A new species, Pandanus ankaranensis Callm. & Laivao (Pandanaceae), is described from the karst region of Ankarana in northern Madagascar. It resembles P. grallatus B. C. Stone, another member of Pandanus sect. Mammillares H. St. John occurring in the area. The new taxon can be distinguished by its larger and wider leaves that are persistent on the branches, the stipe often lying on the rocks where plants grow, and its larger syncarps. Pandanus ankaranensis is classified as Vulnerable based on IUCN Red List criteria.

Croton rufolepidotus Caruzo & Riina (Euphorbiaceae s. str.), a new species from Colombia, is here described and illustrated. The new species is endemic to an area of lowland secondary forests in Antioquia. Morphological characters indicate that this species belongs to Croton sect. Cleodora (Klotzsch) Baill. due to its arborescent habit, petiolar glands, 15 to 25 stamens, as well as the pistillate flowers with imbricate sepals and multifid styles.

Chroniochilus sinicus L. J. Chen & Z. J. Liu, a new species, is described for the Orchidaceae from Yunnan, China, and accordingly the genus Chroniochilus J. J. Sm. is first reported from China. The new species differs from the allied species C. virescens (Ridl.) Holttum by having much larger leaves (7–10 cm), much longer inflorescences (to 18 cm), tiny bracts, and a cordate-conical lip constricted in its upper portion, with side-lobes 3.5–4.5 mm long.

The two species of Aidia Lour. (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae) newly described here bring this genus to three species in Tanzania and Kenya. Aidia abeidii S. E. Dawson & Gereau, from evergreen coastal forests of eastern Tanzania and Kenya, corresponds to an unnamed species mentioned in the Rubiaceae treatment for the Flora of Tropical East Africa. Aidia crassifolia S. E. Dawson & Gereau, from evergreen forests of northeastern and east-central Tanzania, is a larger tree or shrub with much larger inflorescences than the other two species of Aidia in tropical East Africa. The new species of Polysphaeria Hook. f. (Rubiaceae, Octotropideae), P. ntemii S. E. Dawson & Gereau, from evergreen forests of the East Usambara lowlands in Tanzania, corresponds to Polysphaeria sp. B of the Flora of Tropical East Africa.

Bornmuellerantha alshehbaziana Dönmez & Mutlu (Orobanchaceae), a hemiparasitic plant from Çiğdem Mountain, Antalya Province, Turkey, is described and illustrated. It is the second species in the previously monospecific Bornmuellerantha Rothm. Morphological comparison and distinguishing characters are given. The new species is a smaller plant, has smaller flowers, and is found on high mountain slopes, in comparison to the generitype, B. aucheri (Boiss.) Rothm. Bornmuellerantha alshehbaziana is also contrasted with species of the related genus Odontites Ludw. The IUCN Red List category of Critically Endangered (CR) is proposed for the new species.

On the basis of extensive herbarium studies, Rubia pseudogalium Ehrend., Galium chekiangense Ehrend., G. kunmingense Ehrend., G. rupifragum Ehrend., and G. sichuanense Ehrend. are described, illustrated, and discussed as new species from Zhejiang ( =  Chekiang), Yunnan, and Sichuan, respectively, for the flora of eastern and southwestern China. Galium dahuricum var. densiflorum (Cufod.) Ehrend. is a new combination.

Se describe e ilustra a Prestonia leco A. Fuentes & J. F. Morales (Apocynaceae), una especie nueva de los bosques montanos húmedos del noroeste de Bolivia. Esta especie parece estar cercanamente relacionada con P. denticulata (Vell.) Woodson, de la que difiere por sus inflorescencias conspicuamente ramificadas (vs. no ramificadas) y corola con el tubo floral más largo (18–22 mm vs. 11–13 mm).

Prestonia leco A. Fuentes & J. F. Morales (Apocynaceae), a new species from the wet montane forest of northwestern Bolivia, is described and illustrated. It appears to be closely related to P. denticulata (Vell.) Woodson, but differs by its conspicuously branched inflorescences (vs. unbranched) and longer corolla tube (18–22 mm vs. 11–13 mm).

Liparis cordifolia Hook. f. var. gongshanensis X. H. Jin (Orchidaceae, Malaxideae) is described from Yunnan, China. It differs from the typical variety by having larger flowers with the sepals and petals ca. 1.1 cm long (vs. 0.8–0.9 cm in variety cordifolia) and a circular, ciliate lip with a pair of small calli at the base (vs. lip obovate-deltoid, entire, and ecallose in variety cordifolia). The new variety appears to be restricted to evergreen humid forest in the Dulong River valley (upper portion of the Irrawaddy River), from Yunnan, China. A lectotype is designated for L. cordifolia.

