A cosmopolitan genus of warmer locales containing 14 species (Nuss et al., 2016), with three species in the Western Hemisphere (Munroe, 1995), including the new species described below.

Agathodes designalis Guenée, 1854: 209-210. – Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 140. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined:

Holotype: ♂, not dissected, with abdomen in gelatine capsule (BMNH).

Other specimens: 9 ♂, 6 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands: – Fernandina: SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.910′, W 91° 34.034′. – Isabela: 3 km N S[an]to Tomas; 11 km N Puerto Villamil. – Santa Cruz: Charles Darwin Research Station, Barranco, 20 m elev.; transition zone, house of L[azaro]. Roque, GPS elev. 137 m, S 00° 42.595′, W 90° 19.196′; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Finca S[teve]. Devine; Media Luna, pampa zone. – Santiago: Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev. Deposited in CDRS, CNC, MHNG.

Diagnosis: The forewing colour, markings and narrowness (Fig. 1) will readily separate this species from any other in the Galápagos. The wingspan of the Galápagos specimens is between 32 to 33.5 mm. There are 13 other species in the genus, some of which look similar to A. designalis, but only one, A. transiens Munroe, described from Bolivia, occurs in South America. However, this species is larger (holotype male 39 mm), its forewing costal and basal areas are purplish grey, the forewing reniform and orbicular spots are fully developed, and in male genitalia the uncus is more strongly developed than in A. designalis and other species, the valva is broadly rounded, and the tegumen lacks the paired posterolateral processes. The female of A. transiens is unknown. With an average of 30 mm in wingspan Agathodes monstralis Guenée, found in the southern USA, Mexico and Central America is slightly smaller than A. designalis, its hindwing dorsally differs in the colouration, uniformly pale brown and slightly pinkish toward apex, and the males lack the enlargement at the base of the antennae [see Sourakov et al. (2016) for more details].

Biology: Known host plants are mostly in the Fabaceae, especially genus Erythrina (Robinson et al., 2014). In the Galápagos the species has been found in highly anthropized habitats (e.g. farms on Santa Cruz) to pristine ones (e.g. on Fernandina) ranging from almost sea level (20 m elevation) to the crater rim at 1341 m in elevation on Fernandina and collecting dates are in February to April.

Distribution: Described from Brazil, this species is found from Central America south to Argentina (Sourakov et al., 2016). In the Galápagos it has only been found so far on the four islands mentioned above, but it undoubtedly occurs more widely.

Remarks: Sourakov et al. (2016) showed that Agathodes designalis and A. monstralis Guenée are separate species. Thus, host plant records in the literature (e.g. Robinson et al., 2014) may apply to either one in the zone of contact in Central America.

Material examined:

Holotype: ♂, ‘ECU[ADOR]., GALAPAGOS | Santiago, Bahía | Espumilla, 4.iv.1992 | M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight], leg[it]. B. Landry’; ‘MHNG | ENTO ♂ | 00009033’; ‘HOLOTYPE | Agathodes | galapagensis | B. Landry’. Deposited in MHNG.

Paratypes: 17 ♂, 90 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands. – Santa Cruz: 1 ♂ (slide PYR 365), 4 km N Puerto Ayora, 20.i.1989, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight] (B. Landry); 3 ♀, Tortuga Res[erve]. W S[an]ta Rosa, 6.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Media Luna, pampa zone, 8.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 3 ♀, Academy Bay, Darwin Res[earch]. Sta[tion]., 8.ii.1964 (R. O. Schuster); 1 ♀, idem except 9.ii.1964 (D. Q. Cavagnaro, R. O. Schuster); 4 ♀, 2 km W Bella Vista, 27.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, Horneman Farm, 220 m, 5.iii.1964 (D. Q. Cavagnaro); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, idem except 25.iii.1964; 3 ♂, 6 ♀, idem except 5.iv.1964; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, idem except 6.iv.1964; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, idem except 3.vi.1964; 1 ♀, idem except 7.v.1964; 1 ♀, E[stacion].C[ientifica].C[harles].D[arwin]., 7.iii.1992, U[ltra]V[iolet]L[ight] (B. Landry); 1 ♀, transition zone, recently cut road, GPS: S 00°42.528′, W 90°18.849′, 12.iii.2004, uvl (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 1 ♀, low agriculture zone, GPS: S 00°42.132′, W 90° 19.156′, 13.iii.2004, uvl (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Academy Bay, C. Darwin Res. Sta., alt. ± 5 m, 13.iii.1970, u.v. blacklight (R. Silberglied); 1 ♀, Finca S[teve]. Devine, 17.iii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8657), Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista, 1.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, grassland, 750 m, 6.iv.1964 (D. Q. Cavagnaro); 2 ♀, C[harles] . D[arwin] . R[esearch] . S[tation]., Barranco, 20 m elev[ation]., 30.iv.2002, uvl (B. Landry); 3 ♀, Los Gemelos, 27.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Horneman Farm, 200 m, 24.vi.1965 (J. DeRoy); 4 ♀, idem except 25.vi.1965; 2 ♀, idem except 26.vi.1965; 1 ♀, idem except 27.vi.1965; 2 ♀, idem except 28.vi.1965; 5 ♀, [no precise locality], L70, ix.1969 (R. Perry, B.M. 1970-172); 12 ♀, Station Darwin, 1964/1965, lumière (J. & N. Leleup); 4 ♂ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8658), 11 ♀, same locality and collectors except x.1964; 3 ♂, 6 ♀, idem except x/xi.1964; 2 ♀, idem except i.1965; 2 ♀, idem except xi.1964 and ‘Basse altitude’. – Santiago: 2 ♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, 200 m elev., 5.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev., 6.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀(dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8659), Central [camp], 700 m elev., 9.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev., 12 iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, N side, GPS: 527 m elev., S 00°13.690′, W 090°44.135′, 5.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz). Deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: The dominant grey colouration of the wings with black markings on the forewing (Figs 2, 3) is unique for Agathodes. The other species of the genus are usually brown or buff with purple or yellow markings and the forewing has a diagonal band from the middle of the dorsum to 2/3 on costa and often continuing to termen in the radial sector (see A. designalis, Fig. 1). Agathodes minimalis Hampson, 1912, described from Nigeria, differs in having the forewing mostly grey brown with a darker, black band, apically edged with a white line, extending from costa to termen, isolating the paler apex, and its hindwing is white with a narrow grey brown edge with darker scales along the veins from the edge for a short distance toward the middle of the wing. In the Galápagos Agathodes galapagensis is most similar in colour and markings to Cheverella galapagensis Landry (see below and Fig. 9), but the shorter (6.4-10.3 mm), wider, and terminally more rounded forewing adorned with a black costal spot medially will separate this species from Agathodes galapagensis, especially when specimens of the latter harbour a distinct terminal triangle in the radial sector.

Etymology: The new name refers to the only known area of occurrence of this species.

Description: Male (n=18) (Fig. 2). Head with frons flat, appressedly scaled, with straight frontoclypeal margin, white laterally, with cream to greyish brown band medially, greyish brown behind eyes with longer scales projecting medially; antenna filiform but with first dozen flagellomeres widened and with thicker coating of short, flattened scales (2 rows per flagellomeres) and longer hair-like scales dorsally, ciliation very short, colouration pale to dark greyish brown, with white on scape ventrally; maxillary palpus white to greyish brown, with apical scales directed anteromedially; labial palpus with ventrally projecting scales on first and especially second segments forming flat, more or less oval shape with small third segment bent ventrally and concealed, dark greyish brown laterally with white ventrally on first segment, and pale greyish brown medially and on most of third segment; haustellum white to pale greyish brown. Thorax dorsally with black collar scales, with large patches laterally on mesoscutellum also black, pale greyish brown to black apically and laterally on longer scales of tegulae, apicomedially on mesoscutellum, as well as on metascutum medially and apicolaterally, white elsewhere. Legs white except for greyish brown on foreleg coxa medially, foreleg tibia medially before apex, and midleg tibia laterally before apex. Forewing length: 11.0-12.0 mm (holotype: 11.5 mm) (wingspan: 23.0-25.0 mm; holotype: 24.5 mm); vestiture white to pale greyish brown with darker greyish brown or black markings of variable size and intensity as illustrated (Figs 2, 3). Abdomen dorsally on first tergite white along lateral and apical edges, blackish brown elsewhere, tergites II-VI white, more or less densely suffused with greyish brown scaling and with apical margin distinctly dark greyish brown, tergite VII mostly grey, medially at base with elongate white patch, with apex of long hair-like scales over genitalia black; ventrally white with apical edges of sternites IV and V dark greyish brown. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 81).

Male genitalia (n=1) (Fig. 93). Uncus very narrow, about 2/3 length of subscaphium, with short circular base, apically less thickly sclerotized and with a few setae of medium length. Subscaphium long and narrow, with short triangular base, apically pointed. Tegumen an inverted Y, laterodorsally with plates supporting bunch of long, thin scales projecting apically along edges of subscaphium and almost reaching its tip. Gnathos a narrow, U-shaped band with angles at 90°. Transtilla a complete band of medium width and laterally enlarged. Valva enlarged medially, narrowing toward narrowly rounded apex, dorsal margin at base with more thickly sclerotized band curving at 45° inward before middle; with small, spine-like fibula before middle, near ventral edge, supported by narrow sclerotized band reaching more thickly sclerotized dorsobasal region. Juxta a pair of moderately sclerotized ‘rabbit ears’ fused from base to middle. Vinculum with lateral sclerite supporting large cluster of fine, long androconial hairs; saccus a short triangular plate. Phallus of medium length, slightly down curved toward apex and dorsoventrally flattened, apically blunt; vesica scobinated, without cornuti.

