The taxonomic study of Calyptranthes Sw. (Myrtaceae) in preparation of an annotated checklist, has required a thorough literature survey, extensive visits to herbaria worldwide, and analysis of type collections online. Resulting information has indicated the necessity of lectotypification for several species, nine of which are addressed here: C. fastigiata O. Berg, C. glabrescens Krug & Urb., C. kiaerskovii Krug & Urb., C. longifolia O. Berg, C. multiflora Poepp. ex O. Berg, C. obovata Kiaersk., C. pteropoda O. Berg, C. ruiziana O. Berg, C. schiedeana O. Berg, and C. tetraptera O. Berg.

Typification of the endemic Iberian species Ranunculus cabrerensis Rothm. is discussed. A specimen at MA from the exsiccatae for the Plantae Hispanie Boreali-Occidentalis (Rothmaler, 1934) is designated lectotype for this endemic Iberian species.

Eysenhardtia byei Cruz Durán & M. Sousa, a new species from the northwest of Mexico, is described and illustrated. This new taxon is similar to E. orthocarpa (A. Gray) S. Watson var. orthocarpa and E. polystachya (Ortega) Sarg., but differs in the leaflets having revolute margins and oblique to subcordate bases (vs. flat and obtuse to semicordate), the stipels being shorter than the petiolules (vs. equal or longer), and the petals being less than twice the length of the calyx (vs. double or more), and its restricted distribution in the zone of barrancas or canyons in the states of Chihuahua and Sonora (vs. an expanded distribution).

Se describe e ilustra Eysenhardtia byei Cruz Durán & M. Sousa, una especie nueva restringida a la parte noroeste de México. Este nuevo taxón es similar a E. orthocarpa (A. Gray) S. Watson var. orthocarpa y a E. polystachya (Ortega) Sarg., sin embargo, difiere de estas en que presenta folíolos con márgenes siempre revolutos y bases claramente oblicuas a subcordadas (vs. bases obtusas a ligeramente cordadas), las estipelas más cortas que los peciólulos, los pétalos no son el doble o más de la longitud del cáliz (vs. el doble o más), y por su distribución en los estados de Chihuahua y Sonora, en zona de barrancas (vs. amplia distribución).

Four species of Anisotes Nees (Acanthaceae) are described from northern and west-central Madagascar: A. hygroscopicus T. F. Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo, A. perplexus T. F. Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo, A. subcoriaceus T. F. Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo, and A. venosus T. F. Daniel, Letsara & Martín-Bravo. A key to the six species of the genus known from Madagascar, all of them endemic to the island, is provided. Morphological features previously unknown in the genus are noted for A. hygroscopicus and A. venosus (hygroscopic trichomes on seeds), A. subcoriaceus (2-colporate, pseudocolpate pollen lacking insulae), and A. perplexus (2-pororate pollen). None of these species can be treated with certainty in any of the currently recognized sections of Anisotes. Data pertinent to the conservation status of each species are provided.

Ulmus kunmingensis W. C. Cheng (Ulmaceae), originally described in 1963, was an invalidly published name, because two collections, one flowering and one fruiting, were designated as types. The name is validated here with the designation of the fruiting collection W. C. Cheng 11002 (NF) as the holotype.

Boechera calcarea Dudkin, a new species of Brassicaceae from the Primorsky Territory, Russia, is described and illustrated. In morphology the new species, B. calcarea, resembles B. falcata (Turcz.) Al-Shehbaz, but the latter can be differentiated by the narrow fruit, pubescent stem, and smaller flowers and seeds. Corolla color in B. calcarea is pale lavender, whereas in B. falcata it is pink-violet. Boechera calcarea is distinguished by its pale lavender petals, forked trichomes, and larger fruit. Based on its distribution in the Chandalaz (Lozovy) mountain range, the new taxon is likely an obligate calciphile.

