Li, Z.; Qu, S.; Cui, L., and Zhang, S., 2017. Detection of carbofuran pesticide in seawater by using an enzyme biosensor. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 1–5. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

With the development of agriculture in China and the large-scale use of pesticides, more and more pesticides enter the ocean through surface runoff and other ways. The threat to the water quality is becoming more and more serious. However, how to detect the pesticides quickly in the water becomes an important problem. Ground on acetylcholinesterase' (AChE) inhibition, the paper states the construction of an amperometric biosensor for carbamate insecticide carbofuran's highly sensitive detection. Using an enzyme biosensor ground on poly diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), then immobilizing the Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for modifying GCE with layer-by-layer (LBL) technique directly. Detect the inhibition of Aches with the amperometric i-t response. The pesticide concentration is correlated to the percentage inhibition of enzyme activity. Comparing with the enzyme biosensor {PDDA/MWNTs}₅/ED/AChE/GCE we built previously with detection limit to be 10⁻¹¹ g/L and recovery to be 99.8±5.7% to 10⁻⁸ g/L, nowadays, the new enzyme electrode shows a good linearity ranging from 10⁻¹² g/L to 10⁻⁶ g/L between the −lg[carbofuran] and inhibition rates, and the detection limit is 10⁻¹² g/L. The improvement of the electrode structure contributes significantly to the sensibility of detection for pesticide in seawater.

Yuan, S.; Guo, J., and Zhao, X., 2017. Integrated weighting technique for coastal vulnerability to storm surges. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 6–12. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Weighting different indicators plays a critical role in quantifying vulnerability to natural disasters. However, there is no consensus about which weighting method performs best. This paper proposed a method to aggregate different weighting techniques to quantify vulnerability to storm surges using social, economic, and environmental indicators. Viewing vulnerability through exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability dimensions, a geographic information system was used to establish areas of vulnerability in eleven coastal provinces in China. The results suggested that the spatial distribution of vulnerability to storm surges varies drastically from one area to another, and does not follow expected geographic boundaries. The study found that Shandong province is the most vulnerable area and Shanghai is the least vulnerable. Subgroup weights showed that exposure and adaptive capacity drive more vulnerability compared to sensitivity. This analysis can enable policy makers in disaster management to identify areas' strengths and weaknesses, and integrate these criteria into more robust vulnerability evaluations.

Qi, Q.; Cai, R., and Yan, X., 2017. Early influence of heat transport of the Kuroshio at the source area on summer precipitation over Eastern China. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 13–17. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The regional water resource of eastern China is modulated greatly by the change of summer rainfall, which is closely associated with the thermal state of adjacent seas. This study focused on the variation of the heat volume transported to the East China Sea (ECS) by the Kuroshio at its source area in spring, and investigated the possible effect of the Kuroshio heat transport (KHT) on the anomalous change of summer rainfall over eastern China. In the past 50 years, the KHT anomalies in spring presented distinct variations superimposed by significant quasi 2a and about 16a low-frequency oscillations. The variations of the KHT (enhancing) at the source area in spring can influence the sea surface temperature (lead to warming) in the ECS, which was in favor of inducing the atmosphere circulation anomalies (southwest wind anomaly) in South China with the subsequent convergence of water vapor over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and finally tended to result in the variations (increase) of summer rainfall there. The analysis suggested that, as one of key factors modulating the thermal state of Chinese adjacent seas, the anomalous strengthening of the KHT in preceding period may be one of the major causes of the excessive summer rainfall over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and visa versa, which is expected to directly influence local water resource and even the management.

Qi, Q.; Cai, R., and Bai, Y., 2017. Summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China teleconnected with air-sea flux in East-Asia seas. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 18–23. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The optimum time-lagged teleconnection patterns of sea surface latent heat flux (LHF) and water vapor flux (WVF) anomalies in East-Asia seas with summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China were calculated by applying singular value decomposition (SVD) method. Preceding winter LHF mostly in the Kuroshio area, the Bay of Bengal and the zone of the North equatorial current may affect the summer rainfall at southeast coastal areas. In spring and summer, the LHF mostly in Indian-Pacific warm pool region works, corresponding to a dipole distribution of rainfall anomaly especially in the South China, the North China and the east of Southwest China. There existed a significant 2–7 year oscillation and an evident tendency with all modes experienced a distinct climate shift in early 1970s. South China Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the area of Kuroshio in East China Sea are key regions for WVF impacting on the summer rainfall anomalies especially in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. Except for pre-winter, those modes present obvious trends with a distinct climate shift in early 1980s superimposed by 2–8 year inter-annual variations. Importantly, according to the leading teleconnection modes during spring and summer, the formation and sustainability of spatial variation (temporal-spatial configuration) of the factors (LHF and WVF) may be one of intrinsic reason for the anomalous rainfall, which is favor of resulting in some vulnerable regions subject to flood and drought disasters and threatening to local water resources. It provides a scientific basis for the research on regional flood and drought and sustentation for the management of water resource and associated engineering in eastern China.