Female (n=90) (Fig. 3): Antenna filiform, without broadened first dozen flagellomeres. Forewing length: 11.0-13.0 mm (wingspan: 24.0-30.0 mm). Abdomen terminal segment dorsally white to light greyish brown, without markings.

Female genitalia (n=2) (Fig. 139). Papillae anales narrow, setose surface enlarging to twice dorsal length from dorsum to middle; sclerotized basal margin narrow; posterior apophyses about 2/3 width of papillae anales. Segment VIII with tergum medium sized, parallel-margined to anterior apophyses, narrowing ventrally to half dorsal length, with few short setae mostly along apical margin; sternum forming two lightly sclerotized lateral plates with short, anterior, narrow extension; anterior apophyses almost 2X as long as posterior apophyses, with distinct triangular enlargement at 1/4. Membrane around ostium bursae unmodified. Ductus bursae with first section before ductus seminalis narrow and about 1/10 of total length, colliculum well sclerotized, about half as long as basal section, rest of ductus bursae of equal narrow girth, long, enlarging slightly before connecting with corpus bursae. Corpus bursae elongate, about 2/5 of length of ductus bursae, with short and circular accessory sac near ductus bursae, also with oval section of scobinations with longitudinal median crease below accessory sac.

Biology: The immatures and host plant are unknown. The available specimens have been collected in all months of the year except July, August, and December, at elevations varying from sea level to the pampa zone on Santa Cruz.

Distribution: Endemic to the Galápagos, this species has been found on the islands of Santa Cruz and Santiago only.

Remark: All described Agathodes species were checked either from specimens in the BMNH or the original descriptions to conclude that this species was new.

A Western Hemisphere genus with five species, considering the revised status of one, as mentioned below (Munroe, 1995; Nuss et al., 2016).

Scoparia quietalis Walker, 1859: 825.

Sylepta gordialis (Guenée, 1854) (misidentification): Schaus, 1923: 29.

Asciodes gordialis Guenée, 1854 (misidentifications): Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 162. – Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Perry & de Vries, 2003: 146.

Asciodes quietalis (Walker): Causton et al., 2006: 140. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined

Type specimens: ♂ lectotype, 2 ♀ paralectotypes (see Remarks below) (BMNH).

Other specimens: 31 ♂, 68 ♀, 198 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Baltra: South Seymour [no specific locality]. – Fernandina: W side, 1100′ [feet]; SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.910′, W 91° 34.034′. – Floreana: close to Loberia, GPS: elev. 6 m, S 01° 17.002′, W 90° 29.460′. – Isabela: Albermarle [no precise locality]; Albermarle, Cobea [?] Settlement; Punta Albermarle, SW old US radar site; Tagus Cove; Cartago Bay; ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil; Alcedo, lado NE, low arid zone bosq[ue]. palo santo; Alcedo, NE slope, GPS: 292 m elev.; S 00° 23.829′, W 91° 01.957′; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev.; 1 km W Puerto Villamil; 2 km W Puerto Villamil; 8.5 km W Pto Villamil; 11 km N Puerto Villamil; Albermarle, San[to] Tomas, 1200 f[ee]t.; 3 km N Sto Tómas, Agr[iculture]. Zone; Sierra Negra, 1000 m alt[itude]. – Marchena: [no specific locality]. – Pinta: plaja Ibbeston [sic]; arid zone; ± 50 m elev.; 200 m elev.; 372 m elev., N 00° 34.476′, W 90° 45.102′; 400 m elev. – Pinzón: 280 m elev., S 00° 36.216′, W 90° 40.033′. – Plaza Sur: 18 m elev., S 00° 34.980′, W 90° 09.990′. – Rábida: tourist trail. – San Cristóbal: Chatham [no precise locality]; near Loberia, sea level, GPS: S 00° 55.277′, W 89° 36.909′; Pto Baquarizo [sic]; 2 km SW Pto Baquarizo; 4 km SE Pto Baquarizo; 1 km S El Progreso; vic[inity]. El Junco, crater lake, ca. 700 m; pampa zone. – Santa Cruz: on ship; [no precise locality]; Indefatigable [no precise locality]; Indefatigable, Conway Bay; Academy Bay; Academy Bay, Charles Darwin Research Station; CDRS, arid zone; transition zone, recently cut road, GPS: S 00° 42.528′, W 90° 18.849′; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Horneman Farm, 200 m; Horneman Farm, 220 m; agriculture zone, finca C. Troya, N Bella Vista, GPS: 294 m elev., 00° 40.756′, W 90° 18.671′; Tortuga Res[erve]. W S[an]ta Rosa; Los Gemelos; Media Luna, pampa zone. – Santiago: Bahía Espumilla; James Bay, E side n[ea]r lagoons; La Bomba, 6 m elev., S 00° 11.151′, W 90° 42.052′; Cerro Inn; 200 m elev.; Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev.; Jaboncillo [camp], ± 850 m elev. – Seymour Norte: [no specific locality]. Deposited in AMNH, CAS, CDRS, CMNH, CNC, MCZ, MHNG, and ROM.

Diagnosis: Asciodes quietalis is close to A. gordialis and several external characters cannot be compared on the basis of the lectotypes as the lectotype of gordialis (Fig. 79) has lost the antennae and legs. However, on the basis of the lectotypes, the forewing of A. gordialis appears less strongly suffused with dark scales with the main darker markings being the postmedian line with the most apparent spot on the costa, a median spot on the dorsum, and a wide dash between the postmedian line and the terminal row of dark spots in the median (M1 and M2) sector. The hindwing of A. gordialis also appears to be without markings except for a dark terminal line widest at apex and gradually tapering into separate smaller spots toward the anal angle. In male genitalia, the most obvious differences are in the two projections of the valva medially; in A. gordialis (Fig. 136) the dorsal projection is thicker and slightly longer than that of A. quietalis and the ventral projection is shorter, about as long as the dorsal projection, thinner, tubular, and apically tapering into a point and not dentate, whereas the ventral projection of A. quietalis (Fig. 94) is flattened, ribbon-like, longer than that of gordialis and than its own dorsal projection, and apically dentate along the ventral edge. Compared to that of A. quietalis, the phallus of A. gordialis has the apex dorsally more thickly sclerotized and the trough-like signum is smaller and more thickly sclerotized only on one side. The female genitalia of A. gordialis are unknown to me. In the Galápagos this species is most similar to Psara chathamalis (Schaus) (Fig. 48) externally, but the latter is usually more ochre brown, the forewing markings are not as sharply contrasted and more wavy than zigzag, the male doesn't have a projection on the basal 1/4 of the antennae, and on the hindwing there are two transverse lines (sub- and postmedially) instead of one (postmedially) in A. quietalis.

Biology: A specimen from the CDRS has a label indicating that food plants are Commicarpus tuberosus (Lam.) Standl., Cryptocarpus pyriformis Kunth, and Pisonia floribunda Hooker f. (Nyctaginaceae). Several other host plants in the Cucurbitaceae, Oleaceae, and Nyctaginaceae (Heppner, 2003; Robinson et al., 2014) have been recorded for A. gordialis with A. quietalis as synonym. Hence, the correct association of these specific host records is not possible. In the Galápagos, moths have been collected from sea level up to the rim of the volcano on Fernandina at 1341 m in elevation, in pristine to highly anthropized habitats, and from January until May.

Distribution: Described from the Dominican Republic, this species is found widely on the Galápagos archipelago. On top of the islands recorded in the Material examined section above, one specimen in the CDRS has a label mentioning that the species also occurs on Española, Gardner near Española, and Genovesa.

Remarks: Asciodes quietalis (Walker, 1859) has in the past been confused and considered a synonym of Asciodes gordialis Guenée, 1854, for example by Linsley & Usinger (1966), Peck et al. (1998), and Munroe (1995). Scoparia quietalis Walker, 1859 was described from three specimens of both sexes. I designate as lectotype a male with the following labels: ‘St. Dom. | 55.1’ [typed]; ‘Lecto | type’ [circular, dark blue bordered, typed]; ‘B.M. Pyralidae | Genitalia slide | ♂ No. 21112’ [typed except male sign]; ‘LECTOTYPE | Scoparia | quietalis Walker | Des[ignated by]. B. Landry, 2000’. The other two syntypes, both females, are also in the BMNH and are labelled paralectotypes; they both have the same first label as the lectotype and were given a circular, pale blue bordered paralectotype label. One has lost the abdomen while the other was dissected and bears B.M. Pyralidae slide No. 21111 ♀.