We describe Passiflora madidiana P. Jørg., Cayola & Araujo-Murakami (Passifloraceae) as new from Bolivia. It belongs to Passiflora L. subg. Passiflora and is probably closely related to P. crassifolia Killip, P. mapiriensis Harms, P. actinia Hook., and P. jilekii Wawra. The material was collected during a floristic inventory project of the dry forest within the Madidi National Park. We presume the species to be endemic to these highly seasonal and isolated dry forests that surround the upper part of the Río Tuichi within the Madidi National Park.

Trichophorum dioicum J. Jung & H. K. Choi (Cyperaceae) was observed growing on limestone cliffs within a government-protected area, from Gangwon-do, South Korea. Morphological characteristics of the new species, such as the reduced leaf blade and the single spikelet at the culm terminus, correspond to Trichophorum Pers., a sister genus among Scirpus L. s.l. Previous molecular analysis of the chloroplast rbcL gene and ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA supported the identity of this new endemic species as a member of Trichophorum.

Se describen e ilustran dos nuevas especies del género Siphoneugena O. Berg (Myrtaceae) y se provee una clave de identificación para las especies del mismo. Siphoneugena minima Loza & A. Fuentes se encontró en un bosque montano del Parque Nacional Madidi y S. glabrata Loza & P. Jørg. en los bosques de Alnus Mill. de la Reserva Natural Choquetanga–Choquercamiri. Se discuten semejanzas y diferencias morfológicas entre S. minima con S. delicata Sobral & Proença y S. reitzii D. Legrand; la característica más marcada que distingue a S. minima de las demás especies es la presencia de botones y flores sésiles. Siphoneugena glabrata se comparó con S. densiflora O. Berg, S. dussii (Krug & Urb.) Proença y S. occidentalis D. Legrand, pero difiere de estas especies por presentar las ramas jóvenes glabras.

In preparation for the treatment of Arctotis L. (Asteraceae) in the upcoming Conspectus of the Trans-Cape Succulent Karoo Flora of South Africa, the typification of names and synonymy for nine Arctotis species that occur within the Succulent Karoo region, South Africa, are clarified. The author citation for A. argentea is corrected from Thunb. to A. argentea Aiton, and the lectotype is selected. In addition, lectotypes are designated for A. auriculata Jacq., A. campanulata DC., A. campanulata var. puberula DC., A. canescens DC., A. cineraria Jacq., A. cuprea Jacq., A. denudata Thunb., A. diffusa Thunb., A. fastuosa Jacq., A. flaccida Jacq., A. flammea Jacq., A. glabrata Jacq., A. laevis Thunb., A. leucanthemoides Jacq., A. maximilianii Schltr. ex Beauverd, A. pusilla DC., A. revoluta Jacq., A. rosea Jacq., A. squarrosa Jacq., A. venidioides DC., and Venidium aureum DC.

Se describe e ilustra Hydrocotyle apolobambensis M. Mend. & A. Fuentes (Apiaceae), una nueva especie de hojas trifolioladas, restringida a la cordillera de Apolobamba, en la cuesta oriental del noroeste de Bolivia. La especie es similar a H. palmata Mathias con la que comparte su área distribución natural, pero difiere de ella por tener un menor número de flores, pedicelos pubescentes, lóbulos de las hojas redondeados a obtusos y el indumento piloso. Se adiciona una clave y una tabla comparativa para distinguirla de otras especies trifolioladas de Hydrocotyle L. de América del Sur.

A new species, Plantago orzuiensis Mohsenz., Nazeri & Mirtadz. (Plantaginaceae), belonging to Plantago L. subg. Albicans Rahn, is described from Kerman Province in southeastern Iran. Its relationships to the closely related species P. ciliata Desf., P. amplexicaulis Cav., P. lagocephala Bunge, and P. psammophila Agnew & Chal.-Kabi are discussed. The most prominent features of the new species are the amplexicaul leaves; bracts that are to 6 mm long, boat-shaped, with a pilose midrib and ciliate margins; and hirsute corolla lobes to 2.5 mm long.

