How to translate text using browser tools
20 June 2022 Large trees and forest heterogeneity facilitate prey capture by California Spotted Owls
Ceeanna J. Zulla, H. Anu Kramer, Gavin M. Jones, John J. Keane, Kevin N. Roberts, Brian P. Dotters, Sarah C. Sawyer, Sheila A. Whitmore, William J. Berigan, Kevin G. Kelly, Amy K. Wray, M. Zachariah Peery
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

Predators are among the most threatened animal groups globally, with prey declines contributing to their endangerment. However, assessments of the habitat conditions that influence the successful capture of different prey species are rare, especially for small, cryptic predators. Accordingly, most predator conservation plans are based on the relative importance of habitats inferred from coarse-scale studies that do not consider habitat features contributing to hunting success, which can vary among prey species. To address this limitation, we integrated high-resolution global positioning system tracking and nest video monitoring to characterize habitat features at prey capture locations during the nestling provisioning stage for the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis) a small, cryptic predator that has been at the center of a decades-long forest management conflict in western North America. When all prey species were considered collectively, males provisioning nests tended to capture prey: (1) in areas with more large-tree forest, (2) in areas with more medium trees/medium canopy forest, and (3) at edges between conifer and hardwood forests. However, when we considered the owl's two key prey species separately, males captured woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) and Humboldt flying squirrels (Glaucomys oregonensis) in areas with markedly different habitat features. Our study provides clarity for forest management in mixed-ownership landscapes because different prey species achieve high densities in different habitat types. Specifically, our results suggest that promoting large trees, increasing forest heterogeneity, and creating canopy gaps in forests with medium trees/high canopy cover could benefit Spotted Owls and their prey, which has the ancillary benefit of enhancing forest resilience. Combining high-resolution global positioning system tagging with video-based information on prey deliveries to breeding sites can strengthen conservation planning for small predators by more rigorously defining those habitat features that are associated with successful prey acquisition.

LAY SUMMARY

  • Predators capture their prey where prey are both present and available for capture. Therefore, mapping and analyzing habitat at capture locations can aid management of quality habitat for predator conservation.

  • It is difficult to find the exact places where predators capture their prey. This is especially challenging for smaller, cryptic predators that do not leave behind obvious kill sites.

  • We attached global positioning system (GPS) tags to Spotted Owls and placed video cameras at their nests. We assessed the GPS movements to identify places they captured prey, which we then classified into species based on the video data.

  • Spotted Owls captured prey in places with big trees, with medium trees and medium canopy cover, and with a greater mixture of forest types (heterogeneity) and forest edge.

  • Forest management that promotes big trees, increases forest heterogeneity, and creates canopy gaps in forests will likely result in greater foraging success by owls, as well as increase forest resilience.

Los depredadores se encuentran entre los grupos de animales más amenazados a nivel mundial, y la disminución de presas contribuye a su peligro. Sin embargo, las evaluaciones de las condiciones del hábitat que influyen en la captura exitosa de diferentes especies de presas son raras, especialmente para depredadores pequeños y crípticos. En consecuencia, la mayoría de los planes de conservación de depredadores se basan en la importancia relativa de los hábitats inferidos a partir de estudios de escala gruesa que no consideran las características del hábitat que contribuyen al éxito de la caza, las cuales pueden variar entre las especies de presa. Para abordar esta limitación, integramos el seguimiento por GPS de alta resolución y el monitoreo mediante grabaciones de video de los nidos, para caracterizar las características del hábitat en las ubicaciones de captura de presas durante la etapa de aprovisionamiento de polluelos de Strix occidentalis, un depredador pequeño y críptico que ha estado en el centro de un conflicto de manejo forestal que lleva décadas en el oeste de América del Norte. Cuando todas las especies de presas fueron consideradas colectivamente, los machos que aprovisionaban los nidos tendieron a capturar presas: (1) en áreas de bosques con árboles grandes, (2) en áreas con más árboles medianos/bosques de dosel mediano, y (3) en los bordes entre coníferas y bosques de maderas duras. Sin embargo, cuando consideramos las dos especies de presa clave de S. occidentalis por separado, los machos capturaron ratas (Neotoma fuscipes) y ardillas (Glaucomys oregonensis) en áreas con características de hábitat marcadamente diferentes. Nuestro estudio proporciona claridad para el manejo forestal en sitios de propiedad mixta porque diferentes especies de presas alcanzan altas densidades en diferentes tipos de hábitat. Específicamente, nuestros resultados sugieren que la promoción de árboles grandes, el aumento de la heterogeneidad del bosque y la creación de huecos en el dosel en bosques con árboles medianos/cobertura de dosel alta podría beneficiar a S. occidentalis y sus presas, lo que tiene el beneficio adicional de mejorar la resiliencia del bosque. La combinación del seguimiento por GPS de alta resolución con información basada en grabaciones de video de la entrega de presas a los sitios de reproducción puede fortalecer la planificación de la conservación para los pequeños depredadores, al definir de manera más rigurosa aquellas características del hábitat que están asociadas con la adquisición exitosa de presas.

Copyright © American Ornithological Society 2022. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Ceeanna J. Zulla, H. Anu Kramer, Gavin M. Jones, John J. Keane, Kevin N. Roberts, Brian P. Dotters, Sarah C. Sawyer, Sheila A. Whitmore, William J. Berigan, Kevin G. Kelly, Amy K. Wray, and M. Zachariah Peery "Large trees and forest heterogeneity facilitate prey capture by California Spotted Owls," Ornithological Applications 124(3), 1-14, (20 June 2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac024
Received: 31 January 2022; Accepted: 18 May 2022; Published: 20 June 2022
KEYWORDS
árboles grandes
bosque joven
disponibilidad de presas
forest heterogeneity
heterogeneidad forestal
interacciones depredador-presa
large trees
RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS
Get copyright permission
Back to Top