In southwestern Wyoming, adult Omninablautus nigronotum (Wilcox) hunted primarily from the surface of sandy substrate in a greasewood community. Prey, captured in flight, represented four insect orders with Diptera and Hymenoptera predominating. Courtship consisted of the male approaching the female from the front, bobbing up and down, simultaneously waving its fore tarsi, and weaving back and forth. The flies positioned themselves linearly for mating following initial copulation in the male atop female position.

Hadrotrichodes waukheon LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) is a parasite of the citrus peelminer, Marmara gulosa, a persistent pest in the San Joaquin Valley of California (USA) since 1998. Newly discovered morphological variation within the species is reported, including the first description of the male. New biological information including preferred life stage of host for parasitism, clutch sizes, male to female ratios and meconial positioning are included. Field studies demonstrated that one to four adult H. waukheon could emerge from a single M. gulosa larva, and later instar M. gulosa larvae were preferred. Hadrotrichodes waukheon is a gregarious, primary parasitoid and may be a candidate agent for biological control of M. gulosa.

A new species of the two-tailed small minnow mayfly genus Acentrella Bengtsson (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) is described as Acentrella nadineae, new species, based on highly distinctive larvae taken from high quality streams in southern and eastern Ohio. The species is differentiated by a short tibia tarsus of the forelegs; long, evenly spaced, moderately dense setae along the dorsal edge of the femora; highly asymmetric gills with mediobasal markings; no dorsomedial abdominal projections; no developed hindwingpads; and typically a relatively dark abdominal tergum 7 and light abdominal tergum 8. The new species is also reported from North Carolina, and sometimes co-occurs with the more common and widespread, but similarly sized A. turbida (McDunnough).

The guangdongensis group of Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy from China is revised. Phaonia nuditarsis, n. sp., Phaonia sparsicilium, n. sp., and Phaonia platysurstylus, n. sp. are described. A key to the 13 species of the guangdongensis group and a list of the species with their distributions are given.

Philopona pseudomouhoti , n. sp., from Hainan Island, China, is described and illustrated. This species is ecologically associated with Radermacher hainanensis Merr. (Bignoniaceae). A key for the known species of Philopona of China is provided.

A new fossil species of the enigmatic genus Xenotriphleba Buck, X. antiqua, is defined from a single specimen in Baltic amber. Its differences from and similarities with the single extant species, X. dentistylata Buck, are discussed.

Pantostictus burmanicus Poinar and Brown, a new genus and new species of hister beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea: Histeridae) are described from Cretaceous Burmese amber. The new genus is characterized by the following: small size (under 2 mm), prognathous head; head, pronotum and elytra covered with deep punctures; a 9- segmented geniculate antenna terminated with a 1-segmented asymmetrical club; tarsal formula 5-5-5; pairs of spines on all tarsal segments, fused elytra covering most of the abdomen, and a postocciput bearing paired triangular-shaped sclerotized apophyses. This represents the first Cretaceous member of the family.

A new species of Actinote Hübner, A. kennethi Freitas, Willmott and Hall (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae), is described from cloud forest habitats in eastern Ecuador. Molecular sequence data and morphological characters both indicate that the new taxon is closely related to Actinote g. genitrix d'Almeida, 1922, from southeastern Brazil, and the Venezuelan Actinote genitrix costae Neild, 2008. Based on the substantial geographic isolation of these taxa, observed morphological differences and mtDNA sequence divergence, we argue for the treatment of the new Ecuadorian Actinote taxon as a distinct species.

Based upon a study of adults, larvae, and reared adults from throughout North and Central America, Tricorythodes minutus Traver, 1935 is shown to be a junior synonym of Tricorythodes explicatus (Eaton, 1892) (n. syn.). Previous characters postulated to separate the two species are shown to be variable and unreliable. This study has clearly revealed the presence of a single, widespread and morphologically variable species distributed throughout much of western, central, and northeastern North America and northern Central America.