Pleopeltis coenosora R. C. Moran (Polypodiaceae) is described as new from Peru. It is atypical in the genus by having coenosori. It most resembles P. fraseri (Mett. ex Kuhn) A. R. Sm. because of its strongly bicolorous rhizome scales, dark brown petioles, pinnatisect laminae, and obscure veins, but differs by the fewer and wider pinnae, the wider apical segment, the more strongly dimorphic sterile and fertile leaves, and the presence of coenosori. Furthermore, the juvenile leaves of the two species differ. Those of P. coenosora remain entire until up to 12 cm long, thereafter becoming pinnatisect; those of P. fraseri become pinnatifid when only about 5 cm long.

The identity of Securidaca hebeclada DC. (Polygalaceae) is explained and a new combination is made: Bredemeyera hebeclada (DC.) J. F. B. Pastore. Bredemeyera velutina A. W. Benn. is synonymized under the latter name and its lectotype is selected herein. An illustration of B. hebeclada is provided, and its distribution and morphology are discussed.

A synopsis of the American genus Acanthocladus Klotzsch ex Hassk. (Polygalaceae), based primarily on herbarium studies, is presented, along with an identification key to the currently accepted eight species. Two new synonyms and the following new combinations are presented: A. dukei (Barringer) J. F. B. Pastore & D. B. O. S. Cardoso, A. pulcherrimus (Kuhlm.) J. F. B. Pastore & D. B. O. S. Cardoso, and A. santosii (Wurdack) J. F. B. Pastore & D. B. O. S. Cardoso. The names A. brasiliensis Klotzsch ex Hassk. and A. pulcherrimus are lectotypified.

Weberbauerocereus Backeb. fue considerado un género endémico para el Perú. Se publica aquí el primer miembro de este género para Bolivia, W. madidiensis Quispe & A. Fuentes (Cactaceae), restringido a los bosques secos yungueños subandinos del Valle del Tuichi, en el área protegida Madidi, al norte de la población de Apolo (departamento La Paz, provincia Franz Tamayo). Weberbauerocereus madidiensis muestra similitudes con W. churinensis F. Ritter y W. johnsonii F. Ritter pero se diferencia por su escasa ramificación, ramas sin pseudocefalio, espinas usualmente entre 13 a 19 por aréola, flores cortas, estigma no emergente y fruto redondo.

Hedysarum orumiehense Ranjbar and H. neyshaboricum Ranjbar, two new species endemic to Iran, are described and illustrated. Both new species belong to section Multicaulia Boiss. in Hedysarum L. (Fabaceae) and are distinct among Iranian species. The former species is closely related to H. atropatanum Bunge ex Boiss. and is distinguished by its glabrous pods, the leaflets in eight to 11 pairs, and the longer corolla wings (10–11 mm). The latter is distinguished from H. paucifoliolatum Ranjbar & Olanj by its longer peduncles (20–27 cm), stipules (7–9 × 4–5 mm), and corolla standard (15–17 × 13–14 mm). Both H. orumiehense and H. neyshaboricum are evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) according to IUCN Red List criteria.

A new species of Elaphoglossum Schott in section Elaphoglossum subsect. Pachyglossa Christ is described and illustrated here. Elaphoglossum skutchianum A. Rojas is recognized from Costa Rica and Panama, and occurs at middle elevations in the Cordillera de Tilarán, Cordillera Central, and Cordillera de Talamanca. It is distinguished from the closely related E. brevissimum Mickel by its longer fronds. It is here proposed that E. lankesteri Mickel is a synonym of E. cismense Rosenst.

Three new species of Myrtaceae from montane forests of the southeastern Brazilian state of Espírito Santo are described, illustrated, and compared with related species: Eugenia crassa Sobral, Myrcia santateresana Sobral, and M. tumida Sobral. Eugenia crassa is closely affined to E. umbrosa O. Berg, from which it is set apart by the smaller and wider leaves (to 170 × 75 mm in E. crassa vs. to 200 × 50 mm), axillary inflorescences, and flowers with larger bracteoles (to 8 mm in E. crassa vs. to 2 mm); M. santateresana is related to M. badia (O. Berg) N. Silveira, from which the new species differs by its smaller leaves (to 140 × 50 mm in M. santateresana vs. to 200 × 50 mm) with discontinuous marginal veins and smaller (buds to 2 mm in M. santateresana vs. to 4 mm), glabrous flowers without a calyx tube; M. tumida is close to M. guianensis (Aubl.) DC., differing by its swollen calyx lobes, larger fruits (to 18 mm in M. tumida vs. to 10 mm), and longer petioles (to 13 mm in M. tumida vs. to 6 mm).

