The enigmatic Promenaea rollissonii alliance (Orchidaceae) was established by Pabst and Dungs in 1977 and included P. lentiginosa (Lindl.) Lindl., P. riograndensis Schltr., and P. rollissonii (Lindl.) Lindl. This alliance has been taxonomically reexamined, with study of types and other collections from American and European herbaria, recent fieldwork in previously unexplored areas of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and observations of plants under cultivation. Promenaea rollissonii is a rare species found in particular submontane and montane Brazilian coastal habitats, and a new record extends its northern limit of distribution to Bahia State. This species is identified by the lip callus extending over the lateral lobes, and the bilobed callus at the base. The P. rollissonii alliance is recognized as the single species P. rollissonii to which the names P. lentiginosa, P. albescens Schltr., P. paranaensis Schltr. var. albescens Hoehne, and P. riograndensis newly synonymize. Neotypes are newly designated for the names P. rollissonii [≡ Maxillaria rollissonii Lindl.], P. albescens [≡ P. paranaensis var. albescens], and P. riograndensis.

Five previously unrecognized species of Eugenia L. from the Caribbean lowland forest of Panama are named, described, and assigned IUCN conservation status here: E. arrhaphocalyx Barrie, I. Vergara & McPherson (EN), E. brachyblastiflora Barrie, C. Ramos & O. Ortiz (CR), E. donosoensis Barrie, C. Ramos & O. Ortiz (LC), E. roseola Barrie, C. Ramos & O. Ortiz (LC), and E. roseopetala Barrie, I. Vergara & McPherson (EN).

Northern North American populations of Deschampsia P. Beauv. (Poaceae) present many taxonomic and nomenclatural problems resulting from: 1) morphologic clinal variation across the continent; and 2) overlap in taxonomic use of specific and/or infraspecific epithets that are also used in European or Russian plants. The new name D. cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. septentrionalis Chiapella replaces the illegitimate combination D. cespitosa subsp. brevifolia (R. Br.) Tzvelev [≡ D. brevifolia R. Br.].

Gypsophila yazdiana Falat., F. Ghahrem. & Assadi (Caryophyllaceae, Caryophylloideae) is described here as a new species from central Iran and is assigned to Gypsophila L. sect. Paniculaeformes F. N. Williams. Despite the overall similarity in habit and shape of the leaves and inflorescence, it differs from the related species G. perfoliata L. by having the stems glabrous, the leaves glabrous and narrower, oblanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, to 1.5 cm wide, and the petals rounded at the apex. In G. perfoliata the stem is glandular pubescent in the lower half, the leaves are glandular pubescent, obovate or ovate-oblong, and up to 3.5 cm wide, and the petals are retuse at the apex.

A specimen conserved in the Linnaean Herbarium at LINN is designated as the lectotype of Lythrum thymifolia L. (Lythraceae).

Syntypes for five names belonging to the genus Fimbristylis Vahl are discussed, and lectotypes are designated for F. albicans Nees, F. fusca (Nees) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke, F. rigidula Nees, F. salbundia (Nees) Kunth, and F. scaberrima Nees.

After years of confusion about the invalid name Pachyphyllum aurorae D. E. Benn. & Christenson and two invalid nomenclatural transfers of this name to other genera, a valid name, Fernandezia pastorelliae D. Trujillo, was published in 2014. Because generic classification of the species is not in accordance with morphological data, we here transfer F. pastorelliae to Orchidotypus Kraenzl.

Se describe e ilustra Omiltemia guerrerensis Lozada-Pérez & J. Rojas, endémica de la región de la montaña del estado de Guerrero, México. La nueva especie se caracteriza por sus largas inflorescencias cimoso-helicoides, estambres largos dispuestos a la misma altura en la base del tubo de la corola y sus semillas unidas por el centro a la placenta. Estos mismos caracteres la diferencian de O. longipes Standl. Se evalúa la existencia del género Pseudomiltemia Borhidi.

Conceveiba belizensis McPherson & B. Holst (Euphorbiaceae), a new species of Conceveiba Aubl., is described, differing notably from the similar C. guianensis Aubl. and C. rhytidocarpa Müll. Arg. in having staminate inflorescences unbranched (vs. paniculiform), staminate flowers with pedicels 4–9 mm long (vs. less than 2 mm) and staminodes much shorter than the stamens (vs. staminodes much longer than the stamens), and pistillate flowers sessile (vs. pedicels at least 2 mm long).

Durante la revisión de Salvia L. para Argentina se vio la necesidad de realizar tipificaciones. Se designan 17 lectotipos para los siguientes taxones: S. ambigens Briq., S. approximata Briq. var. kuntzeana Briq., S. cinerarioides Briq., S. coerulea Benth., S. guaranitica A. St.-Hil. ex Benth., S. hassleri Briq., S. lucida Briq., S. meyeri Legname, S. micheliana Briq., S. obtusa M. Martens & Galeotti, S. odoratissima Sessé & Moc., S. ovalifolia A. St.-Hil. ex Benth., S. rojasii Briq., S. rosmarinoides A. St.-Hil. ex Benth., S. splendens Sellow ex Wied-Neuw., S. subrotunda A. St.-Hil. ex Benth. y S. uruguayensis A. St.-Hil. ex Benth. Las tipificaciones de Epling (1939, 1937, respectivamente) de S. brevipes Benth. y S. matico Griseb. son explicadas.