Asciodes gordialis Guenée, 1854 was described from a male and a female from ‘Domingo’, probably Santo Domingo, old name for the Dominican Republic. Both of these are in the BMNH (Fig. 79) and I designate as lectotype the male, which bears the following labels: ‘Cay | Bar [?]’ [hand written, circular]; ‘Lecto | type’ [circular, blue-bordered, typed]; ‘Cotype’ [orange, typed]; ‘Guyane française | Cayenne | ex coll. Gn.’ [typed]; ‘Paravicini Coll. | B.M. 1937-383’ [typed]; ‘B.M. Pyralidae | Genitalia slide | ♂ No. 21110’ [typed except male sign]; ‘Asciodes Gn. | gordialis Gn. | 713.2 Typen’ [pale green, hand written]; ‘LECTOTYPE | Asciodes | gordialis Guenée | Des[ignated by]. B. Landry, 2000’. This specimen has lost the legs and antennae (Fig. 79). The other specimen, the female paralectotype, has lost the head and legs, and its abdomen is in a gelatine capsule. It can be noted that Munroe (1995: 74) made a mistake in recording that Asciodes scopulalis Guenée, 1854 was described in Botys, because it was truly described in Asciodes Guenée.

A monotypic genus endemic to the Galápagos Islands.

Beebea guglielmi Schaus, 1923: 46. – Parkin et al., 1972: 105. – Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 162. – Linsley, 1977: 37. – Perry & de Vries, 2003: 145, 146. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined

Holotype: ♂ (USNM).

Other specimens: 7 ♀, 4 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Isabela: Albermarle, Cawley [sic] M[oun]t[ain] [= Alcedo volcano]. – Pinta: Abingdon [no precise locality]. – Santa Cruz: Academy Bay; Indefatigable, Charles Darwin Research Station; no precise locality. – Santa Fé: no precise locality. Deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CDRS, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: Unlike any other Spilomelinae species, either from the Galápagos or the rest of the World, by virtue of the large size [58 mm wingspan for the holotype, 72 mm for the ‘largest female specimen’ (Williams, 1930)], brown wings with darker brown waved transverse lines, labial palpi projecting forward beyond head as much as length of head, and strongly bipectinate male antennae (Figs 7, 8).

Biology: Williams (1930) reports that larvae feed on Opuntia, a genus with 14 species in the Galápagos (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015). Williams (1930) also offers a brief description of the solitary and boring mature larva and states that when it is done feeding it spins a cocoon some 33-35 mm long along one side of the cactus plant, covering it with available material such as cactus spines and lichens for camouflage purposes. Perry & de Vries (2003) report that larvae found feeding on Opuntia insularis Stewart in the crater of Darwin volcano on Isabela Island were referable to this species. Moths have been collected in January, February, April, June, and September to December (Williams, 1930; Perry & de Vries, 2003; museum specimens).

Distribution: Endemic to the Galápagos, it was described from Chatham (= San Cristóbal), and apart from the holotype I have examined specimens collected on the islands of Isabela, Santa Cruz, and Santa Fe (see also Perry & de Vries, 2003). Williams (1930) reports it as well from Abingdon, Bindloe, Daphne Islet, Duncan, James, and South Seymour islands, now respectively called Pinta, Marchena, Daphne Minor (probably), Pinzón, Santiago, and Baltra.

Remarks: I have not been able to collect this species despite several months of work on the islands on which it has been recorded in the past, although it comes to light and that was my favoured method of collecting. Hence, I suspect that it may have suffered a population decline. The specimen examined from Albermarle (= Isabela), Cawley [sic] Mountain, was collected by F.X. Williams during the California Academy of Sciences Expedition to the Galapagos Islands in 1905-06. Williams (1930) refers to Cowley Mountain, on Isabela, which is an older name for Alcedo volcano (see for example http://www.galapagos.to/TEXTS/SLEVIN.HTM). I suspect that the food plant of the larvae reported by Williams (1930) as Opuntia, may also refer to other Cactaceae, a family represented by 18 genera in the Galápagos (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015). The male (Fig. 95) and female (Fig. 141) genitalia are shown here for the first time.

Another monotypic genus endemic to the Galápagos Islands.

Cheverella galapagensis Landry, in Landry et al., 2011: 645-648.

Material examined: 27 ♂, 49 ♀, as mentioned in original description, including the male holotype from Santa Cruz Island (CNC).

Diagnosis: There are no known species of Spilomelinae outside of Galápagos that have a similar wing pattern and colour (Landry et al., 2011). However, in the Galápagos Cheverella galapagensis (Fig. 9) is similar in wing pattern and colour to Agathodes galapagensis (Figs 2, 3), but Cheverella galapagensis is smaller (6.4-10.3 mm, both sexes pooled), has a comparatively wider forewing, and a lighter, white hindwing.

Biology: The larva is a borer in the stems of the Galápagos endemic Tournefortia pubescens Hook. f. (Boraginaceae) (Landry et al., 2011). Based on specimens collected, it is known to fly between January and May, as well as in August, October, and November in variously pristine or anthropized habitats between the littoral zone and as far up as the rim of the volcano on Fernandina at 1341 m in elevation.

Distribution: A Galápagos endemic, this species has been found on the islands of Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: The host plant, a Galápagos endemic, occurs on the islands on which Cheverella galapagensis has been recorded, but also on Floreana, Pinzón, and Wolf (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015).

A Neotropical genus containing two species (Nuss et al., 2016).

Botys zoilusalis Walker, 1859: 603.

Material examined:

Holotype: ♀ from Honduras, without abdomen (BMNH). Other specimens: 1 ♂ from the Galápagos Islands: - San Cristóbal: 1 ♂, antiguo botadero, ca. 4 km SE P[uer]to Baquerizo, 169 m elev[ation]., S 00° 54.800′, W 89° 34.574′. Deposited in MHNG.

Diagnosis: In the Galápagos this 20 mm wingspan species is most similar to Pilocrocis ramentalis Lederer (Figs 46, 47) in wing colour and markings, but P. ramentalis is slightly larger (21-29 mm) and its forewing postmedian line usually doesn't reach the costa and is straight or slightly concave in the radial sector; its discal spot, a small dash or lunule, is bordered with black anteriorly whereas the discal spot of C. zoilusalis is bigger, rounded, and with black dashes on both sides but more conspicuously so posteriorly (Figs 10, 11). It resembles also Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Guenée) (Figs 20, 21) and Rhectocraspeda periusalis (Walker) (Figs 49, 50) in size and wing background colour, but the markings of these species are darker when apparent, whereas those of C. zoilusalis are white to cream. It is also similar to the most poorly marked specimens of Hymenia perspectalis (Hübner, 1796) (Figs 22, 23), but in the latter there is a distinctive white band in the hindwing with a short bilobed projection medially. Microthyris anormalis (Guenée) (Fig. 36) is also similar, but this species is larger and its forewing is apically pointed and with five or six white spots along the submedian (one spot on posterior side medially) and postmedian (4-5 spots on anterior side in radial and median sectors) dark lines.

Biology: Known hosts are Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. and Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae) (Heppner, 2003). Neither of these plant species (or genera) are known from the Galápagos (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015). The species is not recorded in Robinson et al. (2014). I collected the single available specimen from the Galápagos on 22 February 2005 at a site where garbage was dumped in the past.

Distribution: Described from Honduras, this species is widely distributed in the West Indies as well as Central and South America (BMNH and MHNG specimens). Heppner (2003) records it from Florida and Texas (USA) as well as Mexico.

Remarks: The only known Galápagos specimen was determined by Alma Solis based on a photograph sent to her. It is not illustrated here because of its poor condition. The male genitalia illustrated here (Fig. 97) are those of the Galápagos specimen, but Figs 10, 11, and 143 are specimens collected in Brazil, Bahía, Camacan, Reserva Serra Bonita. The species is recorded here from the Galápagos for the first time.

Containing 92 species (Nuss et al., 2016), Desmia is mostly Neotropical, with 82 species described from the region (Munroe, 1995). Species of Desmia harbour similar wing colour and pattern, white markings on a black or dark background (see Figs 12, 13). The males and females can exhibit sexual dimorphism in, for example, wing pattern, antennae, and legs. This is a complicated group that is being studied by MAS, and although several genera within Desmia have been discovered, many other new Desmia species have been discovered using mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I sequences.

Material examined

Holotype: ♀, ‘ECUADOR [sideways on left side] | GALÁPAGOS | Sta Crúz, Media | Luna, Pampa Zone | 8.II.1989, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight] | B. Landry’. ‘HOLOTYPE | Desmia | mordor | Landry & Solis’. Deposited in CNC.

