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25 April 2023 Epistylis spp. Infestation in Two Species of Mud Turtles (Kinosternon spp.) in the American Southwest
Audrey K. Owens, Jennifer Smith, Rebecca A. Cole, Jeffrey M. Lorch, Daniel A. Grear
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

The protistan genus Epistylis contains freshwater colonial species that attach to aquatic organisms in an epibiotic or parasitic relationship. They are known to attach to the epidermis and shells of aquatic turtles, but have not been reported to cause heavy infestations or morbidity in turtles. We documented heavy infestations of Epistylis spp. in several populations of Sonoran mud turtles (Kinosternon sonoriense) inhabiting livestock ponds in Arizona, USA, and rough-footed mud turtles (Kinosternon hirtipes) from livestock ponds in Texas, USA, over the course of several years. Severe Epistylis spp. infestations on mud turtles appeared to alter diving and swimming behavior when compared to uninfested conspecifics. Infestations were cleared in captivity using tap water or a 10% salt solution, and the turtles had no permanent damage to their shell or epidermis upon clearing. While several of the mud turtles we observed had poor body condition, it is possible that the severe infestations we observed were caused by a comorbidity associated with a pathogen, parasite, or poor habitat quality that made the turtles more susceptible to the Epistylis spp. infestation. Further research on causes for these severe infestations are warranted because they contribute to changes in behavior of the heavily infested turtles and may contribute to morbidity in Kinosternon spp. when mud turtles inhabit extremely warm, shallow, eutrophic aquatic habitats, such as livestock ponds.

Audrey K. Owens, Jennifer Smith, Rebecca A. Cole, Jeffrey M. Lorch, and Daniel A. Grear "Epistylis spp. Infestation in Two Species of Mud Turtles (Kinosternon spp.) in the American Southwest," Journal of Wildlife Diseases 59(1), 167-171, (25 April 2023). https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-22-00035
Received: 19 March 2022; Accepted: 17 August 2022; Published: 25 April 2023
KEYWORDS
American Southwest
ciliate
colonial protozoan
epibiont
Epistylis
Eutrophication
Kinosternon
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