Specimens comprising the species Tripudia quadrifera (Zeller) and Tripudia grapholithoides (Möschler) were discovered to contain six new species: Tripudia rectangula, n. sp., from the eastern United States; Tripudia paraplesia, n. sp., from eastern Mexico; Tripudia flavibrunnea, n. sp., from Mexico, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic; Tripudia lamina, n. sp., from eastern Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, Venezuela, and Ecuador; Tripudia furcula, n. sp., from El Salvador and Honduras; and Tripudia fabrilium, n. sp., from Pernambuco, Brazil. Adults and male and female genitalia are illustrated. Known collection sites of all species are mapped. Keys to the male and female genitalia are provided, as this is the only reliable way to separate these species.

The plant bug Stethoconus praefectus (Distant), a member of the subfamily Deraeocorinae and tribe Hyaliodini, is reported in North America for the first time based on specimens collected on avocado, Persea americana L. (Lauraceae), in South Florida. This predatory mirid, observed feeding on avocado lace bug, Pseudacysta perseae (Heidemann), is only the second lace bug specialist established in the Western Hemisphere. The adult is diagnosed and redescribed; photographs of the adult female, SEM photomicrographs of selected structures, and illustrations of male genitalia are given to help distinguish this species. Preliminary observations on feeding habits and prey consumption of avocado lace bugs are provided.

Six nominal species of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) originally assigned to four separate genera and recognized here as three valid species are transferred to Arnoldiola Strand. They are as follows: Arnoldiola azaleae (Felt 1907a), new combination (from Oligotrophus Latreille); Arnoldiola caudata (Felt 1915), new combination (from Phytophaga Rondani) and new synonym of A. azaleae; Arnoldiola brevicornis (Felt 1907a), new combination (from Janetiella Kieffer); Arnoldiola tiliacei (Felt 1907a), new combination (from Janetiella) and new synonym of A. brevicornis; Arnoldiola castaneae (Felt 1909), new combination (from Rhopalomyia Rübsaamen); and Arnoldiola ligni (Felt 1915), new combination (from Janetiella) and new synonym of A. castaneae. Diagnostic characters of the genus are outlined, and the newly combined species are described with some characters illustrated.

The immature stages of Bittacus planus Cheng, 1949, including egg, four larval instars, and pupa, are described and illustrated for the first time. The egg is spherical, with two types of micropyles. The larva is eruciform and peripneustic, bearing eight pairs of prolegs on the abdomen. A pair of compound eyes and a median ocellus are present on the head. Each segment of the abdomen has rows of protuberances bearing setiferous clavate setae. The pupa is exarate and decticous. The species is univoltine, overwintering as diapausing eggs on the ground. Larval duration, including a prepupa of 10 days, lasts about 30 days. Pupation occurs in a soil cell, ranging from 10 to 15 days. The roles of larval compound eyes and the ocellus in the phylogeny of Holometabola are briefly discussed.

Notialis Park, n. gen. (Lecithoceridae) is described from the Philippines, with descriptions of two new species, N. stigmatis Park, n. sp. and N. vernaculae Park, n. sp., and a key to species. Photos of adults and illustrations of their genitalia are provided.

The name Diocophora multichaeta Disney, 2007, for a Neotropical phorid fly, was originally proposed without a holotype. This name is herein validated with a description of the species, Diocophora multichaeta Brown and Disney, new species, illustrations, and designation of a holotype specimen. The identification of specimens determined by Borgmeier (1959) as Diocophora appretiata (Schmitz) is clarified.