Paratypes: 20 ♂, 19 ♀ from Ecuador, the Galápagos Islands: – Fernandina: 1 ♂ (dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8671), SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m, S 00° 21.910′, W 091° 34.034′, 13.ii.2005, u[ltra]v[iolet]l[ight] (B. Landry, P. Schmitz). – Isabela: 1 ♂, 3 km N S[an]to Tómas, Agr[iculture]. Zone, M[ercury]V[apor]L[ight], 8.iii.1989 (B. Landry); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Punta Albermarle, SW of old U[nited]S[tates] radar site, Alt[itude]. ± 10 m, 27.iii.[19]70 (R. Silberglied); 1 ♂, V[olcan]. Darwin, 630 m elev[ation]., 17.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀ (slide MHNG-ENTO-8980), ± 15 km N P[uer] to Villamil, 25.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, Sierra Negra, Alemania, xi.1974 (T.J. de Vries, B.M. 1976–58). – Pinta: 1 ♂, N 00° 34.591′, W 90° 45.137′, 421 m elev., 17.iii.2006, uvl (P. Schmitz, L. Roque). – Santa Cruz: 2 ♂ (one dissected, slide CNC PYR 352), Los Gemelos, 31.i.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♀, Media Luna, pampa zone, 8.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Horneman Farm, 220 m, 10.iii.1964 (D. Q. Cavagnaro); 1 ♂, idem except 5.iv.1964; 1 ♂, idem except 3.v.1964; 2 ♀ (slides MHNG-ENTO-8670, 8978), Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista, 1.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, no precise locality, iv.1969 (R. Perry, Tj. de Vries, B.M. 1969-693); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Los Gemelos, 4.v.2002, uvl (B. Landry, L. Roque); 1 ♀, Los Gemelos, 27.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Horneman Farm, 200 m, 24.vi.1965 (J. DeRoy); 2 ♀, idem except 26.vi.1965; 3 ♀, idem except 27.vi.1965; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, idem except 28.vi.1965. – Santiago: 1 ♀, NE side, close to Caseta, GPS: 686 m elev., S 00°14.177′, W 90°44.619′, 6.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz); 3 ♂ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8668), Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev., 6.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Central [camp], 700 m elev., 9.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀(dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8667), Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev., 12.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry). Deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CNC, MCZ, MHNG, and USNM. 1 ♂ from Brazil: – Bahía: 1 ♂ (slide MHNG-ENTO-8963), Camacan, Res[erva]. Serra Bonita, 800 m, 15°23′ S, 39°33′W, 24.xi.-2.xii.2013, u[ltra]v[iolet] l[ight] (B. Landry, V. Becker). Deposited in MHNG.

28 ♂, 27 ♀, 3 of unknown sex from Costa Rica: – Alajuela: 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-1518, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Camino Albergue Oscar, 560 m, Lat: 10.87741, Long: -85.32363, 15.iv.2012, eclosed 4.v.2012 from Psychotria panamensis (E. Araya); 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-1517, idem except eclosed 5.v.2012 (E. Araya); 1 ?sex, 13-SRNP-475, idem except 26.i.2013, eclosed 16.ii.2013 (C. Cano); 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-86729, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Camino Rio Francia, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, 410 m, Lat: 10.90425, Long: -85.28651, 21.xi.2015, eclosed 21.xi.2012 from Psychotria panamensis (A. Cordoba); 1 ♂, 13-SRNP-3341, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Finca San Gabriel, Sector San Cristobal, 645 m, Lat: 10.87766, Long: -85.39343, 26.vi.2013, eclosed 15.vii.2013 from Psychotria panamensis (E. Araya); 1 ♂, 13-SRNP-3640, idem except 12.vii.2013, eclosed 15.vii.2013 from Psychotria remota (O. Espinoza); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-4027, idem except 2.viii.2013, eclosed 21.viii.2013 from Psychotria panamensis (E. Araya); 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-2294, idem except 2.vi.2012, eclosed 2.vi.2012 from Psychotria panamensis (E. Araya); 1 ♀, 12-SRNP-3247, idem except 30.vii.2012, eclosed 27.viii.2012 from Psychotria graciliflora (O. Espinoza); 1 ♀, 12-SRNP-3677, idem except 30.viii.2012, eclosed 2.x.2012 from Psychotria remota; 1 sex?, 12-SRNP-283, idem except 25.i.2012, eclosed 21.ii.2012, from Psychotria panamensis; 1 ♂(slide USNM 106,927), Finca San Gabriel, 16 km ENE Queb[rada]. Grande, 650 m, 1-10.vii.1986 (I. Gauld & J. Thompson); 1 ♀, idem except 11-15.vii.1986; 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-69246, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector San Gabriel, Flecha, 491 m, Lat: 10.94741, Long: -85.31501, 2.ii.2013, eclosed 28.ii.2013 from Psychotria jimenezii (E. Apu); 1 ♀, 12-SRNP-82060, idem except 7.xii.2012, eclosed 29.xii.2012; 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-81734, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Jacobo, 461 m, Lat: 10.94076, Long: -85.3177, 4.x.2012, eclosed 2.xi.2012, from Psychotria panamensis (E. Apu); 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-81556, idem except 20.ix.2012, eclosed 18.x.2012, from Psychotria jimenezii; 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-3539, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Sendero Albergue Crater, 980 m, Lat: 10.84886, Long: -85.3281, 17.viii.2012, eclosed 5.ix.2012 from Psychotria panamensis (E. Araya); 1 ♀, 12-SRNP-3955, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector San Cristobal, Sendero Colegio, 520 m, Lat: 10.89296, Long: -85.3788, 15.ix.2012, eclosed 10.x.2012 from Psychotria remota (C. Cano); 1 sex?, 12-SRNP-3947, idem except eclosed 6.x.2012 from Psychotria panamensis (E. Araya); 1 ♀, 12-SRNP-723, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector San Cristobal, Sendero Huerta, 527 m, Lat: 10.9305, Long: -85.37223, 25.ii.2013, eclosed 24.iii.2012 from Hamelia patens (identification suspect) (G. Sihezar); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-1836, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector San Gabriel, Sendero Perdido, 620 m, Lat: 10.8794, Long: -85.38607, 12.iv.2013, eclosed 1.v.2013 from Psychotria remota (G. Sihezar); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-1835, idem; 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-40840, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Sendero Rincon, 430 m, Lat: 10.8962, Long: -85.27769, 26.ii.2013, eclosed 30.iii.2013 from Psychotria panamensis (J. Perez); 1 ♂(slide USNM 106,959), 1 ♀, Estacion Pitilla, 9 km S. Santa Cecilia, vii.1988 (Espinosa & Chaves); 1 ♂ (slide USNM 106,949), 1 ♀, F[in]ca. La Campana, El Ensayo, 7 km NW Dos Rios, 15-17.iii.1986 (D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs); 1 ♂ (slide USNM 106,964), Rio San Lorencito, Res[erva]. For[estal]. San Ramon, 5 km N. Col. Palmarena, 800 m, 1-4.xi.1986 (I. & A. Chacon). – Cartago: 1 ♂, (slide USNM 106,957), Tapanti, Rio Grande de Orosi, 1300-1400 m, 9.iv.1984 (D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs). – Guanacaste: 2 ♂ (slides USNM 106,955 & USNM 106,951), 2 ♀, Estacion Mengo, SW side Volcan Cacao, 1100 m, 29.vii.1987 (D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-30124, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Sendero Laguna, 680 m, Lat: 10.9888, Long: -85.42336, 10.i.2013, eclosed 30.i.2013 from Psychotria panamensis (F. Quesada); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-31124, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Sendero Orosilito, 900 m, Lat: 10.98332, Long: -85.43623, 19.viii.2013, eclosed 16.ix.2013 from Psychotria panamensis (M. Rios); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-31126, idem; 1 ♂, 13-SRNP-31127, idem except eclosed 14.ix.2013; 2 ♂ (slides USNM 106,950 & USNM 106,954), 2 ♀, W. of Carmona, Nicoya, 600-700 m, 19.viii.1982 (D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs). – Heredia: 1 ♂ (slide USNM 106,956), 1 ♀, El Angel Waterfall, 8.2 km downhill Vara Blanca, 1350 m, i.1981 (D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs); 2 ♂ (slides USNM 106,952 & USNM 106,953), 2 ♀, Finca La Selva (OTS), Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, 50 m, 14-15.xi.1982 (D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs); 1 ♂ (slide USNM 106,932), La Selva Biol. Sta., Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, 40 m, v.1987 (M.M. Chavarria). – Puntarenas: 1 ♂ (slide USNM 106,960), 1 ♀, Monte Verde, 15-16.v.1980 (D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs); 1 ♂ (slide USNM 106,948), Tajo Cafrosa, Z.P. Las Tablas, 1300 m, 25.xi.1987 (I. Chacon). – San Jose: 1 ♂ (slide USNM 106,961), 1 ♀, Estacion Carrillo, Par[que]. Nac[ional]. Braulio Carrillo, 700 m, v.1985 (I. & A. Chacon); 1 ♀, Estacion Zurqui (El Tunel), Par. Nac. Braulio Carrillo, 1500 m, vii.1985 (W. I. & A. Chacon); 1 ♂ (slide USNM 106,947), idem except ix.1985 (W. I. & A. Chacon); 1 ♂ (slide USNM 106,926), 1 ♀, La Montura, Braulio Carrillo Nat[ional]. P[ar]k., 1100 m, 17.xii.1981 (D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs). Deposited in USNM.

1 ♂ from Mexico: – Veracruz: 1 ♂ (slide USNM 106,939), La Gloria, Cardel, iii.1937 (J. Carmelo G.). Deposited in USNM.

