Parkinson, F.; Douglas, K.; Li, Z.; Meijer, A.; Stacey, C.D.; Kung, R., and Podhorodeski, A., 2024. A generalized semiautomated method for seabed geology classification using multibeam data and maximum likelihood classification. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 1–16. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This paper presents a GIS-based model to perform semiautomated seabed classification that can act as a first-pass, pseudoclassified surficial geological map. The user can then edit the output into a finalized map in less time than by manual classification. The model uses maximum likelihood classification with unsupervised classification through iterative self-organizing clusters. This model is fully contained within the ArcGIS software suite as a ModelBuilder workflow composed of geoprocessing tools and Python script tools. Model inputs tested include different combinations of multibeam echosounder–derived data: slope, backscatter, and terrain ruggedness. Furthermore, to test the assumption of Gaussian distribution of input data required for maximum likelihood classification, Box–Cox power transformations were applied to slope and backscatter data and were used as model inputs. To illustrate the performance of the model, two locations are highlighted as case studies: Milbanke Sound and Spiller Channel, located on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. Association between model outputs and ground-truth classes was generally weak to moderate when measured using Cramér's V association scores. Overall, the slope and backscatter parameter model had the highest scores of association. Results from an overlay analysis comparing model outputs with user-confirmed polygons show that the slope and backscatter model performs best in regions with distinct changes in the hardness of sediments but that in fjord regions dominated geologically by steeper bathymetric change, the slope parameter model may perform better. However, all model outputs had difficulty delineating bedrock units. The model has the flexibility to identify certain seabed habitat features as well, including glass sponge reefs—biologically active bioherms that have led to marine protected area designations in other areas of British Columbia.

van Heerden, V.N., and Snyder, B., 2024. Meta-analysis and spatial distribution of ecosystem services in Louisiana's coastal zone: Implications for coastal restoration. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 17–30. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal Louisiana is shaped by dynamic and complex nature–society relationships. In environmental policymaking, the ecosystem services framework is a common approach to conceptualizing this relationship. A meta-analysis of 46 studies from 1974 to 2019 was conducted, which contained 168 primary ecosystem services valuations for wetlands in coastal Louisiana. Ecosystem services values for freshwater, brackish, and saltwater wetlands are presented. Services include disturbance regulation, fisheries, gas regulation, primary production, nutrient regulation, recreation, and waste regulation. With these values, total ecosystem services values for all wetlands in the coastal zone were calculated. The results showed that freshwater wetlands provide ecosystem services values similar to those of saltwater wetlands and that the annual ecosystem services provisioning for the coastal zone totals more than $36.3 billion (2022 U.S. dollars). This study presents environmental policymakers and planners with an updated ecosystem services value database for effectively communicating the dynamic relationship between people and nature in Louisiana.

Charroux, S.; Jeanson, M.; Morisseau, S., and Pennober, G., 2024. Seasonal morphodynamics of fringing reef pocket beaches and responses to rapid vertical tectonic movements. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 31–50. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Determining the morphological response of coastal environments to a general rise in sea level constitutes one of this century's greatest challenges. In 2018–19, Mayotte, a coral reef–fringed island in the Indian Ocean, underwent a volcanic crisis that resulted in island subsidence of up to 0.2 m. This seismo-volcanic crisis made the island an ideal workshop site to observe the response of pocket beaches to sea-level variations. Morphodynamic analyses were carried out on three beaches located on different sides of the island on a biannual basis between 2019 and 2022. Analysis of these survey data showed that the alternation between monsoon and trade winds led to a seasonal rotation of the beaches. Furthermore, the central profiles did not appear to be affected by seasonal variations. As result, they were used to characterize subsidence-related impacts. When the pre- and postsubsidence profiles were compared, morphological changes were not noticeable. However, the rise in the sea level caused by subsidence led to an increase in the frequency of spring flooding at high tide in certain areas of low-lying beaches and roads on the densely populated NE coast of the archipelago, the area most affected by this tectonic movement.

