propose taxonomic delimitation of species where morphology and phylogenetic identity correlate. Our integrated approach using molecular and morphological evidence suggests four clades that differ morphologically, but with overlap, therefore, cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) barcoding remains necessary for assigning specimens to a clade.The following taxonomic changes are proposed: E. fornicatus (Eichhoff 1868) (= ‘Tea Shot Hole Borer Clade a’); E. fornicatior (Eggers 1923), stat. rev. (= ‘Tea Shot Hole Borer Clade b’); E. whitfordiodendrus (Schedl 1942), stat. rev. (= ‘Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer’); and E. kuroshio Gomez and Hulcr, sp. nov. (= ‘Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer’). This approach delivers a practical, evidence-based guidance for species delineation that can address overlapping variation in morphological characters of an emerging pest species complex.
Phylogeography infers patterns of migration, demography, and historical relationships from genetic data. Such studies have been particularly useful in understanding vicariance and colonization processes in pest species. Using a low-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data set we investigated the range-wide phylogeography of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus poderosae Hopk., Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in North America using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) methods. Our data suggest early divergence events occurred to the south and east of the Great Basin Desert, with populations further west and north of the Great Basin Desert arising later. Further, high levels of genetic differentiation among populations on either side of the basin appear consistent with previous studies. Above the Great Basin Desert, several populations exhibit high rates of migration and admixture. These data further support the idea that Canadian populations have spread from multiple source populations and suggest that small populations of mountain pine beetle may have been present in northern Canada for many decades. These findings further our understanding of the spatiotemporal history of mountain pine beetle in North America and suggest that the species is capable of continued, rapid range expansion from relatively few founding individuals.
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