Diagnosis: The new species is externally similar to D. vulcanalis Felder, Felder & Rogenhofer, described from Volcan Chiriqui, Panama, and Veragua. They have similar markings and absence of obvious modification of the male antenna, but externally D. vulcanalis males are larger (holotype=21 mm forewing length, but most specimens are larger than 16 mm), the females of both species are almost the same size, D. vulcanalis colour is more chocolate brown than black, D. vulcanalis lacks the femoral and tibial modified scaling that occurs in the new species, the white markings on both wings are broader in both sexes, and in the males only, the basal areas of both wings have longer scales that give these areas a ‘fluffy’ look. In the male genitalia, the valvae are similar, but in D. vulcanalis the apex is round with a small fold that is absent in the new species, the ventrobasal section also with a small, triangular, marginal projection, but much more prominent in D. vulcanalis. Most obvious are the differences in the transtilla that is very straight in the new species, but with two lobes in D. vulcanalis, the juxta is about as long as wide in D. vulcanalis, whereas in the new species it is about twice as long as wide, and the saccus is wider and about twice as large in vulcanalis than in the new species. In the phallus both species have two sets of cornuti on the vesica, but in D. vulcanalis it is 2 lines of straight spines, about 5 on each side, decreasing in size posteriorly, whereas in the new species they form curving structures with differing sizes and arrangement of spines. In the female genitalia of D. vulcanalis the anterior apophyses are almost three times as long as the posterior apophysis, they are only twice as long in the new species. In D. vulcanalis the ductus bursae is shortly membranous followed by a sclerotized, square-shaped colliculum with a short extension into another membranous anterior part of the ductus bursae, the colliculum in the new species is wide and rectangular. The corpus bursae are similar, but in D. vulcanalis it is less broad at the cephalic end. In the Galápagos this species is unlike any other by virtue of its black wings adorned with white spots and bands. Hymenia perspectalis (Hübner) and Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) are superficially similar, but they are paler brown and they have the forewing paler markings that touch the costa as well as the dorsum, whereas the white spots on the forewing of D. mordor do not touch either margin.

Etymology: The new name, treated as a noun in apposition, means ‘Black Land’ in Sindarin, a fictional language used in The Lord of the Rings, the epic high-fantasy novel written by English author J. R. R. Tolkien (1892-1973) (Wikipedia, 2016). Mordor is volcanic and partly arid, like the Galápagos. As Mordor is the land controlled by Sauron, the evil lord in Tolkien's tale, this name also refers to the tendency of earlier authors to attribute names in relation to death to species of Desmia, such as D. tages (Cramer, 1777), D. sepulchralis Guenée, 1854, or D. mortualis Hampson, 1912.

Description: Male (n=50) (Fig. 12). Head with frons flat, dark blackish brown except for thin white line along margin of eye ventrally from antennal base, broad scales on dorsal half of frons not entirely appressed, slightly elevated, longer and thinner scales between antennae projecting anterodorsally, longer hair-like scales behind ocelli projecting dorsomedially; antenna filiform, without modified flagellomeres but with pair of thickened setae arising laterally on each side of scale coating before middle of flagellomeres except first few, short on first flagellomeres on which they appear and then about twice as wide as corresponding flagellomeres at maximum length, vestiture dark blackish brown on scape and first few flagellomeres, paler greyish brown beyond, with white longitudinal line ventrally on scape; maxillary palpus minute, smaller than pilifer, with greyish brown scales; labial palpus bicolored, white ventrally on most of first segment and base of second, dark greyish brown elsewhere, slightly paler medially toward apex of second and tiny third segment; haustellum greyish brown at base, white to light cream beyond. Thorax dorsally mostly dark greyish brown, slightly darker at base of collar scales, with thin, paler, whitish scales at base of mesoscutum hidden by collar scales, white laterally and sometimes also basally on metascutum. Tegula extending to posterior margin of mesoscutum, scales extending to first abdominal segment. Foreleg coxa dark greyish brown with white at base and apex; femur with chocolate brown brush of short erect scales of equal length ventrally from base to 3/4, with greyish brown at base and white apically; tibia greyish brown with white and cream at base and apex, with long greyish brown scales at base of epiphysis and projecting over it, with short projecting scales laterally on distal half; tarsomeres cream coloured. Midleg femur greyish brown with white and cream at base and white subapically, ventral edge at base with row of medium-length hair-like scales; tibia greyish brown with black at base and white and cream at tip, spurs cream with greyish brown; tarsomere I dirty cream with greyish brown on distal half dorsally; tarsomeres II-V pale cream. Hindleg femur dirty white at base, greyish brown subapically, snow white apically; tibia dark greyish brown, spurs cream dorsally and white ventrally; tarsomere I dirty cream with greyish brown on distal half dorsally; tarsomeres II white with cream distally; tarsomeres III-V white. Forewing length: 12.0-14.0 mm (wingspan: 24.0-26.0 mm); vestiture with blue-tinged white markings as illustrated (Fig. 12), reniform spot white, rectangular, orbicular and claviform white spots as one, rectangular, fringe with longer scales white above tornus. Hindwing broadly triangular, posterior margin length equal to costal margin, with white discal spot extending as a line to posterior margin, fringe with longer scales white on all of termen except anal sector. Abdomen tapering, 9 mm long, longer than female's, dorsally dark greyish brown to blackish brown on tergite VII, tergites II-VI with snowy white line on terminal margin, with line generally wider on tergite II, ultimate segment longer than wide, blackish brown with longitudinal lateral white lines ending in black hair-like scales surrounding genitalia; ventrally white except for dark greyish brown apex of ultimate sternite. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 82).

Male genitalia (n=21) (Fig. 98). Uncus long and narrow, with broad base, down curved distally, apically expanded slightly, dorsoventrally flattened, and covered evenly with short, thick setae, with longer setae at base. Subscaphium long and narrow, about 1.5X length of uncus. Tegumen an inverted U with bifid lateral arms, the median pair more thickly sclerotized and partly covered by wider lateral pair. Parategumenal sclerites membranous, barely extending to saccus, with sclerotized edge, with small group of long, narrow scales and denser fan of shorter, narrow and apically bifid scales. Gnathos a narrow, weakly sclerotized (hardly visible) band, apparently not connected medially. Transtilla a pair of narrow, sclerotized sclerites sharply pointed distally (or adjoining costa of valva), narrowing toward middle and connected by membrane medially. Valva elongate, wider medially, narrowing toward almost square-like apex, with dorsal,more thickly sclerotized band ending at about 3/4, with oval-shaped ventrobasal section devoid of setae and ending in small, triangular, marginal projection, ventral margin set with long (as long as width of valva), thickly sclerotized, narrow scales easily detached and shorter toward apex. Juxta with slightly broader base, parallel-margined until blunt apex, slightly shorter than uncus. Vinculum with arms of medium width, as long as wide; saccus a bulbous projection directed anteriorly, only slightly wider than long from base of vinculum. Phallus straight, with ventral wall more thickly sclerotized, widening from middle, with short, narrower tongue-like projection apically, also with short membranous, bulbous, and shortly setose projection on each side ventrolaterally before apex; vesica with two cornuti formed by small attached spines, one curved with more than 10 slightly curved spines, the other bear paw-like, with about 12 straight apical spines.

Female (n=47) (Fig. 13): Antenna without pair of lateral setae from first few flagellomeres, but subsequently present and increasing slowly in length to reach slightly more than width of flagellomeres. Legs without femoral and tibial modified scales. Forewing length: 10.5-13.0 mm (wingspan: 21.0-24.0 mm) (holotype: 10.5 mm forewing length, 21.5 mm wingspan); reniform spot rectangular as in male; orbicular and claviform spots not rectangular, appearing as two spots adjoining, sometimes disconnected. Hindwing differing from that of male in markings as illustrated (Fig. 13); posterior margin length shorter than costal margin; white discal spot extending to posterior margin as two short, white lines. Abdomen similar in colour to male, dorsally with white lateral lines on ultimate segment shorter than those of male but reaching apex, <6 mm in length, tergites II-VI not tapering, tergite VI much broader than ultimate segment giving it a square-like appearance, ultimate segment as long as wide.

Female genitalia (n=4) (Fig. 144). Papillae anales narrow, with setose surface slightly longer dorsally, ventral 1/3 flattened and slightly curving posteriorly; narrow basal sclerotized band slightly enlarging ventrally; posterior apophyses straight except for slight subbasal bend, about half as long as width of papillae anales. Segment VIII with tergum dorsally about 3X ventral length, with medium length setae more concentrated on distal half and dorsally; without sternal plates or other ventral modifications; anterior apophyses almost twice as long as posterior apophyses, slightly sinuate, with slight enlargement subbasally. Membrane around ostium bursae membranous, unmodified. Ductus bursae very short, with basal section occupied entirely by wide, rectangular colliculum dorsally thickly sclerotized and only so as basal band ventrally; constriction at base of colliculum followed by equally wide shorter membranous and spiculate section. Corpus bursae elongate, about thrice as long as ductus bursae, with basal section scobinated until medioventral inception of ductus seminalis, with following short section slightly narrower and without membrane ornaments, then slightly enlarged in broad triangle on right side with scobination slightly thicker on enlargement than at cephalic end.

Biology: One BMNH paratype specimen from Santa Cruz Island, without specific locality, bears a label recording ‘further specimen from larva taken on Psychotria rufipes, Fernandina, October 1969’. This specimen is probably a CDRS specimen only labelled ‘105’, a number that refers to a note in a CDRS notebook mentioning that it was reared from ‘Psychotria rufipes’. Many of the paratypes from Costa Rica have been reared also from species of Psychotria (P. graciliflora Benth., P. jimenezii Standl., P. panamensis Standl., P. remota Benth.). Most Galápagos specimens were collected above 200 m in elevation, up to 1341 m at the rim of the volcano on Fernandina, but a small series was taken near the sea shore at Punta Albermarle on Isabela. Collecting localities on Galápagos harbour a diverse set of habitats, from untouched to modified for low-intensity agriculture. Collecting dates of the Galápagos specimens are from January to June and October.