Zhao, Y. and Fang, Y., 2017. Ecological functions of different shrublands in the Chenier coastal wetlands, China. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 24–29. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The particle diameter proportioning and contents of total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) in the 0~30 cm soil layer around Tamarix chinensis and Ziziphus jujuba shrublands in the Chenier beach of Bohai Bay in China were investigated. Significant enrichment of seashell debris (d≥2 mm) were found in T. chinensis shrublands seaside as well as particles (d≤0.075 mm) of Z. jujuba inland (p<0.05). With increasing of soil nutrients from shore to inland, the “fertile islands” effect gradually weakened. Changes of nutrient content beneath T. chinensis seaside and shellridge indicated the enrichment phenomenon; however, fewer herbaceous species showed a weaker breeding effect. Although insignificant “fertile islands” effect in inland Z. jujuba, more plant species were observed. In short, T. chinensis shrublands on the shore in Chenier wetland played a role in silt promotion and bank protection, while the Z. jujuba shrublands inland acted well in promoting the growth of herbaceous plants.

Ren, Z.; Feng Z.; Li, P.; Wang, D.; Cheng, S., and Gong J., 2017. Response of runoff and sediment yield from climate change in the Yanhe watershed, China. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 30–35. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Changes in temperature and precipitation in the Loess Plateau, China have been studied for many years. The runoff and sediment yield in the Loess Plateau are sensitive to global climate change. Understanding the characteristics of runoff and sediment will be of great importance in the future. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate the runoff and the sediment yield in the Yanhe watershed, a typical water basin with soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. The resulting statistics of the SWAT simulation of the runoff and sediment yield were acceptable. The rainfall for the period from 2010 to 2099, as predicted by the Statistical Down Scaling Model (SDSM), was used to simulate the runoff and sediment yield in the future, using SWAT. Compared with the period from the 1980 to 2000, the annual precipitation increased by 9.2% to 16.4%. Under simulated future climate change, the annual runoff of the Yanhe watershed changes averaged −2.6% to 52.7%, compared with the baseline period. In the context of future climate change, in general, the runoff distribution was more even within the year when it increased significantly from March to May and decreased from July to August. The variations of the sediment yield for the watershed were −31.3% to 62.5% compare with the period from the 1980 to 2000. Overall, the trends of the sediment yield for the watershed were consistent with the runoff.

Liu, W.; Feng, Q., and Zhang, F., 2017. Spatial-temporal variation characteristics of NPP in the Heihe River basin, Northwestern China, in a recent 10-year period calculated by CASA model. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 36–47. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this paper, the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of NPP and related factors in the Heihe River basin were analyzed using the meteorological data of the Heihe River basin, SPOT/NDVI data, and other modified mathematical statistical methods. The results show that during the 1999–2010 period the total NPP in the Heihe River basin exhibited a fluctuating increasing trend, reaching 0.3×10¹² gC/a. The multiyear variation value of NPP was 0.19~601.09 gC/m²/a in the whole basin, 3.5 gC/m²/a in the upper reaches, 2.06 gC/m²/a in the middle reaches, and 0.31 g/m²/a in the lower reaches. The NPP of vegetation in the Heihe River basin during January and February tended to slightly decrease, and on average varied between −0.01 and −0.02 gC/m²/a, while in June, July, August, and September greatly increased. The NPP of 10 vegetation types exhibited an increasing trend in 2010 compared to 1999, on average increased by 21.02 gC/m²/a. Among various vegetation types the increase in the NPP value of swamp vegetation was the largest, reaching 46.24 gC/m²/a followed by planted vegetation, steppe types, and meadow types; there values were 39.22 gC/m²/a, 32.49 gC/m²/a, and 27.63 gC/m²/a, respectively. The accumulated NPP in grassland ecosystem in the Heihe River basin was the largest, which is of important significance to the eco-environment of the basin. As viewed for the whole Heihe River basin, the yearly mean cumulative value of NPP of vegetation was negatively related to annual mean temperature and annual total solar radiation but positively related to annual total precipitation, suggesting that water is a limiting factor to the NPP in the Heihe River basin.