Dentro de un estudio más amplio del grupo que incluye a Limonium binervosum (G. E. Sm.) C. E. Salmon en el Noroeste ibérico, se describe una nueva especie (L. serpentinicum R. Pino, F. J. Silva-Pando & J. J. Pino) caracterizada por su pequeña talla, presencia de abundantes glándulas epidérmicas a lo largo del tallo, brácteas externas acuminadas, brácteas internas muy estrechas y por desarrollarse sobre sustratos serpentínicos.

The new species Gentiana woodii J. S. Pringle, from Departments Cochabamba and La Paz, Bolivia, and Gentianella glenniae J. S. Pringle, from Departments Amazonas and Cajamarca, Peru, are described. Gentiana woodii differs from G. sedifolia Kunth and G. sirensis J. S. Pringle in its conspicuously white-margined leaves, which are more widely spaced distally, and from G. microphylla Griseb. in its monocarpic habit and narrower leaves. Gentianella glenniae differs from G. ericothamna (Gilg) Zarucchi in its more elongated inflorescences, triangular rather than linear calyx lobes, and more deeply lobed corollas, and from G. oreosilene (Gilg) J. S. Pringle in its smaller flowers, more deeply lobed corollas, and narrowly lanceolate rather than obovate corolla lobes.

The name Wikstroemia linearifolia H. F. Zhou ex C. Y. Chang is an illegitimate later homonym for a taxon described from western China. Halda considered the genus Wikstroemia Endl., one of the largest genera in the family, to be a synonym of the older and slightly larger genus Daphne L., which necessitated the publication of a number of new combinations and names in the latter genus, including the replacement name D. zhouana Halda for W. linearifolia. As we maintain Wikstroemia as a distinct genus, a new legitimate combination, W. zhouana (Halda) C. Shang & S. Liao, is provided here for this species.

Three new species of Cyperaceae are described and illustrated from the Cuyuni-Mazaruni Region of Guyana, South America: Cephalocarpus glabra M. T. Strong, Everardia spongiosa M. T. Strong, and Scleria attenuatifolia M. T. Strong. Comparisons to similar taxa are discussed for each.

The new species Psilochilus francoae Szlach. & Baranow (Orchidaceae, Triphoreae) is here described from Nariño, Colombia, and compared with its closest relatives. It seems to be related to P. macrophyllus (Lindl.) Ames in having a short-clawed labellum. However, it can be distinguished by the shape of the lateral lobes of the labellum. Psilochilus francoae also resembles P. vallecaucanus Kolan. & Szlach., but the latter species differs by its distinctly long-clawed labellum. In addition, the central part of the labellum of P. francoae is distinctly wider than its middle lobe, whereas in P. vallecaucanus the middle lobe and central part of the labellum are of the same width. Psilochilus francoae differs from the aforementioned species by undulate to undulate-crenulate margins of the labellum which are smooth in both P. macrophyllus and P. vallecaucanus. An illustration of the new species is provided, as well as a key to all Psilochilus Barb. Rodr. species.

Botanical exploration has documented 11 new species of Psychotria L. (i.e., Psychotria s. str., Psychotria subg. Psychotria: Rubiaceae) in the western Amazon basin and Andes of South America. Psychotria anisophylla C. M. Taylor is found at 200–800 m in Peru and Bolivia and is characterized by its unequally sized leaves, calyptrate stipules, and flowers that are solitary or paired and borne on axillary short-shoots. Psychotria awa C. M. Taylor is found at 100–1325 m along the Colombia–Ecuador border and differs from P. hammelii Dwyer in its planar (non-bulliform) leaves. Psychotria calyptrata C. M. Taylor is found at 1021–2850 m in Bolivia and Peru and differs from P. trichotoma M. Martens & Galeotti in its pubescent smaller leaves, subsessile flowers, and fruits that are not stipitate. Psychotria cochabambana C. M. Taylor is found at 1940–2180 m in central Bolivia and differs from P. cutucuana C. M. Taylor by its longer corollas. Psychotria davidsmithiana C. M. Taylor is found at 1600–2862 m in Peru and Bolivia and differs from P. aristeguietae Steyerm. in its shorter calyx lobes. Psychotria diminuta C. M. Taylor is found at 1600–1800 m in Peru and differs from P. parvifolia Benth. by its subsessile leaves with sacciform domatia, 3-flowered inflorescences, and 5-merous flowers. Psychotria grahamii C. M. Taylor is found at 250–850 m in central Peru and differs from P. juninensis Standl. in its longer calyx limbs. Psychotria maynasana C. M. Taylor is found at 120–170 m in Peru and western Brazil and differs from P. anceps Kunth in its larger fruits. Psychotria ortiziana C. M. Taylor is found at 193–900 m in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia and is characterized by its bilobed interpetiolar stipules, leaves with sacciform domatia, rather large corollas, and fruits borne on well-developed stipes. Psychotria pandoana C. M. Taylor is found in at 110–285 m in western Brazil and northern Bolivia and differs from P. pectinata Steyerm. in its broader pubescent leaves without domatia and larger corollas. Also, P. sopkinii C. M. Taylor is found at 1500–2730 m in western Colombia and differs from P. convergens C. M. Taylor by its shorter corollas.