The nomenclature of the new combination Fritillaria pyrenaica L. subsp. falcata (E. Rico) R. Alonso, de Paz & M. E. García (Liliaceae) is presented. The taxon, endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, was initially described under the illegitimate later homonym F. falcata Caball. Herein, we correct the authorities of the basionym F. lusitanica Wikstr. f. falcata (Caball.) E. Rico and the replaced synonym F. nervosa Willd. subsp. falcata (Caball.) Fern.-Arias & Devesa.

Dichapetalum coronadoae Arbeláez & W. D. Stevens (Dichapetalaceae) from the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve in the department of Jinotega, Nicaragua, is found to be new. A morphological description, diagnosis, and illustration are provided. This new species is superficially most similar to, and has been confused with, D. bullatum Standl. & Steyerm.

A new species in Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) from Turkey is described and illustrated. Centaurea aytugiana Bancheva, Kaya & Binzet grows in Karabük Province, North Anatolia, Turkey, and its morphologically allied species are C. stenolepis A. Kern. and C. salicifolia M. Bieb. ex Willd. The chromosome number of C. aytugiana, 2n = 30 1B, counted in root tips, is reported and illustrated. Pollen is described, using both light and scanning electron microscopy, and the pollen grains correspond to Wagenitz's Jacea-type. The new species is currently known from a single locality in Karabük Province and is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), according to IUCN criteria.

Three new combinations (Compositae, Senecioneae), Senecio doronicum (L.) L. subsp. longifolius (Willk.) J. Calvo, S. macedonicus Griseb subsp. barckhausiifolius (Boiss. & Heldr.) J. Calvo, and S. racemosus (M. Bieb.) DC. subsp. kirghisicus (DC.) J. Calvo, are here proposed, as well as the replacement name S. doronicum subsp. orientalis J. Calvo for S. orientalis Ten. The names S. doronicum var. longifolius Willk., S. orientalis Ten., S. barckhausiifolius Boiss. & Heldr., and Cineraria glabrata Ledeb. are lectotypified.

Pendulorchis gaoligongense G. Q. Zhang, K. Wei Liu & Z. J. Liu var. lushuiensis L. J. Chen, X. C. Shi & W. H. Rao (Orchidaceae, Vandeae) is described and illustrated as a new variety from Yunnan, China. It differs from the typical variety, P. gaoligongense, by having shorter leaves that are 30–40 cm, smaller flowers that are 4–5 mm diameter, and a reddish white perianth (vs. leaves 40–60 cm, flowers 8–9 mm diameter, and a purple-red perianth).

Andryala perezii M. Z. Ferreira, R. Jardim, Alv. Fern. & M. Seq. (Asteraceae), a new species from the Canary Islands, is described and illustrated. Although formerly included in A. glandulosa Lam., the new species differs remarkably from Madeiran populations by its woolly stellate pubescence, scattered glandular pubescence restricted to the peduncles and involucral bracts, peduncles flattened and enlarged at the base of the capitula, and smaller cypselae. Andryala perezii has a habit similar to that of the Canarian A. pinnatifida Aiton but may be identified by its densely stellate pubescence on the stems; grayish white or glaucous, congested leaves with dense stellate pubescence on both surfaces and undulate-crispate margins; longer peduncles; and smaller cypselae with a ring of short teeth at the apex equivalent to the height of the prolongation of the ribs. Comments on the chromosome numbers, geographic distribution, habitat, and conservation status are also presented. The name A. pinnatifida Aiton f. cuneifolia Sch. Bip. is lectotypified and is transferred in rank as A. pinnatifida subsp. cuneifolia (Sch. Bip.) M. Z. Ferreira, R. Jardim, Alv. Fern. & M. Seq.; lectotypes are designated for its synonyms, A. pinnatifida f. buchiana Sch. Bip. and A. pinnatifida var. latifolia Bornm. The name A. pinnatifida is also lectotypified. A key for Macaronesian Andryala L. taxa is provided.

A new species of Opuntia Mill. (Cactaceae), endemic to the region of Villa de Tezontepec, in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, is described. Farmers in the region call it “winter xoconostle” (in náhuatl, “xoco” = “acid”; “noxtle” = “tunas”). Opuntia tezontepecana Gallegos-Vázquez & Scheinvar is compared with the two sympatric species that have a glabrous epidermis to the unaided eye, but are pulverulent under SEM: O. joconostle F. A. C. Weber and O. matudae Scheinvar, both xoconostles. We observed the following distinctive characteristics in the new species: the mature cladodes as widely elliptic, the areoles in eight or nine series, spines on all areoles; spines and glochids structurally different from those of the sympatric species; the pericarpel with inconspicuous tubercles, without spines, but the superior ones with one or two bristles; fruits ellipsoid, with the floral scar slightly sunken, with a shiny epidermis, light green with red-orange spots, wide walls, acidic, rose-colored, edible; its funicles dry or semi-dry and tasteless, and characteristic seeds. Birds only pierce the walls of the fruit and eat the dry or semi-dry funicles. Fruits remain on the cladodes for 15 months or more.