Myrcia concisa Sobral & Leoni, a new species of Myrtaceae from rainforests of the southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, is described, illustrated, and evaluated for its conservation status according to IUCN criteria. The new species is apparently related to M. pubescens DC., from which it is set apart by the narrower blades and uniflorous to triflorous inflorescences.

Eugenia goiapabana Sobral & Mazine, a new species of Myrtaceae from Espírito Santo, eastern Brazil, is described, illustrated, and has its conservation status evaluated. The new species morphologically resembles E. bocainensis Mattos, from which it differs by its glabrous, acute leaves, racemiform inflorescences, and glabrous calyx lobes.

Delimitation of genera in the Neotropical tribe Guettardeae (Rubiaceae) has varied; here a key outlines the current taxonomy in South America and southern Central America. Three new species of Chomelia Jacq. are described and illustrated: the unarmed species C. chiquitensis C. M. Taylor of deciduous vegetation in eastern Bolivia differs from C. sericea Müll. Arg. of Bahia, Brazil, in its linear bracts and shorter corollas; the spiny species C. costaricensis C. M. Taylor of humid vegetation in northern Costa Rica differs from C. microloba Donn. Sm. in its longer corolla and lack of domatia on the leaves; and the unarmed species C. torrana C. M. Taylor of wet montane vegetation in northwestern Colombia is distinguished by its short inflorescences with red-violet corollas and its leaves with the higher-order venation not visible. A second species of Neoblakea Standl., N. ecuadorensis C. M. Taylor of seasonal vegetation in western Ecuador, differs from N. venezuelensis Standl. in its leaves broadly obtuse to rounded at the base and its larger fruits. A second species of Pittoniotis Griseb., P. rotata C. M. Taylor, is described based on a specimen from Ecuador and is also known from Peru; it differs from P. trichantha Griseb. of seasonal lowland vegetation in the Caribbean basin in its corollas with shorter tubes, its larger fruits, and its habitat in wet premontane vegetation. The genus Stenostomum C. F. Gaertn. has been recently circumscribed to include several Neotropical species, and three additional species are here transferred to it: Chione darienensis Dwyer, as S. darienense (Dwyer) C. M. Taylor; Guettarda acreana K. Krause, as S. acreanum (K. Krause) C. M. Taylor; and G. turrialbana N. Zamora & Poveda, as S. turrialbanum (N. Zamora & Poveda) C. M. Taylor. Conservation status assessments are presented for all of these species except G. acreanum, which is widespread and in need of further study.

Una nueva especie del género Styloceras Kunth ex A. Juss. (Buxaceae), fue encontrada en los bosques nublados del Parque Nacional Madidi y la Reserva Biosfera y Tierra Comunitaria de Origen Pilón Lajas en los Andes Bolivianos. Se describe e ilustra a S. connatum Torrez & P. Jørg., taxón que presenta similitudes morfológicas con S. penninervium A. H. Gentry & Aymard, pero se distingue de está por la consistencia de las hojas, número de anteras, color de flores y las características del fruto. Se proporciona una clave para la identificación de especies de Styloceras conocidas al presente.

A new species in Apocynaceae, Heterostemma xuansonense T. B. Tran & Joo-Hwan Kim, is described from Vietnam; illustrations and a comparison with related species are also provided. Heterostemma xuansonense distinctly differs from H. grandiflorum Costantin by the flower color, the absence of a peduncle, and the size of the corona.

Se describe e ilustra una especie nueva, Meriania horrida C. Ulloa & Achá (Melastomataceae), del departamento de La Paz, Bolivia. Esta especie se caracteriza por tener los tallos, pecíolos y ejes de las inflorescencias cubiertos por un indumento denso de conspicuos tricomas ásperos dendríticos; el ovario tiene lóbulos apicales carnosos y coloridos. Algunas hojas presentan acarodomacios basilaminares. Sólo se conoce de los bosques yungueños en los Andes bolivianos.

A new species, Meriania horrida C. Ulloa & Achá (Melastomataceae), from the department of La Paz, Bolivia, is described and illustrated. This species is characterized by the stems, petioles, and axes of the inflorescences covered by a dense indumentum consisting of bristly dendritic trichomes, and by the ovary that presents apical fleshy colorful lobes. Some leaves present acarodomatia at the base of the blades. It is only known from the Yungas forests in the Bolivian Andes.