Distribution: In the Galápagos this species has been collected on the islands of Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, and Santiago. On the continent it is known from Mexico, Costa Rica, and Brazil.

Remarks: A Rubiaceae, Psychotria rufipes Hook. f. is a vulnerable Galápagos endemic present on Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015).

Another mostly Neotropical genus, with 88 species described from the region (Munroe, 1995), and six more from Australia and Asia (Nuss et al., 2016).

Stemorrhages (sp. near lustralis Guenée, 1854) [a synonym of the similar D. glauculalis (Guenée)]: Parkin et al., 1972: 105. – Linsley, 1977: 37.

Margaronia limitalis Dognin: Perry & de Vries, 2003: 146.

Diaphania glauculalis (Guenée): Causton et al., 2006: 140. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined

Holotype: ♂, ‘Galapagos: I. Santa Cruz | Station Darwin (lumière) | 1964/ .1965 | J. & N. Leleup’; ‘MHNG | ENTO ♂ | 00009034’; ‘HOLOTYPE | Diaphania | galapagensis | B. Landry & A. Solis’. Deposited in MHNG.

Paratypes: 22 ♂, 13 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands. – Floreana: 1 ♂, BlackBeach, 10 m, littoral-arid F[light] I[ntercept]T[rap], 21–28.iii.1989 (Peck & Sinclair, 89-139). – Isabela: 2 ♂ (one dissected, CNC PYR 348), 1 ♀, Puerto Villamil, 2.iii.1989 (B. Landry); 1 ♀, 11 km N Puerto Villamil, 9.iii.1989, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight] (B. Landry); 1 ♂, idem except 13.iii.1989; 1 ♂, NE slope Alcedo, near pega-pega camp, GPS: elev[ation]. 483 m, S 00° 24.029′, W 91° 02.895′, 31.iii.2004, u[ltra]v[iolet]l[ight] (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 1 ♂, n[ea]r Tagus Cove, 100 m elev., 21.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry). – Santa Cruz: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, same data as holotype except ‘I.1965’; 1 ♀E[stacion].C[ientifica].C[harles].D[arwin]., 4.iii.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista, 1.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, transition zone, house of L. Roque, elev. 137 m, GPS: 00° 42.595′, W 90° 19.196′, 9.iv.2004, white light (B. Landry); 5 ♂, 3 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8932), same data as holotype except ‘X-1964’; 3 ♂ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8934), 1 ♀, same data as holotype except ‘X/XI- 1964’; 2 ♂, same data as holotype except ‘Basse altitude XI.1964’. – Santiago: 1 ♂, Cerro Inn, 28.iii.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, 200 m elev., 5.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8676), Jaboncillo [camp], ± 850 m elev., 8.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry). – Unidentified island: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, with ‘42’ associated with note saying: ‘Margaronia limitalis Dognin, Santa Cruz, Floreana, Isabela, Food: Vallesia sp. (Apocynaceae)’. Deposited in CDRS, CNC, MHNG, and USNM.

Diagnosis: This species is most similar in the morphology of the genitalia to D. glauculalis (Guenée, 1854), and differs primarily in the male by the sclerotization in segment VIII where the u-shaped sclerotization of the sternite tapers in apically and is less broad than the base and the tergite sclerotization is almost the same width or only slightly expanded posteriorly. In the female, the corpus bursae is broad or bulbous-shaped after the ductus and the two round signa are adjoining with short extensions, longer than the base. It differs externally from D. glauculalis whose wings have a conspicuous green shade, forewing length and wingspan slightly larger (>16 mm and >35 mm respectively), and males without modified segments on the antennae and without a fold along the forewing costa ventrally. In the Galápagos this species (Fig. 14) is only externally similar to Palpita flegia (Cramer), but it is smaller with a wingspan 24.0-32.0 mm versus 50 mm in P. flegia (Fig. 40). Also, the forewing costa of D. costata is brown whereas that of P. flegia is blue.

Etymology: The new name refers to the area of occurrence of this species.

Description: Male (n=20) (Fig. 14). Head with frons flat, appressedly scaled, with frontoclypeal margin very slightly rounded, white with dark blackish brown at ventrolateral corners and paler brown at posterior eye margin, with erect (white) scales on vertex and occiput; antenna filiform except for widening scape, modified pedicel laterally expanded and recurved, crescent shaped, with concavity set with tight rows of tiny, flat, brown scales or buds protected by short and recurved white scales on median margin, first flagellomere elongate, about as long as following four flagellomeres, set with compact bunch of short, thin scales appressed and directed toward base of flagellomere, vestiture of subsequent flagellomeres white with short scales in two rows on each flagellomere, with ciliation short; maxillary palpus mostly chestnut brown with some yellowish brown, white at apex and medially, with longer apical scales directed anteriorly; labial palpus laterally bicolored, white ventrally and chocolate brown dorsally, with white medially on first two palpomeres and yellowish brown and chocolate brown on third; haustellum mostly white with cream at base. Thorax dorsally white with chocolate brown laterally at base between eye and forewing costal band, with basal row of wide scales at collar white to pale yellowish brown. Foreleg white except for yellowish brown at apex of femur and on tibia around epiphysis, and cream sometimes on femur. Midleg white except for yellowish brown at tip of femur and base of tibia dorsally and cream sometimes on femur and tibia. Hindleg white, sometimes with pale cream on femur. Forewing length: 13.0-15.0 mm (holotype: 14.0 mm) (wingspan: 26.5-32.0 mm; holotype: 29.0 mm); vestiture white, iridescent, with chocolate brown band along costa, sometimes with single row of yellowish scales along dorsal edge, narrowing until apex, also with six dark brown dots between veins along terminal margin, fringe white, with second row of scales slightly greyish brown at their bases; costa underneath with elongate fold until 4/7 wing length and harbouring hair-like to thin scales. Hindwing white, with thin greyish brown line terminally from apex until cubital sector. Abdomen white dorsally and ventrally, with apical bunch of thin dark greyish brown scales with their tips paler, white to pale greyish brown, surrounding genitalia. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 83): sternite with u-shaped sclerotization same width in its length; tergite with posterior sclerotization broad, lobe-like. Intersegmental membrane VIII-IX with broad extensions with thick lateral margins sporting large bunch of flimsy setae ‘protected’ laterally by 5-10 very wide scales slightly curving inwardly.

Male genitalia (n=2) (Fig. 99). Uncus ‘neck’ widening basally; posteriorly uncus ‘head’ slightly longer, directed ventrally at right angle, widening to 3-4X girth of ‘neck’, flattened at base, with short, dense bunch of fine setae dorsally on lateral margin, distal half with lateral margins extended dorsally and set with short, thick setae along edges, more thickly concentrated and slightly longer in apical depression, ventral edges with medium-length to short setae thicker and denser apically. Subscaphium narrow, not extending much beyond uncus. Tegumen with median teguminal ridges slightly diverging toward apex; basal margin deeply and narrowly incised, almost to half of length. Parategumenal sclerites about 1/3 surface area of valva. Gnathos thin, broadly crescent shaped, connected medially. Transtilla a pair of lateral triangles joining medially. Valva round, lightly setose, with fibula short and pointed medioventrally. Juxta narrow with slightly widened extremities and thickened median line along most of length. Vinculum with arms short, of medium width, narrowly rectangular; saccus narrowly bulbous in lateral view, forming Gaussian curve in ventral view, directed upward. Phallus narrow, only sclerotized along ventral margin, slightly down curved subapically, as long as valva, without coecum penis; vesica with single elongate, pointed cornutus slightly down curved subapically, just short of 2/5 length of phallus shaft.

Female (n=11): Antenna and forewing costa without modifications. Forewing length: 12.0-14.0 mm (wingspan: 24.0-30.0 mm). Abdomen all white.

Female genitalia (n=2) (Fig. 145). Papillae anales narrow, slightly bulging dorsally; basal sclerotized band widened ventrad of base of apophyses; posterior apophyses strong, slightly sinuous, slightly shorter than width of papillae anales, slightly enlarged subbasally. Segment VIII with tergum short, parallel-margined to and ventrad of bases of apophyses, with ventral margin slightly diagonal, almost straight, with few setae of moderate length mostly toward apical margin; sternal plates drop shaped with narrow ends directed laterally, connected medially; anterior apophyses strong, sinuous, about 1.7X length of posterior apophyses, with distinct rounded dorsal enlargement at 1/4. Membrane around ostium bursae without modifications. Ductus bursae long and of medium girth, with long colliculum about 1/5 length of whole ductus bursae and ending in tongue-like extension, with distal half heavily spined; inception of ductus seminalis right after colliculum. Corpus bursae same width throughout length, expanding anteriorly, about 15% longer than ductus bursae, with pair of round, widely separated signa shortly extended in middle, almost flat.

Biology: Perry & de Vries (2003), under the name Margaronia limitalis Dognin (a different, similar species), report the food plant in the Galápagos as Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link (Apocynaceae). Specimens were collected from the arid or littoral zone, on the grounds of the CDRS, to about 850 m in elevation on Santiago, in various types of habitats and in January, March until May, October, and November.

Distribution: A Galápagos endemic for which we have examined specimens collected on Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, and Santiago. Perry & de Vries (2003) also mention it from Floreana.