Newman, E.D.; Rowland, J.B.; Hammer, T.G.; Frost, L.A.; Lumibao, C.Y., and Henning, J.A. 2024. Trade-offs in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal responses to drought and salinity stress in Panicum amarum (United States Gulf Coast). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 51–63. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soil and plant root-inhabiting fungi that form symbiotic associations with approximately 95% of terrestrial vascular plants and can aid in survival, growth, and stress tolerance of colonized plants. Coastal dune plants face constant environmental stress from high temperatures, sand burial, low moisture and nutrient retention, and frequent saltwater inundation. Instances of both drought and saltwater inundation stress are predicted to increase as sea levels rise and tropical storm frequency, intensity, and duration increases, with more intense periods of drought between storms. To determine whether native AMF from the United States Gulf Coast improve drought or saltwater inundation tolerance of Panicum amarum, a common Gulf Coast dune grass, a manipulative, crossed-factor greenhouse experiment was conducted by growing P. amarum with and without native AMF under drought or across a gradient of saltwater inundation concentrations: 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%, and 1.50%. Under 0.25% salinity, P. amarum grown with native AMF had roughly 47% greater survival, although there were no significant differences in biomass of P. amarum between live and sterile sand treatments. Under drought conditions, plants grown with native AMF had 47% lower survival and three times less biomass than those without native AMF communities. Growth differences between sand treatments were diminished under control conditions, and P. amarum grown with and without native AMF had similar survival and biomass. Despite AMF colonization, P. amarum survival was drastically reduced as salinity concentrations surpassed 0.25%. In conclusion, United States Gulf Coast dune AMF improve salinity inundation tolerance of P. amarum at low salt concentrations; however, the results emphasize the context-dependency of plant responses to AMF colonization.

Whitehead, S.J.; Yeager, K.M.; Feagin, R.A.; Huff, T.P.; Paine, J.G.; Schindler, K.S., and Dixon, T.S., 2024. Growth fault–induced effects on tidal marsh surficial processes and landscape conversion in the Slop Bowl, Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge, Texas. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 64–79. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Slop Bowl marsh, located in the Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge on the Texas coast, is an anthropogenically influenced tidal marsh setting that has experienced rapid rates of landscape conversion and loss over the last ∼70 years. This tidal marsh has been affected by recently active faults and several hydrologic barriers (roads, pipeline channels, and active hydrocarbon-extraction well pads). Geophysical field methods and sedimentological analyses were conducted to better understand the effects of these developments on marsh surficial processes. Lithostratigraphy, shallow geophysical data, GPS surveys, radionuclide dating, and organic matter analyses all exhibited influences connected to growth-fault motion. The location and activity of a major growth fault were identified as contributing to subsidence on the downthrown fault block and causing vertical displacement of the marsh surface. Fault motion, in conjunction with the construction of roads, has disrupted the natural hydrologic pathways that once existed. Their combined effects resulted in transition of the land cover over the past several decades from a saline coastal prairie to a tidal marsh–dominant landscape, with continued future submergence anticipated. As the natural laboratory of the Slop Bowl demonstrates, anthropogenic development, neotectonics, and hydrocarbon extraction can have outsized effects on sedimentation processes, with implications for the long-term sustainability of coastal wetland environments in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Battiau-Queney, Y.; Ventalon, S.; Abraham, R.; Sipka, V.; Cohen, O., and Marin, D., 2024. Bedforms and sedimentary features related to water-depth variations in a sandy tidal-flat environment. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 80–103. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study highlighted the variability of a wide sandy macrotidal coastal system on short timescales. Changes in water depth and exposure length were the main drivers of this variability. In the study area, the coastal system consists of three units: a lower ridge-and-runnel beach, a 1000-m-wide tidal flat, and a sandy backshore. This research is based on sedimentary features that can record physical forces, especially the bedforms at the beach surface, and their relationship with beach gradient, exposure length, and changing water depth, according to tidal, weather, and marine conditions. It also demonstrated the ability of scanning electron microscope analysis of quartz grain microtextures to indicate the level of marine and eolian energy in the coastal system. The widespread wave and current sand ripples on the tidal flat showed great variability in time and space. A minimum water depth of 0.30 to 0.50 m was required for their development. The role of wind-induced waves and the frequent interference of tidal, wave, and wind forcing mechanisms are emphasized. The development of some complex sand ripples extended over a complete lunar tidal cycle. Wind-generated sand ripples were observed only on the backshore. Their absence on the tidal flat, despite the high level of eolian energy attested by quartz microtextures, and the poor development of dunes on the backshore are explained by factors impeding eolian sand transport at the beach surface such as extreme fetch segmentation and possible shell armoring of the beach surface during dry periods. This study demonstrated the short-term variability of the beach morphology as opposed to the long-term stability of the coastal system as a whole, in which the ultradissipative tidal flat, characterized by limited sand supply, low wave energy, and high but inefficient wind energy, plays a key role.