A new species of the genus Eutrema R. Br. (Brassicaceae) is described and illustrated from Hubei Province in China. This species is similar to E. yungshunensis (W. T. Wang) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick in its leafy stems and ovaries with more than 10 ovules, but the new species differs in having glaucous stems, larger leaves abaxially purplish, larger sepals and petals, and fewer seeds per fruit.

Burmeistera salicifolia Garzón, Luteyn & F. González (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae), a new species from the departments of Chocó and Valle del Cauca in Colombia, is illustrated and described, and its affinities are discussed. The species is a small epiphytic to terrestrial herb with a green corolla. It stands out from other species by its narrow leaves with brochidodromous venation; the short, broadly triangular calyx lobes; and the subequal, narrowly ovate-lanceolate corolla lobes that are at right angles with the tube. Burmeistera salicifolia is assigned to Burmeistera Triana sect. Burmeistera because the tips of the ventral anthers lack a tuft of trichomes. The new species grows in the understory of wet montane forests of the Western Cordillera of Colombia, in the Chocó–Valle del Cauca border area.

Se describe e ilustra Burmeistera salicifolia Garzón, Luteyn & F. González (Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae), una nueva especie de los departamentos del Chocó y Valle del Cauca, Colombia, y se discuten sus afinidades. La nueva especie es una pequeña hierba epífita o terrestre, con corola verde, que se distingue por la lámina foliar angosta con venación broquidódroma, los lóbulos del cáliz cortos, ancho-triangulares, y los lóbulos de la corola subiguales, angostamente ovado-lanceolados, y en ángulo recto con respecto al tubo. Burmeistera salicifolia se asigna a Burmeistera Triana sect. Burmeistera, debido a que el ápice de las anteras ventrales carece de penachos de tricomas barbados. La nueva especie crece en el sotobosque de bosques montanos húmedos de la Cordillera Occidental de Colombia, en los bordes entre los departamentos del Chocó y el Valle del Cauca.

Manglietia guangnanica D. X. Li & R. Z. Zhou (Magnoliaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. Its pollen morphology, ecology, and conservation status are presented. Manglietia guangnanica is closely related to M. pachyphylla Hung T. Chang, M. crassipes Y. W. Law & M. fordiana Oliv. The new species is distinguished from M. pachyphylla by its narrower leaves (4–6 cm vs. 6–10 cm), the glabrous abaxial surfaces (vs. pubescent), the shorter peduncles (1.4–1.8 cm vs. 2.3 cm) and pedicels (0.4–0.6 cm vs. 0.7–1.8 cm), the smaller gynoecia (1.7–1.9 cm vs. 2.1–2.9 cm) and fewer carpels (29 to 34 vs. 54 to 61), and fewer ovules (six to eight vs. [eight]nine to 17[18] ovules per carpel). Manglietia guangnanica differs from M. crassipes by its narrower leaves (4–6 cm vs. 6–9.3 cm), the ovoid gynoecia and flower buds (vs. elliptic), the sparse sericeous indument on the buds, the pale green color of the branchlets and abaxial blade surfaces (vs. these surfaces glaucous), and the fewer carpels (29 to 34 vs. 37 to 40) and ovules (six to eight vs. eight to 13[14] ovules per carpel). The new species also differs from M. fordiana by its branches (glabrous except the young nodes that are sparsely pubescent with erect brown trichomes vs. an indument of appressed, rusty brown trichomes), the peduncles, abaxial surfaces of leaves, and bottoms of outer tepals (glabrous vs. appressed, rusty brown trichomes), the petioles (sparsely brown pubescent and later glabrate vs. appressed, rusty brown trichomes), fewer ovules (six to eight vs. eight to 14 ovules per carpel), as well as the longer stigmas and beaks (stigmas 4–5 mm vs. 1–2 mm, beaks 2–4 mm vs. 1–2 mm).

New combinations are here proposed for Maracanthus costaricensis (Kuijt) Kuijt [≡ Oryctina costaricensis Kuijt] and Passovia pedunculata (Jacq.) Kuijt [≡ Loranthus pedunculatus Jacq.]. Five new species of Loranthaceae from South America are also described and illustrated: Psittacanthus longiflorus Kuijt from Peru, Struthanthus cajamarcanus Kuijt from Peru, S. ophiostylus Kuijt from Peru, S. truncatus Kuijt from Colombia, and Tristerix divaricatus Kuijt from Peru. The name Passovia pedunculata is neotypified.

