Gall specimens on leaves and branches of Rosa canina and Prunus spinosa were investigated. Field studies were conducted from February to June 2013 in European part of Turkey (Trakya University Arboretum, Edirne). In the study, from the galls collected from R. canina leaves and shoots, seven parasitoid and inquiline (Hymenoptera) species (Eupelmus urozonus, Exeristes roborator, Glyphomerus stigma, Orthopelma mediator, Pteromalus bedeguaris, Torymus bedeguaris, and Periclistus brandtii, belonging five families) associated with the three gall wasp (Hymenoptera) species (Diplolepis mayri, D. rosae, D. spinosissimae, belonging one family) were recorded. From the galls on P. spinosa leaves, one gall midge (Diptera) species (Putoniella pruni) was recorded. In addition, six species were determined as new records for the dipteran and hymenopteran fauna of Edirne province, European part of Turkey, and Turkey.

Triozocera eurychilus sp. n. is described from Costa Rica. This is the first species in Triozocera reported from Central America. There are six other New World species in this genus, to which it was compared. New World Triozocera make up only about a quarter of the known diversity of the genus but this is likely due to lack of collection effort rather than a reflection of the actual diversity of this nearly cosmopolitan genus. All known species in the New World are described from adult males.

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a serious pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the USA and Canada, and a sporadic pest of soybean in Asia. Infestations by soybean aphid cause economic loss to soybean through reductions in seed yield and oil concentration. Aphid-resistant soybean lines are needed to supplant insecticides for managing soybean aphid, and resistant lines may be developed from both domesticated and wild soybean lines. Free-choice assays of 42 lines of wild soybean (Glycine soja Siebold and Zucc.) in this study identified line 99PI522233 as resistant to soybean-aphid biotype 1. That line was advanced for follow-up assays with wild soybean lines PI 469399 B, PI 507825, PI 507840 and PI 507843, which had previously been screened as aphid resistant. Line 99PI522233 had significantly fewer soybean aphids than other lines except the resistant check in the second and third weeks of a no-choice assay, but the four other putatively resistant lines did not show resistance in the no-choice assay. Thus, line PI99522233 may be advanced for genetic characterization of its resistance, and it should be tested for resistance against virulent soybean aphid biotypes.

The genus CopteraSay, 1836 is firstly reported from China. Two new species from Yunnan Province, C. spina Hou, Yang & Xu, n. sp. and C. yunnanica Hou, Yang & Xu, n. sp., are described and illustrated. A key to the Chinese species is provided.

Chalky spot damage caused by the stink bugs Dolycoris baccarum (L.) and Piezodorus lituratus (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a serious problem for red lentil production in Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. This study aimed to determine spraying time against stink bugs, based on lentil developmental stages and evaluate potential agronomic methods (early vs. timely harvest and traditional harvest with sickle bar mower vs. combine harvester) to reduce chalky spot. Field trials were carried out during 2011–2012 in three provinces of Southeast Anatolia (Diyarbakir, Mardin and Sanliurfa).

Chalky spot damage was initiated at the R6 stage (full seed, seed on nodes 10-13 fill the pod cavities) when the stink bug nymphs started to be observed and the plant had soft immature seeds that were more susceptible to feeding by stink bugs. In early harvested lentil fields, the percentage of chalky spot damage was 0.60 and 0.20 in Diyarbakir and Sanliurfa provinces, respectively. It was lower than that of timely harvest. On the other hand, damaged seed percentage significantly reduced by changing the harvesting from traditional to combine harvesting and damage ratio was 0.90 and 0.00 in Diyarbakir and Mardin provinces, respectively. We conclude that the management to protect lentil crops from stink bug infestations should be initiated at the R6 growth stage, and that crops should be harvested a week earlier using combine harvester to reduce stink bug density and chalky spot damage.

This study was conducted at the apiary of the Agricultural and Veterinary Training and Research Station, King Faisal University in the Al-Ahsa oasis of eastern Saudi Arabia during sidir (Ziziphus spp.) flow season. Amounts of mineral elements in Ziziphus spp. honey produced by Apis florea F. were determined in comparison to honey from the same botanical origin and produced by two domesticated honey bee subspecies; A. mellifera carnica Pollmann (imported bees), and A. m. jemenitica Ruttner (indigenous bees). The highest amounts of ash, potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) were found in honey produced by A. florea. The largest amounts of magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were obtained from honey produced by A. m. jemenitica. Potassium was the most important mineral in Ziziphus spp. honey and the values ranged between 41.35% to 49.85% of the total mineral elements. Combretaceae was the main pollen floral resource and contributed 63%, 54% and 51% of total pollen in Ziziphus spp. honey from A. m. jemenitica, A. m. carnica and A. florea colonies, respectively. It was concluded that the amounts of mineral elements in honey can be correlated with the species of honey bees produced the honey.

A key to 20 genera of asexual female oak gall wasps of the southwestern United States is presented along with comments and status of each genus, including synonymies. Trichoteras Ashmead and Heteroecus Kinsey are retained as genera separate from Andricus Hartig. Andricus frequens (Gillette) new combination and Andricus juvenca Weld new combination are transferred from Callirhytis. Included are instructions for collecting, rearing, and curating. The presence of alternation of generations is described.

This research represents a forward step in the control of Aphis glycines. Essential oils from Acorus tatarinowii, Mentha haplocalyx, and Stemona japonica were studied for repellency and anti-molting activities. For the laboratory choice-experiment, of two soybean plants with 4 to 6 leaves each, one was treated with either a single or a mixture of essential oils, while the other was treated with a control solution. The plants were then placed in a cage and twenty aphids were released between the two plants. For no-choice tests, only one plant, treated with essential oil, was placed in the center of a cage and 20 aphids were released around the plant. Viable aphid numbers on plants were recorded at 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after initiating each test. After 36 hours of observation, numbers of exuviae around the plant were recorded in the no-choice test. In the greenhouse experiment, two potted faba bean plants were used. Five mL of essential oil was sprayed on one plant, and 5 mL of control solution on the other plant. One hundred adult aphids were released into each cage between the two plants. Repellency was observed at 12 and 24 hours of exposure. A mixture of A. tatarinowii plus S. japonica oils demonstrated maximum repellency in both lab (71.25 ± 3.50%) and greenhouse (85.61 ± 1.56). Anti-molting activities were observed when the essential oil of S. japonica was used. Results suggest that a mixture of A. tatarinowii and S. japonica essential oils are effective at controlling A. glycine.

Conventional insecticides are among the most popular chemical control agents against mosquitoes. Our study aimed to evaluate the resistance status to permethrin (pyrethroid insecticide) in Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Tunisia. For this study, three samples of C. p.pipiens mosquitoes were collected from Northern and Southern Tunisia between 2003 and 2005. Early third and late fourth instar larvae were morphologically identified and used for bioassays. All samples were resistant to permethrin and a large variation ininsecticide tolerance was observed between samples. The RR₅₀ values ranged from 3.01 in El Fahs to 39.3 in Sidi Hcine. Resistance to pyrethroid and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) insecticides were negativelycorrelated, indicating a sensitive voltage-gated sodiumchannel (CNaVD) in the most resistant population. The use of synergits showed the involvement of CYP450 in the recorded resistance to permethrin in Sidi Hcine. Results were discussed in relation to previous studies and mosquito control. Data on resistance insecticide were provided to serve as a base for further resistance management interventions.