Huong, D.T.T.; Lan, T.D., and Le, D.T., 2024. Environmental conflicts with tourist beach uses along the northeastern Vietnam coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 104–114. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

NE Vietnamese beaches possess economic and ecological value, particularly in the areas of international importance, such as the Ha Long Bay World Heritage Site and the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve, and national significance, such as the National Park of Bai Tu Long Bay. Increasing socioeconomic development in this coastal zone has generated pressures on and use conflicts within coastal ecosystems, including coastal beaches. To support integrated coastal management of the area, identification and in-depth analysis of the environmental conflicts of nine typical tourist beaches were conducted. The conflicts were defined by naming beach users and then grouping them, such as the group of economic sectors and the group of environmentalists and nature conservationists. The first group of beach-use conflicts consists of the conflict of tourism and urbanization with sand mining in Cat Ba, Ha Long–Bai Tu Long, and Cam Pha–Mong Cai; the conflict of tourism and urbanization with marine and coastal aquaculture in Cat Ba, Ha Long–Bai Tu Long, and Cam Pha–Mong Cai, and the conflict of sand mining with marine and coastal aquaculture in Cat Ba and Ha Long–Bai Tu Long. The second group of conflicts between socioeconomic development and nature conservation involves the conflicts of all three economic sectors with conservation activities in the Bai Tu Long National Park and the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve and the conflicts of tourism, urbanization, and marine and coastal aquaculture with nature conservation in the Ha Long Bay World Heritage Site. Conflict aspects were detailed with the nature of the conflict, parties involved, typological classification, and current trends. Analysis of detailed aspects shows that environmental conflicts are still severe and long-lasting, especially in coastal areas with international and national importance. This requires a resolution of integrated coastal management to be developed as soon as possible for the study area.

Ravikumar, T.; Neethirajan, N.; Chandran, S.; Sangaralingam, M.; Natarajan, J.; Umamaheswar, T., and Padmavathy, P., 2024. Ichthyofaunal diversity from longline catches in the Gulf of Mannar (GoM), southeast coast of India. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 115–128. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The present study aimed to document the spatial and temporal ichthyofaunal diversity of reef associated fishes caught with experimental longlines fitted with different “J” hook sizes (no. 12, no. 9, and no. 6) and shapes (Straight, Kirbed, and Reversed) from the Therespuram and Mundhal fish landing centres of Gulf of Mannar (GoM), Southeast Coast of India. Sampling was done at a fortnightly interval from February 2020 to January 2022. The total of 21,322 fish diversity includes 37 species of fish belonging to 15 genera, 10 families, and seven orders have been recorded during the study period. Order wise and species wise landing revealed the dominance of Perciformes with five families (Haemulidae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae, and Serranidae) and 28 species while in the case of order Centrarchiformes it represented with only one species. Fish diversity of GoM was assessed by calculating the various diversity indices such as Shannon–Weiner biodiversity index (H′) ranged from 2.31 to 3.29, Simpson's Dominance Index (1-λ′) ranged from 1.80 to 4.73, Pielou's Species Evenness index (J′) ranged from 0.90 to 0.99, and Margalef index (d) of species richness ranged from 2.03 to 4.73. The results of the present study revealed that the experimental longlines caught one endangered (3%), four vulnerable (11%), two not evaluated (5%), one data deficient (3%), and 29 species (78%) of least concern as per the International Union for Conservation of Nature status. The assessment is a prerequisite for understanding the biodiversity and to help fishery managers to evolve new strategies for the sustainable exploitation and conservation of coral reef associated fishes in this region.