Three species of Mendoncia Vell. ex Vand. (Acanthaceae) are newly recognized from Madagascar: M. decaryi (Benoist) E. Magnaghi, M. delphina E. Magnaghi, and M. kely E. Magnaghi. Each is based on a unique suite of morphological characters, and all are endemic to Madagascar. A key to the six species of the genus known from Madagascar is provided. A lectotype is designated for M. cowanii (S. Moore) Benoist var. decaryi Benoist.

A taxonomical review of the Hydrocotyle L. (Araliaceae), species native to the Siberia cloud forest, Parque Nacional Amboró (Bolivia), is presented. Six species are known from this zone, four of which are described as new: H. adrianae M. Mend., H. felipae M. Mend., H. juanae M. Mend., and H. lopeziae M. Mend, all of them presumably endemic to the region. The new species are illustrated, a key to facilitate identification is provided, taxonomical differences between related species are discussed, and notes on the ecology and natural distribution are given for each species.

A new species, Trigonella khalkhalica Ranjbar & Z. Hajmoradi (Fabaceae), endemic to Ardebil Province in northwestern Iran and belonging to Trigonella L. sect. Ellipticae (Boiss.) Širj., is described and illustrated. This species is mainly distinguished from T. elliptica Boiss. of Trigonella sect. Ellipticae by some differences such as plant height (41–65 cm vs. 30–40[50] cm), indumentum (sparse to glabrous vs. dense), and fruit shape (lunate vs. erect). Trigonella elliptica is selected for comparison with the new species because it is similar to T. khalkhalica in fruit characters (the size of pods, sculpturing, and number of seeds) and has a widespread distribution in Iran. The remaining taxa in the section have more restricted distributions. Morphological and anatomical studies on vegetative and floral structures (including pollen, peduncle, stem, and leaf epidermis) are discussed for both species. Variation in some noticeable pollen and anatomical features were observed in the two species. The most significant pollen characters for separating the new species from T. elliptica are the polar and equatorial diameters, the colpus interval, and pollen shape. Differential anatomical characters include the stem shape in cross-section and number of sclerenchyma layers, the number of vascular bundles in the stem and peduncle, and also the size and index of stomata in the leaf epidermis.

Microlepis (DC.) Miq. (Melastomataceae) is a Brazilian genus originally recognized with four species and four varieties, which occurs in Paraná, São Paulo, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais states, in moist areas of the Atlantic forest and cerrado domains. Its circumscription contains species with opposite and verticillate leaves, multiflorous inflorescences, pentamerous and diplostemonous flowers, the hypanthium and calyx lobes with stellate-tomentose indumentum, the stamens dimorphic, with prolonged connectives and with a ventral biauriculate appendage, and with numerous cochleate seeds. However, morphological studies indicate that this variability is better circumscribed as a single species, M. oleifolia (DC.) Triana. Molecular phylogenetic studies in the Melastomeae indicate that Microlepis is nested within Pleroma D. Don, and therefore the new combination is provided as P. oleifolia (DC.) R. Romero & Versiane [≡ M. oleifolia (DC.) Miq.]. This is compared to T. kleinii Wurdack, which is most similar. The following names are lectotypified: M. mosenii Cogn., M. mosenii var. acutifolia Cogn., M. oleifolia var. angustifolia Cogn., M. oleifolia var. parvifolia Cogn., M. quaternifolia [var.] β angustifolia Cogn., and M. trianae Cogn.

Microlepis (DC.) Miq. (Melastomataceae) é um gênero brasileiro originalmente reconhecido com quatro espécies e quatro variedades, as quais ocorrem nos estados do Paraná, São Paulo, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais, em áreas úmidas dos domínios Atlântico e Cerrado. Sua circunscrição original contém espécies com folhas opostas e verticiladas, inflorescências multifloras, flores pentâmeras e diplostêmones, hipanto e lacínias do cálice com indumento estrelado, estames dimórficos com conectivo prolongado e com um apêndice ventral biauriculado. Contudo, estudos morfológicos indicam que esta variabilidade é melhor circunscrita a uma única espécie, M. oleifolia (DC.) Triana. Os estudos moleculares recentes em Melastomeae indicam que Microlepis está inserido no gênero Pleroma D. Don e por isso é fornecida a nova combinação P. oleifolia (DC.) R. Romero & Versiane [≡ M. oleifolia (DC.) Miq.]. Esta é comparada com T. kleinii Wurdack, com a qual é mais similar. Os seguintes nomes são lectotipificados: M. mosenii Cogn., M. mosenii var. acutifolia Cogn., M. oleifolia var. angustifolia Cogn., M. oleifolia var. parvifolia Cogn., M. quaternifolia [var.] β angustifolia Cogn., e M. trianae Cogn.