A novel classification here of the sub-Saharan and Madagascan genus Aristea Aiton (Iridaceae), with ca. 57 species, recognizes three subgenera, Aristea subg. Aristea (18 species), Aristea subg. Eucapsulares (Goldblatt) Goldblatt [≡ Aristea sect. Eucapsulares Goldblatt] (ca. 30 species), and Aristea subg. Pseudaristea (Pax) Goldblatt [≡ Aristea sect. Pseudoaristea Pax] (nine species). This replaces a 1940 classification by Henning Weimarck, which included eight sections. In this updated classification, Aristea subg. Aristea includes three sections, and Aristea subg. Eucapsulares, two sections. A lectotype, A. spiralis (L. f.) Ker Gawl., is designated for Aristea sect. Pseudaristea Pax [≡ Aristea subg. Pseudoaristea (Pax) Goldblatt].

The typification of the name Kochia saxicola Guss. [= Eokochia saxicola (Guss.) Freitag & G. Kadereit] (Chenopodiaceae) is here discussed, and a specimen from the Gussone collection (NAP) is designated as the lectotype. The distribution of the species is given and remarks on its IUCN conservation status are provided.

A new name is proposed for Mayna parvifolia (J. F. Macbr.) Sleumer [≡ Carpotroche parvifolia J. F. Macbr.]; the species belongs in Casearia Jacq. (Salicaceae). However, the basionym name Casearia parvifolia Tul. has already been used twice by both Willdenow and Tulasne, and we therefore establish Casearia maynacarpa Liesner & P. Jørgensen as a replacement name.

Tropidia namasiae C. K. Liao, T. P. Lin & M. S. Tang, a new species of Tropidia Lindl. (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae, Tropidieae) from the Namasia District in southwestern Taiwan, is described and illustrated. The species is mainly characterized by its subopposite and ovate to lanceolate leaves and dorsal sepals (3.5–4 mm), the smallest observed among species of Tropidia in Taiwan. The new species is closely related to T. angustifolia C. L. Yeh & C. S. Leou, but differs in leaf shape, size, and number as well as the number of flowers per raceme. Morphological similarities between these two species can be seen in the shapes of the floral lip and column, as well as lengths of the leaf blades. A key to the six species of Tropidia in Taiwan is also provided.

A new moss species of the family Mielichhoferiaceae, Synthetodontium kunlunense J. C. Zhao & Y. Y. Liu, is described and illustrated. It was collected from soil substrates in an oasis in the Kunlun Mountains in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China. The peristome structure of this species is similar to that of S. pringlei Cardot, but S. kunlunense has longer leaves (0.5–1.3 mm vs. ca. 0.5 mm), shorter median leaf cells (8.6–21.7 μm vs. 40.6–72.6 μm), decurrent leaf bases (vs. not decurrent), a nodding capsule (vs. erect), and reddish proximal leaf cells (vs. green). Synthetodontium Cardot seems to be a disjunct genus distributed between East Asia and North America because the new species is known from a single locality in China, and another closely related species in the genus is known from four localities in Mexico.

Two new species of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) endemic to eastern Mexico are described and illustrated and placed in subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb., supersection Decaloba in a clade distinguished by no laminar nectaries. Passiflora dictamo DC. is a synonym of P. biflora Lam., and the rare diminutive species previously assigned to P. dictamo in Killip's monograph is described as P. lauana J. M. MacDougal. A second species, P. complanata J. M. MacDougal, is described and placed in the P. sexflora Juss. species group, where it is notable for its clusters of large flowers to 4 cm diam., flattened stems, and unusual 1/2 phyllotaxy. From Mexico we now recognize 75 native species of passionflowers.

Two new species of Dracaena Vand. ex L. (Asparagaceae, Nolinoideae) from Central Africa are here described and illustrated. Dracaena longipetiolata Mwachala & Eb. Fisch. from Gabon is distinguished from D. phrynioides Hook. by its long petioles and elliptic leaves. Dracaena litoralis Mwachala & Eb. Fisch. is described from Cameroon and also occurs in Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Congo-Brazzaville. This new taxon differs from D. braunii Engl. by its smaller flowers whose perianth lobes are shorter than the tube. The identity of D. braunii is discussed and its affinity with D. litoralis analyzed.