Chang, H.-K.; Chen, W.-W.; Cheng, C.-C.; Liou, J.-C., and Lin, S.-F., 2024. Assessment of tide model prediction and discrepancy in shallow waters of Taiwan to improve data fusion methods. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 129–137. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Shallow bathymetry in the Taiwan Strait and corresponding complex hydrodynamics are key factors that make it difficult for hydrodynamic tide models to accurately calculate tide levels. Based on the Princeton Ocean Model with data assimilation from 2010 to 2014, the Ministry of Interior (MOI) developed a local tide model (MOI.18v1) for the waters around Taiwan that was imposed by harmonic analysis to have fast tide calculation at any time and at any location. This study first evaluated the prediction accuracy of the MOI.18v1 model using tide data at 22 gauge stations in Taiwan for 2016 and compared the results with those of NAO.99b. The MOI.18v1 root-mean-square error (RMSE) of residuals by subtraction with observations can reach about 13.49 to 18.26 cm, results lower than those of NAO.99b. A data fusion method is also proposed to further reduce the prediction discrepancy with RMSE of 3.67 to 6.35 cm, which means that the percentage of improvement increases the level of 25.85 to 47.08%. Data fusion can be used as a spatial correction for the predicted tide level using hydrodynamic tide models.

Ramakrishnan, B.; Gavali, M., and Jeyaraj, S., 2024. Comprehensive analysis of siltation behavior in the navigation channel of Deendayal Port (India): Field observations, numerical modeling, and engineering solutions. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 138–149. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Deendayal Port, formerly Kandla Port, is one of India's busiest ports, with a deep inland navigation channel that facilitates easy trade but has been plagued by siltation issues for decades because of the hydromorphodynamic characteristics of this region. This study aims to understand the siltation behavior in the port's navigation channel through field observations and numerical modeling and to suggest suitable engineering solutions. The in situ observations of tidal levels, currents, suspended sediment concentration, and multitemporal bathymetry datasets are used to calibrate a numerical model, developed using Delft3D, to estimate the hydromorphodynamics. As an engineering solution, porous barriers of different lengths and layouts are introduced in the numerical model to minimize siltation along the sides of the channel. It is observed that placing three porous barriers has reduced the siltation by 46 to 56% in the main navigation channel leading to the port. In practice, these porous barriers could be a silt curtain–type structure, which has successfully been adopted in several ports across the globe as an effective siltation stopper.

Cruz Salazar, Y.M.; Upia de la Rosa, N.; Ramírez Martínez, W.R.; Caputi, L., and Arias Polanco, M., 2024. Physicochemical characterization of beach sands from renowned tourist regions of the Dominican Republic. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 150–166. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Dominican Republic's beautiful beaches drive its economy through tourism. Beach sands from tourist regions around the island were analyzed to characterize their physicochemical properties. The beaches of El Morro in Monte Cristi, Dorada in Puerto Plata, El Portillo in Samaná, Bibijagua in La Altagracia, Isla Saona in La Romana, Guayacanes in San Pedro de Macorís, Punta Salinas in Peravia, and Bahía de las Águilas in Pedernales were studied. The particle sizes of the studied beaches were found to vary from coarse (600–850 µm) to fine sands (75–211 µm), with medium sands (212–599 µm) being the most common. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed morphologies dominated by lithoclasts at Punta Salinas, while coral reef fragments and marine skeletons (bioclasts) were prevalent at the other beaches. The major minerals identified through X-ray diffraction (XRD) were Mg-calcite, Mg-Fe-calcite, quartz, and aragonite. Aragonite predominated on the beaches along the Caribbean coast, while calcite was more prevalent on the Atlantic coast. Bahía de las Águilas was the only beach with sand composed almost entirely of aragonite, which harbored diatom algae in its pores. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis detected Ca, Mg, and O on the surface of all samples, indicating that carbonate minerals dominated the sand composition. No toxic heavy metals were detected. Thermal decomposition occurred at temperatures ranging 453–822 °C, with total mass loss ranging from 1.9% to 42% for all locations. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified vibrations of C-O bonds of calcite and aragonite. The most prominent vibrations of aragonite and calcite were found between 830 and 900 cm^–1, where their peak relative intensities served as a qualitative marker. These findings offer valuable insights into the physicochemical characteristics of beach sands in the country, which can contribute to the development of sustainable tourism practices and effective coastal management.