Wang, Z.; Wu, K.; Gao, S., and Li, Q., 2017. Nearshore wave forecast for Xiamen, China. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 48–54. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The paper aimed to develop a wave forecasting system for the nearshore areas of Xiamen, with practical implications in operational wave forecasting. The SWAN model, a state-of-art third-generation wave model used for the simulation of nearshore waves, was powered by the WRF (weather research and forecasting) model with spatial resolution up to 180 m. The SWAN model output was comprised of significant wave height, mean wave period, and mean wave direction in forecast modes of 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Extensive validation exercises were performed to evaluate the model's performance under different forecast modes. The results demonstrated that the model simulations corresponded closely with real life observations.

Wang, X.; Wang, L.; Chen, H.; Jia, X., and Jackson, D.A., 2017. Determining a more environmental than spatial influence on structuring fish communities and ecological boundaries of Fangcheng coastal waters, northern South China Sea. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 55–68. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Fangcheng coastal waters in the northern South China Sea provide critical habitats for many commercially important fish species by offering essential spawning, feeding, and nursery areas for one or more stages of their life history. A total of 127 fish species and environmental data were collected by trawl surveys at 18 sites of Fangcheng coastal waters in Spring and Fall of 2014. The species richness and abundance of fish community were analyzed, and multivariate statistical approaches were used to quantify the relative effects of environmental and spatial factors on structuring fish community and characterizing ecological boundaries of Fangcheng coastal waters. Results showed that the fish community of Fangcheng coastal waters had high species richness rather than being dominated by just one or a few species, and suggested the higher importance of environmental than spatial factors in structuring the fish community. Water temperature was important in predicting the fish community patterns in both seasons. The most important factors influencing fish compositions during the spring and fall were pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) respectively. This study provided a multivariate statistical framework for identifying the roles of environmental and spatial factors in structuring fish community and determining fishery management units and their regulating factors.

An, G. and Hao, Z., 2017. Variation of precipitation and streamflow in the Upper and Middle Huaihe River Basin, China, from 1959–2009. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 69–79. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Variation of precipitation and streamflow in the Upper and Middle Huaihe River Basin (UMHRB) during 1959–2009 is characterized in this study with the Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen's slope estimator. The rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) was selected to obtain the sub-basins over UMHRB. The cumulative sum of departures of modulus coefficient (CSDMC) was used in this study to detect the temporal variability of streamflow and precipitation. The results are drawn as follows: (1) Four sub-basins were obtained by REOF: Region I: northern UMHRB, Region II: southern UMHRB, Region III: western UMHRB and Region IV: eastern UMHRB. (2) For precipitation, noticeable wet/dry seasonal shifts in UMHRB can be found: the wet tendency in summer and winter and dry tendency in spring and autumn. The northern (Region I) and southern (Region II) UMHRB were more significant than other two parts. For streamflow, measurements at stations in the northern UMHRB showed downward trends for all four seasons, especially, for spring and autumn. Although precipitation of the northern UMHRB showed upward trends in summer and winter, the streamflow trends were downward. (3) Precipitation and streamflow of the most stations in UMHRB exhibited a close correlation. However, the correlation coefficients of the linear regression models of Fuyang and Zhoukou for locations in the northern UMHRB were lower than those of the other five stations. The runoff decreased faster than precipitation in Fuyang, Zhoukou, and Jiangjiaji since 1980, which trend has become significant after 1990. (4) Streamflow variability in the northern part showed a negative direction in the most years, especially after 1985 and partly influenced the streamflow variability in Bengbu and Lutaizi located in the downstream of UMHRB. The observed downward trend of actual evapotranspiration should slow down the downward runoff trend. However, the results indicate that since 1980 the runoff patterns in the northern and southern UMHDRB have exhibited declining trends, which became strongly manifested since 1990, with the streamflow reduction being mainly attributed to human activities. The results obtained are instrumental in getting a deeper insight into precipitation and flow variations in the northern and southern parts of China since the investigated basin is a transition zone between them.