In preparing the family Rhamnaceae for an upcoming volume of Flora Mesoamericana, it became apparent, based on recent molecular work (Bolmgren & Oxelman, 2004; Bolmgren, pers. comm., 2013), as well as historical (Grubov, 1949; Kartesz & Gandhi, 1994), and personal morphological studies, that recognization of the genus Frangula Mill. is well supported. The emphasis of the current study has been on Mesoamerican species and four species from Mesoamerica, F. circumscissa A. Pool from Costa Rica, F. darienensis A. Pool from Panama, F. grandiflora A. Pool described from Honduras and also found in Chiapas, Mexico, F. pendula A. Pool described from Costa Rica and also found in Panama, and one species from Oaxaca, Mexico, F. inconspicua A. Pool, are published here as new. Four Mesoamerican species and two varieties published in Rhamnus L. are transferred to Frangula as: F. breedlovei (L. A. Johnst. & M. C. Johnst.) A. Pool [≡ R. breedlovei L. A. Johnst. & M. C. Johnst.], F. mcvaughii (L. A. Johnst. & M. C. Johnst.) A. Pool [≡ R. mcvaughii L. A. Johnst. & M. C. Johnst.], F. oreodendron (L. O. Williams) A. Pool [≡ R. oreodendron L. O. Williams], F. wendtii (Ishiki) A. Pool [≡ R. wendtii Ishiki], F. capreifolia var. grandifolia (M. C. Johnst. & L. A. Johnst.) A. Pool [≡ R. capreifolia var. grandifolia M. C. Johnst. & L. A. Johnst.], and F. discolor var. mesoamericana (L. A. Johnst. & M. C. Johnst.) A. Pool [≡ R. sphaerosperma var. mesoamericana L. A. Johnst. & M. C. Johnst.]. The following new combinations are made for five Mexican species north of the Flora Mesoamericana area: F. chimalapensis (R. Fernández) A. Pool [≡ R. chimalapensis R. Fernández], F. hintonii (M. C. Johnst. & L. A. Johnst.) A. Pool [≡ R. hintonii M. C. Johnst. & L. A. Johnst.], F. longistyla (C. B. Wolf) A. Pool [≡ R. longistyla C. B. Wolf], F. scopulorum (M. E. Jones) A. Pool [≡ R. serrata var. scopulorum M. E. Jones], and F. surotatensis (Gentry) A. Pool [≡ R. surotatensis Gentry]. Four South American species are transferred: F. acuminata (Maguire & Steyerm.) A. Pool [≡ R. acuminata Maguire & Steyerm.], F. chimantensis (Steyerm. & Maguire) A. Pool [≡ R. chimantensis Steyerm. & Maguire], F. marahuacensis (Steyerm. & Maguire) A. Pool [≡ R. marahuacensis Steyerm. & Maguire], F. neblinensis (Maguire & Steyerm.) A. Pool [≡ R. neblinensis Maguire & Steyerm.]. Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. longipes M. C. Johnst. & L. A. Johnst. (from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) is transferred to Frangula and raised to the rank of species, necessitating the publication of the new name F. longipedicellata A. Pool. Lectotypes are designated for F. polymorpha Reissek, R. citrifolia Rusby, and R. riojae Perkins.

The names of 14 taxa of Rapanea Aubl. are transferred to Myrsine L. (Myrsinaceae). The 14 new combinations include: M. acutiloba (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. acutiloba Mez]; M. amischocarpa (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. amischocarpa A. C. Sm.]; M. boivinii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. boivinii Mez]; M. comorensis (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. comorensis Mez]; M. courboniana (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. courboniana Mez]; M. crassiramea (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. crassiramea A. C. Sm.]; M. daphnoides (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. daphnoides Mez]; M. forbesii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. forbesii Mez]; M. griffithiana (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. griffithiana Mez]; M. hadrocarpa (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. hadrocarpa A. C. Sm.]; M. longipes (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. longipes A. C. Sm.]; M. polyantha (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. polyantha A. C. Sm.; M. seychellarum (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. seychellarum Mez]; and M. striata (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. striata Mez]. Six binomials are lectotypified: M. boivinii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly; M. comorensis (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly; M. forbesii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly; M. griffithiana (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly; M. seychellarum (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly; M. striata (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly.