Anantharaja, K.; Krishnan, P.; Menaga, M.; Abuthagir Iburahim, S.; Hemaprasanth, K.P.; Swain, S.K.; Rani, B.; Panigrahi, A., and Routray, P., 2024. Global trends of biofloc research in the aquaculture sector: A metadata scientometric analysis. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 167–178. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Biofloc technology is a sustainable tool for aquaculture production. This study is the first of its kind to provide insights into the quantitative visualization of global biofloc research trends in the aquaculture sector for the last two decades based on metadata analysis. The metadata on biofloc research retrieved during the period 1999–2021 from Web of Science was analysed. The results indicate that Brazil is the most active contributor to biofloc research—followed by China, Mexico, the United States, and India—in terms of number of publications; however, Israel holds the highest average citations per paper. The most cited paper in biofloc research has been cited 513 times, and Avnimelech from Technion Israel institute of Technology is the author of the most cited paper (513 citations) in biofloc research. The most widely studied species are shrimp and tilapia, specifically Penaeus vannamei and Oreochromis niloticus. The journal Aquaculture published a maximum number of research papers on biofloc (153 papers), followed by Aquaculture Research (96 papers) and Aquaculture International (47 papers). The trend analysis revealed that the topics related to disease resistance, different carbon sources, and microbial community are emerging in recent times. This study highlights the trends in biofloc research for its further advancements to guide researchers and policymakers to expedite the adoption of robust aquaculture practices to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

Aangri, A.; Hakkou, M.; Krien, Y.; Chtioui, T., and Benmohammadi, A., 2024. Risk assessment of marine flooding along the Agadir and Taghazout coasts (Moroccan Atlantic). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 179–192. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's predictions highlight the probability that sea-level rise could exceed 1 m by 2100. As a result, coastal flooding episodes will increase. These will occur during events that simultaneously combine strong swells, spring tides, low-pressure conditions, and abnormally high surges. This behavior can seriously affect urban spaces along the sea. This paper investigated the risk assessment of marine flooding in the Agadir-Taghazout coastline by considering effects of the Sea Level Rise based on a hybrid model. The components of the hybrid model were obtained through NWW III (Wave Watch III), Simulating Wave Nearshore simulations of the propagation of the storm surge from the offshore to the nearshore, and by applying the Generalized Extreme Value method for Total Water Level (TWL) return value estimation. The simple static model calculates extreme levels based on the summation of tidal components, surge, run-up, and return value of TWL. The results obtained are mapped to determine the spatial extent on a height resolution Digital Terrain Model. Currently, the results of the study show, in first order, the high vulnerability of the southern part of the Agadir and Imourane beach. For future conditions, in 2100 the model predicts the submersion of the whole study area, threatening the infrastructures of the first line of the buildings facing the sea. This calls on, from now, the managers of this coast to prepare a protection strategy against this risk.

Pouye, I.; Adjoussi, D.P.; Ndione, J.A., and Sall, A., 2024. Evaluation of the economic impact of coastal erosion in Dakar region. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 193–209. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Besides the environmental impacts, climate change negatively affects the economic value of coastal zones. Coastal erosion, which is one of its impacts, causes damage to people living along the coast. The narrowing of the beach due to erosion leads to socio-economic damage by reducing the areas where economic activities are carried out. As a result, livelihoods, human settlements, and economic activities such as fishing, tourism, and industry are disrupted. The evaluation of the economic impacts of coastal erosion is timely and relevant. This study aims to economically investigate the most affected coastal areas in Dakar region in 2030 and 2040. It also allows for the identification of localities that need protective infrastructure to prevent economic losses from coastal erosion. The assessment is done by estimating the economic value of the beach using multilinear regression, an econometric forecasting model. Software such as R, Excel, ArcGIS, and Digital Shoreline Analysis System were used in this study. The results show that, due to coastal erosion, the district municipalities along the coast of Dakar will record a loss estimated at 38,507,856,000 FCFA in 2030 and 57,822,698,000 FCFA in 2040. The results of this study suggest that the parameters such as Beach Width, Lost Areas, Coastal Length, Dynamic Rate, Littoral Areas, Built Areas, Proximity to Town, Coastal Vulnerability Index, Number of Buildings, Number of Hotels, Number of Industries, Number of Fishing Points, and Road Length play an important role on littoral value. Coastal erosion will be among the most threatening disasters in the Dakar region if the “do nothing” option is adopted as an adaptation measure.

