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8 May 2023 Spatiotemporal distribution of Borrelia miyamotoi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) and coinfection with other tick-borne pathogens in host-seeking Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) from New York State, USA
Nicole Foley, Collin O'Connor, Richard C. Falco, Vanessa Vinci, JoAnne Oliver, Jamie Haight, Lee Ann Sporn, Laura Harrington, Emily Mader, Danielle Wroblewski, P. Bryon Backenson, Melissa A. Prusinski
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Abstract

Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say, Acari: Ixodidae) were collected from 432 locations across NewYork State (NYS) during the summer and autumn of 2015–2020 to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of Borrelia miyamotoi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) and coinfections with other tick-borne pathogens. A total of 48,386 I. scapularis were individually analyzed using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to simultaneously detect the presence of Bo. miyamotoi, Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), and Babesia microti (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae). Overall prevalence of Bo. miyamotoi in host-seeking nymphs and adults varied geographically and temporally at the regional level. The rate of polymicrobial infection in Bo. miyamotoi-infected ticks varied by developmental stage, with certain co-infections occurring more frequently than expected by chance. Entomological risk of exposure to Bo. miyamotoi-infected nymphal and adult ticks (entomological risk index [ERI]) across NYS regions in relation to human cases of Bo. miyamotoi disease identified during the study period demonstrated spatial and temporal variation. The relationship between select environmental factors and Bo. miyamotoi ERI was explored using generalized linear mixed effects models, resulting in different factors significantly impacting ERI for nymphs and adult ticks.These results can inform estimates of Bo. miyamotoi disease risk and further our understanding of Bo. miyamotoi ecological dynamics in regions where this pathogen is known to occur.

Nicole Foley, Collin O'Connor, Richard C. Falco, Vanessa Vinci, JoAnne Oliver, Jamie Haight, Lee Ann Sporn, Laura Harrington, Emily Mader, Danielle Wroblewski, P. Bryon Backenson, and Melissa A. Prusinski "Spatiotemporal distribution of Borrelia miyamotoi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) and coinfection with other tick-borne pathogens in host-seeking Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) from New York State, USA," Journal of Medical Entomology 60(4), 808-821, (8 May 2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjad054
Received: 22 September 2022; Accepted: 24 April 2023; Published: 8 May 2023
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KEYWORDS
Borrelia miyamotoi disease
Co-infection
entomological risk index
Polymicrobial infection
tick
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