Historical and recent records of both plants and insects are synthesized for uplands along the eastern edge of Maryland's Patuxent River from the edge of the Piedmont south to Jug Bay. This strip is characterized by deep sandy soils found in the Evesboro and Galestown sandy loams soil series. Within this narrow strip there exists a unique flora and fauna adapted to open dry sandy soils and occurring in small remnant patches associated with old sand mining operations and scattered protected areas. We illustrate the uniqueness of these sites using four groups: vascular plants, tenebrionid beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), and bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Within each of these groups, rare species were detected whose populations were locally restricted to this soil type and whose nearest known populations were often hundreds of kilometers away. In addition to documenting the direct conservation importance of these small sandy openings along the Patuxent, we contrast the lack of any indication from vertebrate inventories that this region is unique. The combination of plant and insect inventories appears to be a better means of clarifying a site's importance than does any survey of a single taxonomic group.

A new species of blister beetle, Meloe (Meloe) dominicanus (Coleoptera: Meloidae), is described from a triungulin in Dominican amber. The new species is characterized by its small size (under 1 mm), large, laterally positioned eyes and antennal structure. The specimen is attached to a hair on the occiput of a worker stingless bee, Proplebia dominicana Wille and Chandler, 1964 (Hymenoptera: Apidae). This is the first official description of a meloid in any amber deposit, the first New World record of a fossil meloid triungulin and the first record of a meloid triungulin associated with a stingless bee.

Six families, 18 genera, and 34 species of Trichoptera are reported from Carroll County in western Iowa of which 18 are new state records. Hydropyschidae, Hydroptilidae, and Leptoceridae made up over 80% of the caddisfly fauna. The caddisfly assemblage corresponded to streams that were highly altered by agricultural activity with heavy sedimentation and reduced canopy cover. Supplemental collections from central and eastern Iowa were also made. Assemblages in Carroll County were markedly different than those in the Paleozoic Plateau/Coulee Section in northeastern Iowa. We located an additional 14 species records in the literature and have an additional 13 new state records, primarily from central and eastern Iowa collections, for a total of 63 caddisfly species now reported for the state.

Three new species of Anasa Amyot and Serville (Heteroptera: Coreidae), Anasa byssoidecerus Brailovsky and Barrera from Peru and Anasa rapax Brailovsky and Barrera and Anasa onorei Brailovsky and Barrera from Ecuador, are described. Habitus illustrations and drawings of the pronotum, male genital capsule, and paramere are provided.

Two new species of Wockia Heinemann, 1870 (Lepidoptera: Urodidae), W. chewbacca and W. mexicana, are described from primary dry-forests in western México. A new host record is reported for the genus from larvae of W. chewbacca feeding on leaves of Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq. (Salicaceae). Several shared genitalic features and DNA barcode similarities suggest a congeneric relationship between the two Mexican species but uncertain generic placement within Urodidae. Scanning electron micrographs of the larva and illustrations of the larva and pupa of Wockia chewbacca are provided, along with illustrations of male and female genitalia of both Mexican species. Three unusual features found in the larval stage are documented for W. chewbacca include; a multi-lobed integument, recurved D2 seta on the shield of T1, and a “hydroid bush” consisting of multiple sensilla trichoidea on the apical turret of the antenna. Locality data indicate the existence of Neotropical elements of Wockia and an expanded distributional range for the genus.

Coiba jeffersoni Kula, new species from the Nearctic Region and Coiba marshi Kula, new species from the Neotropical Region are described. A diagnosis is provided for both species, as is a key to the New World species of Coiba. Coiba jeffersoni likely attacks wood-boring beetle larvae, as label data indicate that specimens were reared from Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch (shagbark hickory), Juglans nigra L. (black walnut), and an undetermined species of Quercus L. (oak). The first records of Coiba dentatus Marsh in Brazil and Coiba woldai Marsh in Venezuela are reported.

The genus Oedenopiforma Cogan is reported from the Oriental Region for the first time. Oedenopiforma orientalis, n. sp., is described from China. An updated key to the world species of the genus is presented.