Mersin, K.; Bayırhan, İ., and Yıldırım, M., 2024. Possible effects of the canal Istanbul Waterway Project on ship emissions: Challenges and prospects. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 210–222. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Canal Istanbul Waterway Project, officially announced in 2011, will be the third of the Turkish straits if realized. However, the exhaust pollution caused by transit and local ship traffic in the existing Strait of İstanbul already adversely affects human health, comfort, and the environment. Consequently, how the Canal Istanbul will affect emission pollution in this area is a problem that should be studied in advance. For this purpose, this article examined the potential exhaust emissions from ships in Canal Istanbul. In the present study, the forecast analysis of the time series was carried out using Weka (3.8.1). Two different time series forecasting methods, namely, Gaussian processes and sequence minimum optimization (SMO) regression, were employed to predict future traffic and tonnage trends. The SMO regression algorithm's performance measurement values yielded better results than the Gaussian processes. The results of SMO regression algorithm were used in future calculations. Subsequently, the total fuel consumption of the ships was calculated. Second, the Trozzi and Vaccaro method was used, and possible nitrogen oxide (NO_X), carbon dioxide (CO₂), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and sulfur oxide (SO_X) emissions of the ships were calculated.

Leatherman, S.P. and Leatherman, S.B., 2024. Population projections of invasive Burmese pythons in the Florida Everglades. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 223–227. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

Burmese pythons were introduced to South Florida through the pet trade; first sightings in Everglades National Park occurred in the 1980s. Pythons are very secretive and naturally camouflaged in the Everglades, which may well be the best environment in the world for propagation of these huge predators. Invasive Burmese pythons disrupt the ecosystem by preying on native species, out-competing native species for food, and have no natural predators after birth for a few years because of their rapid growth rate and huge size. Their horrendous impact on the Everglades ecosystem is finally being realized, but the populace at large in South Florida seems oblivious to the future ramifications of a rapidly multiplying, voracious predator that can reach almost six meters—large enough to swallow deer. A model was developed to project the population of Burmese pythons, assuming an initial population of 30,000 and 300,000 snakes. The results showed exponential population growth with over 600,000 to more than seven million snakes within five years, respectively. The model likely overestimated the population growth rate by not considering the density-dependent negative feedback due to prey limitations. The highly successful invasion of this secretive alien species was not fully recognized early enough, so that now eradication is not possible, and control is problematic.

Lee, J., 2024. The International Conference on Aquatic Science & Technology (i-CoAST): Reflecting on the first 10 years with the Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) and the Coastal Education & Research Foundation (CERF). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 228–234. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.

The year 2023 will mark the 10^th anniversary of the first international Conference on Aquatic Science & Technology (i-CoAST). It's hard to believe that so much time has passed since the conference's inception, and it seems like only yesterday that we were working so hard to make it all happen. The continued development and continuation of i-CoAST as a multidisciplinary conference on coastal and marine issues would not have been possible without the dedicated support of the Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) and the Coastal Education & Research Foundation (CERF), and we would like to sincerely thank our friend and Editor-in-Chief of the JCR, Dr. Christopher Makowski, for always supporting and encouraging us. We hope this essay tells the fascinating story of how i-CoAST started, where we've been, and where we're headed. I know I couldn't have done any of this without the trust and support of my friends and colleagues, who have always supported i-CoAST, so I'd like to take this opportunity to thank them all.