Luo, Y. and Zhang, J., 2017. Application of a load duration curve for establishing TMDL programs upstream of the Tiaoxi River within the Taihu Watershed, China. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 80–85. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The impairment of water quality is a major concern for streams and rivers in China. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) can be used to establish a framework and propose a series of techniques and tools to assess water quality at the watershed scale. While TMDLs have been developed for water quality management by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, scientists and stakeholders, the development of TMDLs in China is hindered due to the lack of comprehensive data collection system and by the difficulties in incorporating seasonal variations efficiently and accurately. In this study, load duration curves (LDCs) were used to calculate TMDLs for ammonia and to quantify the corresponding monthly and seasonal variations in the TMDL. The analysis indicated that the ammonia TMDL was affected by flow patterns, ranging from a maximum of 9418 kg·d⁻¹ in high flow zones to a minimum of 48 kg·d⁻¹ in low flow zones. Seasonally, the TMDL varied from 232 kg·d⁻¹ in spring to 390 kg·d⁻¹ in summer, 110 kg·d⁻¹ in autumn, and 25 kg·d⁻¹ in winter. The monthly load allocation for ammonia was in the range of 3.0 to 18 kg·d⁻¹. The results provide policymakers with quantitative limits of nutrients loadings with seasonal variations which can be used to implement various water quality targets. This approach also provides a convenient way for water quality assessment when current pollution data is available and proposes seasonal targets of total amount control for local EPA implementing refined water quality management strategy under current economic development level and management ability as well as.

Wang, Z.; Zhou, L.; Li, Q., and Sun, X., 2017. Storm surge along the Yellow River Delta under directional extreme wind conditions. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 86–91. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The storm surge model ADCIRC is applied to simulate storm surges along the Yellow River Delta. The wind force applied in this study was simulated by meteorological model MM5. Wind speed in storm surges among simulations and station observations were compared to verify consistency between simulations and real storm surges. The directional extreme wind parameters were studied in areas near the Yellow River Delta and determined by Pearson-III distribution. From these parameters, three typical storm surges forced by relative directional extreme wind are discussed. The largest storm surge value in the northern Yellow River Delta is 1.1 m under extreme north wind, −0.9 m under extreme south wind and 0.6 m under extreme east wind. The southern Yellow River Delta has storm surge values of −1.8 m under extreme north wind, 0.55 m under extreme south wind and 1.2 m under extreme east wind.

Xu, Y. and Wang, Z., 2017. Response of surface ocean conditions to Typhoon Rammasun (2014). In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 92–97. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The response of wind and wave field during typhoon Rammasun (2014) is studied in this paper. The circular symmetric typhoon wind model Jelesnianski-II is used in this paper for typhoon wind simulation. Then, our simulated wind and the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) wind were assimilated, as our newly developed reanalysis wind data, to provide wind fields for wave simulation. The new wind data is compared with the observation data, which shows a good agreement. The distributions of wind speed and wind direction are given in this paper. The wave is simulated by the SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) wave model. The drag coefficient applied in SWAN is derived from the observation data. The validations results show that SWAN can simulate the wave fields well during typhoon Rammasun. The distributions of significant wave height and mean wave direction are given in this paper. The wind speed and wave height to the left are smaller than those to the right. The distributions of wind and wave fields are asymmetric and move with the typhoon center. There are deviations between wind directions and wave directions especially to the left of typhoon center. The sea surface temperature (SST) from ECMWF is used to study the response during typhoon progress. The distributions of abnormal SST are researched. The SST increased to the right front of typhoon at the early stage of typhoon progress but dropped at the late stage of progress.

Liu, R.; Zhang, X.; Liang, B.; Xin, L., and Zhao, Y., 2017. Numerical study on the influences of hydrodynamic factors on water age in the Liao River Estuary, China. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 98–107. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The concept of water age (WA) is applied to the Liao River Estuary to estimate the timescale quantifying transport processes. A series of numerical experiments under different hydrodynamic conditions based on a real-time calibrated three-dimensional model have been conducted to investigate the influences of runoff, tide and wind on WA distribution. The model result shows that the WA distribution in a real situation can be estimated roughly by the real-time monitoring runoff with a natural logarithmic function. The influences of tide on WA distribution in the river channel and outside the mouth of estuary are reverse. The variation of tidal forcing affects the fluctuation range of WA in a semidiurnal tidal cycle. The wind-induced estuarine circulation as well as the WA distribution is varied significantly under different seasonal winds. In addition, the vertical difference of WA is more pronounced during neap tide in the rainy season, and it is reduced under wind conditions.