Haydenia M. P. Simmons (Celastraceae) is an illegitimate name because it is a later homonym of Haydenia Seward (Cyatheaceae). The genus is renamed Haydenoxylon M. P. Simmons and the three included species are renamed Haydenoxylon gentryi (Lundell) M. P. Simmons, H. haberianum (Hammel) M. P. Simmons, and H. urbanianum (Loes.) M. P. Simmons. The name H. urbanianum is lectotypified.

Minaria praetermissa W. D. Stevens & Arbeláez (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from the province of Santa Cruz in eastern Bolivia is found to be distinct from the related M. acerosa (Mart.) T. U. P. Konno & Rapini. A description, diagnosis, and comparative illustrations are provided.

Two new species, Piper durionoides Suwanph. & Chantar. and P. kongkandanum Suwanph. & Chantar. (Piperaceae), are described from southwestern Thailand. Piper durionoides is characterized by a persistent stylelike spine or echinate and glabrous infructescence. The distinguishing characters of P. kongkandanum combine vegetative and reproductive organs. This species has pilose or velutinous branchlets with uniseriate hairs. The floral bracts are hairy at the base and ciliate at the margin, and fruits are connate for 3/4 length on rachis. The description and illustration are presented. The IUCN conservation status of both species is assessed as VU, or Vulnerable.

Three new species of Eleocharis R. Br. subg. Scirpidium (Nees) Kukkonen (Cyperaceae) from southern Brazil are described and illustrated: E. angustirostris R. Trevis. & Boldrini, E. neesii R. Trevis. & Boldrini, and E. riograndensis R. Trevis. & Boldrini. They have fertile proximal scales and achenes with longitudinal rows of horizontally oriented rectangular cells, characteristic of Eleocharis subg. Scirpidium. Eleocharis angustirostris is distinguished from all the Brazilian species of the subgenus by the achene narrowing into a neck and the narrow stylopodium that appears to be a continuation of the neck; E. neesii is related to E. radicans (Poir.) Kunth from which it differs in having capillary culms and an inflated apex of the distal sheath. Eleocharis riograndensis is distinguished from all the Brazilian species of Eleocharis subg. Scirpidium by a combination of features including capillary culms, the long acuminate distal sheath apex, and two stamens with short anthers. A key is presented to separate the species of Eleocharis subg. Scirpidium known to occur in Brazil.

The new name Cestrum subumbellatum Vignoli-Silva & M. Nee (Solanaceae) is proposed to replace the later homonym C. campanulatum Francey, and a lectotype is chosen. The taxon is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil.

Two species of Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) within Eugenia sect. Umbellatae O. Berg, E. teresa-ruiziana Villarroel & Faria and E. cydoniifolia O. Berg, are described and illustrated. The former is a new species, whereas the latter has not been collected since 1842. Both species are endemic to the cerrados of the Lomerío region of eastern Bolivia. This article examines and discusses the vegetative and reproductive characteristics that distinguish these species, which include the leaf morphology, indumentum type, secondary vein number, stamen number, and ovule number per locule.

Dos especies de Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) dentro de la Eugenia sect. Umbellatae O. Berg, E. teresa-ruiziana Villarroel & Faria y E. cydoniifolia O. Berg, se describen e ilustran. La primera es una nueva especie, mientras que la segunda no se había colectado desde 1842. Ambas especies son endémicas de los cerrados de la región de Lomerío del este de Bolivia. En este artículo se examinan y discuten las características vegetativas y reproductivas que diferencian estas especies, siendo estas: la morfología foliar, tipo de indumento, número de venas secundarias, número de estambres, y el número de óvulos por lóculo.

Sinojohnstonia Hu (Boraginaceae, Trigonotideae) is endemic to China and previously included only three species. Sinojohnstonia ruhuaii W. B. Liao & Lei Wang, a new species from Jiangxi, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is most closely related to S. chekiangensis (Migo) W. T. Wang by its morphology and differs in that its flowers are smaller, the corolla limb is slightly shorter than or nearly as long as the tube, and the stamens are positioned below the throat appendages. A key is provided to distinguish the four species of Sinojohnstonia now recognized.

Chrysanthemum zhuozishanense L. Q. Zhao & J. Yang, a new species (Compositae) from Inner Mongolia, China, is described and illustrated. It appears most closely related to C. lavandulifolium (Fisch. ex Trautv.) Makino but is distinguished by its capitula 8–10 mm diam., the white or pink ray florets, the lamina 4–5 mm, and the style branches with the truncate and papillose apex. Plants are densely pubescent throughout, with simple trichomes. The new species is assigned to Chrysanthemum L. sect. Chrysanthemum on the basis of the phyllaries with brown scarious margins.