Remarks: This species belongs to a complex group of 16 ‘white/greenish/brownish’ Diaphania species that includes misplaced species in Munroe (1995), new species, and species from other genera (e.g. Palpita, Hoterodes). They have in common a short phallus and a short ductus bursae (manuscript in prep., MAS).

BL initially identified a Galápagos specimen of this species as D. glauculalis by comparing it with specimens in the BMNH, including the female holotype, although the latter is without an abdomen. The species was described from a single female, without indication of collecting locality, although Guenée (1854: 306) mentioned that he believed it to be ‘américaine’, i.e. from the Americas. However, the description of D. glauculalis, which records the wingspan as 37 mm and the wings as whitish green, supported the conclusion that the smaller Galápagos specimens are not this species.

Diaphania costata (Fabricius) is externally similar to D. galapagensis and unknown to occur in the Galapagos Islands. The type was studied because the species was only known from the original description and it seemed similar. The lectotype of Phalaena costata Fabricius, 1775 (Figs 73, 74), deposited in ZMUC is here designated: ♀, ‘P: costata’; ‘Mus. Seh. & T. L.’; ‘LECTOTYPE | Phalaena | costata Fabricius | Des. B. Landry, 2015’. The wings of this specimen are unspread but the forewing length is 13.0 mm. This species belongs to another group of species, exemplified by D. costata (Fabricius, 1775), that have a long phallus and a long ductus bursae (Fig. 182) (manuscript in prep., MAS).

There is no specimen of Phalaena costata in Fabricius’ personal collection in the ZMUC, but there is one in the collection of Sehested & Tønder-Lund (O. Karsholt, pers. comm.), also in the ZMUC. Ole Karsholt (pers. comm.) also wrote ‘It is not clear from the original description if Fabricius based the description [of costata] on a specimen from the Sehested & Tønder-Lund collection, and it can also have ended up there later on.’ Thus, this specimen ‘should be considered as a potential syntype.’ and is here designated lectotype upon O. Karsholt's recommendation as it agrees with the current concept of D. costata. Ove Ramel Sehested and Niels Tønder Lund lived in Copenhagen and were pupils and friends of Fabricius (Baixeras & Karsholt, 2011). According to Tuxen (1959) cited in Baixeras & Karsholt (2011), ‘about one third of all Fabrician insect descriptions are based on material in the Sehested-Tønder Lund collection.’

Perry & de Vries (2003) briefly described the mature larva and the Galápagos host plant reported, Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link (Apocynaceae), occurs in the Galápagos in two forms. Variety glabra, a tropical American taxon is indigenous to the Galápagos, occurring on Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago, while variety pubescens (Andersson) Wiggins is endemic and found on exactly the same islands (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015).

Phalaena Geometra hyalinata Linnaeus, 1767: 874.

Diaphania hyalinata (L.): Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 4 ♂, 12 ♀, 53 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Baltra: South Seymour [without precise locality]. – Fernandina: SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.910′, W 91° 34.034′. – Isabela: 3 km N S[an]to Tómas, Agr[iculture]. Zone; Sierra Negra, 11 km N Puerto Villamil, GPS: S 00° 87.613′, W 91° 00.903′; NE slope Alcedo, near pega-pega camp, GPS: 483 m elev., S 00° 24.029′, W 91° 02.895′; Alcedo, lado NE, 1100 m, cumbre, caseta Cayot. – Marchena: [no precise locality]. – Pinta: ± 50 m elev.; 200 m elev. – Santa Cruz: Academy Bay; Media Luna, pampa zone; transition zone, recently cut road, GPS: S 00°42.528′, W 90°18.849′; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Los Gemelos. – Santiago: NE side, close to Caseta, GPS: 686 m elev., S 00°14.177′, W 90°44.619′. Deposited in CAS, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: In the Galápagos this species (Fig. 15) is similar to Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Fig. 16), but it is generally larger (26-29 mm versus 19-25 mm) and its forewing dark brown marginal band is straight until the inner margin whereas this terminal band slightly expands anteriorly before reaching the inner margin in D. indica.

Biology: Robinson et al. (2014) record several host plant species in the Cucurbitaceae, as well as odd records on Araceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, and Verbenaceae. In the Galápagos, specimens of this species were collected mostly at higher elevations, from the transition zone up to the pampa zone for example at the rim of the volcano on Fernandina at 1341 m above sea level, but it was also found on the littoral zone of Marchena. The habitats at the collecting localities are mostly pristine or modified by goats, but moths were also collected in the agriculture zone of Santa Cruz. Collecting dates of the Galápagos specimens are in February until May.

Distribution: This Western Hemisphere native is found in North America from south eastern Canada throughout the USA, Mexico, south throughout Central and South America, and across the West Indies (BMNH specimens; Heppner, 2003; Patterson et al., 2015; Powell & Opler, 2009). Elsewhere it is now known also from Asia (Robinson et al., 2014) and there are old records from Europe (Slamka, 2013). In the Galápagos I have examined specimens from several islands as listed above. In addition, a specimen in the CDRS with a single small label with just ‘11’ on it refers to notes mentioning the occurrence of this species on Floreana, Isabela, and Santa Cruz. However, there is a second specimen with a label mentioning this number ‘11’ and these same island data, but this specimen belongs to Diaphania indica (Saunders), treated below.

Remarks: I confirmed the identification of a Galápagos specimen by comparing it with specimens in the BMNH.

Eudioptes [sic] indica Saunders, 1851: 163.

Diaphania indica (Saunders): Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 6 ♀, 13 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – San Cristóbal: 4 km SE P[uer] to Baquarizo [sic]; La Toma, ca. 6.5 km east El Progreso, GPS: 299 m elev[ation]., S 00° 55.356′, W 89° 31.089′. – Santa Cruz: Charles Darwin Research Station; Charles Darwin Research Station, base of El Barranco, GPS: S 00° 44.305′, W 90° 18.105′; Horneman Farm, 220 m; Media Luna, pampa zone. Deposited in CAS, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: In the Galápagos this species (Fig. 16) is similar to Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Fig. 15), but it is generally smaller (19-25 mm versus 26-29 mm) and its forewing dark brown marginal band slightly expands anteriorly before reaching the inner margin whereas this terminal band is straight until the inner margin in D. hyalinata.

Biology: The larva feeds on various Cucurbitaceae, but it has also been recorded on Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Oleaceae, Poaceae, and others (Robinson et al., 2014). In the Galápagos, in contrast to D. hyalinata, D. indica was collected mostly in anthropized habitats in the littoral zone, but also in the highest (pampa) zone at about 700 m in elevation on Santa Cruz. Collecting dates of the available Galápagos specimens are in February and March.

Distribution: Around the world in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions on all continents (including Australia) and many islands (BMNH and MHNG specimens; Shaffer et al., 1996; Robinson et al., 2014). In the Galápagos it has been collected so far on San Cristóbal and Santa Cruz, but see above under Distribution for Diaphania hyalinata (L.).

Remarks: I confirmed the identification of a Galápagos specimen by comparing it with specimens in the BMNH. The latter had been curated by Michael Shaffer, who wrote to Jack Clarke about two syntypes of D. indica found in the University Museum of Oxford and his manuscript lectotype and paralectotype designations, made available by Clarke (1986: 80).

Phalaena Pyralis nitidalis Stoll in Cramer & Stoll, 1781: 160.

Diaphania nitidalis (Cramer): Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 2 ♂ from the Galápagos Islands. – Santa Cruz: low agriculture zone, GPS: S 00°42.132′, W 90° 19.156′; Horneman Farm, 220 m. Deposited in CAS, MHNG.

Diagnosis: This species (Fig. 17) is unlike any other in the Galápagos by virtue of its brown lustred purple forewing with a large pale yellow patch postmedially and the hindwing similarly coloured brown along the margin and pale yellow from base to beyond middle. The wingspan of the only spread Galápagos specimen is 29.5 mm.

Biology: Host records are various Cucurbitaceae, for example in genera Citrullus, Cucurbita, Cucumis, Luffa, Momordica, Sechium and Sichana, but there is also one record in the Cactaceae (Robinson et al., 2014). In the Galápagos the two specimens at hand were collected in the agriculture zone in February and March.

Distribution: This species is found widely in the Western Hemisphere, from the USA across the Americas South to Argentina and including the West Indies (BMNH and MHNG specimens; Heppner, 2003; Robinson et al., 2014). From the Galápagos I have seen only specimens from Santa Cruz, but Causton et al. (2006) also report it from San Cristóbal.

Remark: I confirmed the identification of the Galápagos specimens with identified specimens in the BMNH.

Seven species of Ercta are now recognized (Nuss et al., 2016), two of which occur in the Neotropical region (Munroe, 1995).

Phalaena vittata Fabricius, 1794: 217. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 7 ♂, 20 ♀, 2 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Genovesa: Bahía Darwin. – Marchena: [no precise locality]. – Pinta: Plaja Ibbeston [sic]; Cabo Ibbetson, 8 m elev[ation]., N 00° 32.819′, W 90° 44.229′; arid zone; ± 15 m elev.; ± 50 m elev.; 200 m elev. Deposited in BMNH, CDRS, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: This medium-sized species (20-23 mm in wingspan) is unique among the Galápagos lepidopteran fauna by virtue of its grey forewing adorned with a black and white longitudinal streak along midline from base of wing until a pair of superposed black dots with white centre at the end of the cell (Fig. 18). There is also usually a thin black line from 2/3 dorsum to about 3/4 on costa and the termen is dotted black. The grey hindwing also has a black dotted termen and it also has a thin postmedian black line and two small black dots towards base medially.