Promalactis suzukiella (Matsumura) was discovered independently several times over the past 5 years throughout the northeastern United States by private collectors and biophotographers. These discoveries represent the first records of this species in the United States and validate its approximate distributional range. Color photographs and a redescription of the adult, including the male and female genitalia, are provided. The larva and pupa of Promalactis are described in detail for the first time, with scanning electron micrographs and chaetotaxal maps. A lectotype for Borkhausenia suzukiella Matsumura, 1931, is designated herein. The importance of “backyard collecting” and amateur biophotography is emphasized, and participants are encouraged to continue the documentation of their findings through meetings, publication, and the internet.

A total of 130 species of thrips occurring in Africa, Europe, and the Mediterranean region were intercepted by U.S. agricultural quarantine officers from shipments of cut flowers and other plants at various ports-of-entry in the United States from 1983 to 1999. This is Part 4 of a guide to the identification of thrips coming into this country from these regions: it uses keys, line drawings, and scanning electron micrographs to identify 51 species in 36 miscellaneous thripid genera not covered in Parts 2 and 3. Of the 321 records identifiable to species, 70% of the interceptions were attributed to ten species: Odontothrips karnyi Priesner clearly was most commonly intercepted, with substantially smaller percentages attributed to Limothrips cerealium (Haliday), Anaphothrips obscurus (Müller), Neohydatothrips samayunkur (Kudo), Limothrips denticornis (Haliday), Synaptothrips distinctus (Bagnall), Tenothrips discolor (Karny), Ceratothripoides brunneus Bagnall, Ceratothrips ericae (Haliday), and Mycterothrips latus (Bagnall). Descriptions of these ten species are provided.

Corythucha tuthilli Drake, a lace bug described more than 65 years ago, has remained known only from its type locality (Creede, Mineral County, Colorado) in the southern Rocky Mountains. No host-plant information has been available. It is newly recorded from Arizona (Luna Lake, Apache County) and from an additional site in Mineral County, Colorado (SW of South Fork). At both sites, nymphs and adults were common on woolly cinquefoil (Potentilla hippiana Lehm.; Rosaceae). A diagnosis and photographs of the adult habitus are included to facilitate recognition of this obscure tingid in the fauna of western North America.

Cynipini gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) are commonly known as oak gall wasps for their almost exclusive use of oak (Quercus spp.; Fagaceae) as their host plant. Previously, only three of the nearly 1,000 species of Cynipini have been recorded from hosts other than Quercus. These three are known from western chinquapin (Chrysolepis), chestnut (Castanea) and tan bark oak (Lithocarpus), all lineages of Fagaceae related to Quercus. Here we describe Dryocosmus rileypokei Morita & Buffington, new species, a second species of cynipine which attacks Chrysolepis. Unlike the previously known gall wasp D. castanopsidis, which produces a medium-sized spherical external gall near the base of the staminate (male) flowers of Chrysolepis sempervirens, D. rileypokei attacks the same host acting as a nut galler. Dryocosmus rileypokei creates a gall within the mesocarp wall of the nut and appears to draw nutrients away from the developing seed. Later instar larvae and teneral adults were found within these internal galls. It appears that the adult wasp eventually chews an exit hole from these galleries. The evolution of host use in the three, non-oak galling Dryocosmus species is discussed.

Two species of Holcocera Clemens (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae: Blastobasinae: Holcocerini) are known to feed on Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae), but their frequency of infestation appears low. One species, Holcocera plagatola, n. sp., from Guatemala, is described herein. Holcocera iceryaeella (Riley) is known only from California and has been recorded on many different host plants; it is also known to be a predator of immature Hemiptera and scale insects. Photographs of the imagos of both Holcocera species are included, in addition to illustrations of the male and female genitalia. We comment on host preferences for both species.

A new genus and species of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Anchineus dolichobothris Poinar and Brown) are described from Cretaceous Burmese amber. The new genus is characterized by: a long, narrow rostrum in the upper position, geniculate antennae with a loosely compact club, antennal scrobes extending the length of the rostrum, a lobed fifth tarsal segment, small trochanters, a well developed unguitractor plate, divaricate, toothed, tarsal claws and unequal ventrites.