Se transfiere 14 especies pertenecientes al género Rapanea al género Myrsine. Las transferencias están enumeradas en la lista a continuación: M. acutiloba (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. acutiloba Mez]; M. amischocarpa (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. amischocarpa A. C. Sm.]; M. boivinii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. boivinii Mez]; M. comorensis (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. comorensis Mez]; M. courboniana (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. courboniana Mez]; M. crassiramea (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. crassiramea A. C. Sm.]; M. daphnoides (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. daphnoides Mez]; M. forbesii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. forbesii Mez]; M. griffithiana (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. griffithiana Mez]; M. hadrocarpa (A.C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. hadrocarpa A. C. Sm.]; M. longipes (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. longipes A. C. Sm.]; M. polyantha (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. polyantha A. C. Sm.; M. seychellarum (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. seychellarum Mez]; y M. striata (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. striata Mez]. Se lectotipifican seis binomios: M. boivinii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly; M. comorensis (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly; M. forbesii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly; M. griffithiana (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly; M. seychellarum (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly; M. striata (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly.

Pavetta glaucophylla Retief, S. J. Siebert & A. E. van Wyk, a new species of the Rubiaceae (Ixoroideae) from South Africa, is described and illustrated. A member of Pavetta L. subg. Pavetta, it has a restricted range and is near endemic to the Sekhukhuneland Centre of Endemism. Hitherto P. glaucophylla has mainly been confused with P. zeyheri Sond., from which it differs in being a taller plant with larger, blue-green leaves in living condition instead of dark green to gray-green leaves and flowers in which the calyx lobes are 0.5–0.75 mm long and triangular-ovate, and 1.25–2 mm long and not triangular-lanceolate, as in P. zeyheri.

Muellera tozziana M. J. Silva (Millettieae, Leguminosae), a new species endemic to Brazil, is described and illustrated on the basis of field studies during the taxonomic revision of the genus. The species is morphologically similar to M. denudata (Benth.) M. Sousa, but it differs and can be characterized by its falcate or oblong-falcate fruits, glabrescent with upper margin discreetly thickened; the pubescent staminal tube and free portion of the filaments and anthers; subtruncate calyx, and delicate leaves.

Muellera tozziana M. J. Silva (Millettieae, Leguminosae), uma nova espécie endêmica para o Brasil, é descrita e ilustrada baseada em estudos de campo durante a revisão taxonômica do gênero. A espécie é morfologicamente semelhante a M. denudata (Benth.) M. Sousa, mas difere e pode ser caracterizada pelos frutos falcados a oblongo-falcados, glabrescentes e levemente espessados na margem superior, tubo estaminal, porção livre dos filetes e anteras pubescentes, cálice subtruncado e folhas delicadas.

Euphorbia rayturneri V. W. Steinm. & Jercinovic (Euphorbiaceae), a new species endemic to southwestern New Mexico, United States, is described and illustrated. This summer annual occurs in desert grassland and is known from three collections made in Grant, Hidalgo, and Luna counties at elevations of 1400–1700 m. Given its limited distribution and small population size, we propose that the species is best considered as CR, or Critically Endangered, according to IUCN Red List criteria. The new species belongs to Euphorbia L. sect. Anisophyllum Roep. on the basis of possessing interpetiolar stipules and opposite leaves that are asymmetrical at the base. It is characterized by being a pubescent, prostrate herb with serrulate leaves that often have a red blotch in the center and an ovary with undivided styles.

Petrocosmea melanophthalma Huan C. Wang, Z. R. He & Li Bing Zhang, an attractive new species (Gesneriaceae, Petrocosmea sect. Deianthera W. T. Wang) from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar to P. kerrii Craib in the zygomorphic calyx and brevirostrate anther. The new species differs from the latter by its peltate leaves and the blue corolla with two striking black spots on the tube, as well as the geniculate filaments of the stamens that thicken above the middle. Petrocosmea melanopthalma was found on basalt cliffs in evergreen broad-leaved forest on Mopan Shan.