Biology: The host plant and immatures are unknown (see Remarks below). Galápagos specimens have been collected in March and April mostly at low elevations, up to 200 m, only on three islands that were never inhabited, but which (at least Pinta) suffered degradations from introduced goats and the elimination of the giant tortoises.

Distribution: Described from ‘Americae meridionalis Insulis’ (Islands in South America) and widespread across the West Indies and South America from Paraguay and north (BMNH specimens), this species occurs as well in Costa Rica (www.boldsystems.org) and Florida, USA (Heppner, 2003; Patterson et al., 2015). From the Galápagos I have seen specimens only from Genovesa, Marchena, and Pinta.

Remarks: I have identified Galápagos specimens by comparison with specimens in the BMNH, including a dissected male. The larva has been recorded to feed on Euclasta torquillalis and Atomopteryx torquillalis (Heppner, 2003; Robinson et al., 2014), but this species name refers to a moth described by Möschler (1890) and a synonym of Ercta vittata (see Nuss et al., 2016).

One-hundred species are included in this genus (Nuss et al., 2016), 38 of which are mentioned from the Neotropical region (Munroe, 1995).

Phalaena bipunctalis Fabricius, 1794: 232.

Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Fabricius): Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: ♀ lectotype of synonym Botys philealis Walker, 1859, 3 ♂, 2 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands: – Genovesa: Bahía Darwin. – Isabela: ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil. – Santa Cruz: Charles Darwin Research Station; Charles Darwin Research Station, Barranco, 20 m elev[ation]. – Santiago: Jaboncillo [camp], ± 850 m elev. Deposited in MHNG.

Diagnosis: Measuring 23 to 25 mm in wingspan, this pale tan species can be recognized by its slightly darker forewing costa and apex, as well as by the two small contrasting eponymous dots in the cell, with the apical slightly bigger (Fig. 19). Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Figs 20, 21) is much darker and its darker markings are poorly apparent. Paler specimens of Asciodes quietalis (Fig. 6) are more evenly coloured on the forewing, without darker costa and apex, their transverse lines are zigzagged, and their apical cell dot is quadrangular with the centre concolourous with the forewing background.

Biology: The larva has been recorded to feed on a wide variety of host plants in the Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Hy-drangeaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Schi-sandraceae, Solanaceae, Tiliaceae, Urticaceae, Zingiberaceae (Robinson et al., 2014). In the Galápagos the five specimens available have been collected from March until May in anthropized as well as pristine habitats from the littoral zone to about 850 m in elevation.

Distribution: Described from ‘Americae Insulis’ (American Islands) this species is widespread across the World, including Australia in warmer regions, and the Western Hemisphere from Canada and eastern USA, across the West Indies and south to Argentina (Shaffer et al., 1996; Patterson et al., 2015; Robinson et al., 2014). It is known in the Galápagos from the islands of Genovesa, Isabela, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: I have identified Galápagos specimens based on specimens in the BMNH. Michael Shaffer, former curator of Pyraloidea at the BMNH, pinned a note under one specimen saying that it was conspecific with this species. The type would be in Copenhagen. A female lectotype for the synonym Botys philealis Walker, 1859, is designated with the following labels: 1- ‘47 | 9’ [recto], ‘Vene | zuela’ [verso] [circular, pale blue, hand written]; 2- ‘74. BOTYS PHILEALIS.’ [typed, folded]; 3- ‘Type’ [circular, green bordered, typed]; 4- ‘1953 | 424’ [hand written, upside down]; 5- ‘Lecto | type’ [circular, navy blue bordered, typed]; 6- ‘LECTOTYPE | Botys | philealis | Walker | Des. B. Landry, 2000’ [hand written except for Latin name, describer, and last two zeros]’; 7- ‘B.M. Pyralidae | Genitalia slide | No. 22278 ♀’ [typed except for female sign]; 8- LECTOTYPE | designated by | A. Solis, 2009’ [typed]. A paralectotype male without abdomen is also designated. The species is known as the Southern beet webworm (Heppner, 2003).

Botys phaeopteralis Guenée, 1854: 349.

Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Guenée): Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined

Type specimens: 2 ♀ syntypes without abdomen (BMNH).

Other specimens: 17 ♂, 25 ♀, 17 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Fernandina: SW side, GPS: 815 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.270′, W 91°35.341′; SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev., S 00° 21.910′, W 91° 34.034′. – Floreana: Scalesias near Cerro Pajas, GPS: elev. 329 m, S 01° 17.743′, W 90° 27.111′. – Isabela: Alcedo, lado NE, camp arida alta, 200 m; Alcedo, lado NE, 400 m, camp pega-pega; ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil; Sierra Negra, Corazon Verde; NE slope Alcedo, Los Guayabillos camp, GPS: 869 m elev., S 00° 24.976′, W 91° 04.617′; Sierra Negra, pampa zone, 1000 m [elevation]; Alcedo, lado NE, 1100 m, cumbre, caseta Cayot. – San Cristóbal: near Loberia, sea level, GPS: S 00° 55.277′, W 89° 36.909′; near Loberia, sea level, GPS: elev. 14 m, S 00° 55.149′, W 89° 36.897′; 1 km S El Progreso; base of Cerro Pelado; La Toma, ca. 6.5 km east El Progreso, GPS: 299 m elev., S 00° 55.356′, W 89° 31.089′; vic[inity]. El Junco, ca. 700 m; pampa zone. – Santa Cruz: 2 km W Bella Vista; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Media Luna, pampa zone. – Santiago: 200 m elev.; Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev.; Central [camp], 700 m elev.; Jaboncillo [camp], ± 850 m elev. Deposited in BMNH, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: This 18-22.5 mm wide species (Figs 20, 21) can be difficult to separate from four other brown species in the Galápagos by virtue of their darker brown markings. The key below, which excludes the similarly coloured Beebea guglielmi, because of its larger, 58-72 mm wingspan, should be sufficient for that purpose.

Biology: The recorded host plants are mostly Poaceae, but also Amaranthaceae and Polygonaceae in the Western Hemisphere (Robinson et al., 2014). Available Galápagos specimens were collected in all vegetation zones, up to the top of several islands, in anthropized as well as more natural habitats although at one time colonized by goats or other feral farm animals. Collecting dates are in January until May and November and December.

Distribution: Described from ‘toute l'Amérique méridionale’, this species is widespread across the Western Hemisphere from the USA (mostly in the south, but also as far north as Minnesota) to Argentina and across the West Indies (BMNH specimens; Patterson et al., 2015). Elsewhere it is also reported from Africa (De Prins & De Prins, 2015) as well as India and Sri Lanka (Robinson et al., 2014). In the Galápagos the available specimens are from Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: I have identified Galápagos specimens by comparing them with two syntypes from Cayenne, French Guiana and ‘Canad?’ without abdomen in the BMNH. The species was described from 15 specimens and I concur with Munroe (1995: 167) to refrain from designating a lectotype as better syntypes may turn up. The species is known as the Tropical sod webworm (Heppner, 2003).

A genus of only three species (Nuss et al., 2016), one of which occurring in the Western Hemisphere (Munroe, 1995).

Pyralis perspectalis Hübner, 1796: 18.

Hymenia perspectalis (Hübner): Parkin et al., 1972: 104. – Linsley, 1977: 37. – Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 13 ♂, 32 ♀, 22 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Española: Bahía Manzanillo; Las Tunas Trail, 100 m elev[ation]. – Fernandina: SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev., S 00° 21.910′, W 91° 34.034′. – Isabela: Tagus Cove; ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev.; Albermarle, San[to] Tomas, 1200 f[ee]t; V. Darwin, 630 m elev.; V. Darwin, 1000 m elev.; Alcedo, lado NE, 1100 m, cumbre, caseta Cayot. – Pinta: ± 15 m elev.; 200 m elev.; 400 m elev. – San Cristóbal: La Toma, ca. 6.5 km east El Progreso, GPS: 299 m elev., S 00° 55.356′, W 89° 31.089′. – Santa Cruz: Charles Darwin Research Station; Bahía Conway; low agriculture zone, GPS: S 00°42.132′, W 90° 19.156′; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Horneman Farm, 200 m; Horneman Farm, 220 m; Los Gemelos. – Santiago: San Salvador, Bahia James; Bahía Espumilla; N side, GPS: 147 m elev., S 00° 12.186′, W 090° 42.888′; 200 m elev.; N side, GPS: 437 m elev., S 00° 13.316′, W 090° 43.808′; Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev.; NE side, close to Caseta, GPS: 686 m elev., S 00°14.177′, W 90°44.619′; Central [camp], 700 m elev.; Jaboncillo [camp], ± 850 m elev.. Deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: Quite variable in size, with a wingspan between 15 and 21 mm, this dark brown species (Figs 22, 23) is most similar to Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) (Fig. 63), which is somewhat paler brown. Their white markings differ in the forewing by the thin median fascia from the dorsum not touching the discocellular stigma in H. perspectalis, wider and touching the discocellular stigma in S. recurvalis, and on the hindwing by the thin fascia presenting a median bilobed projection medially on the external margin in H. perspectalis compared to the wider and evenly margined fascia of S. recurvalis. Cryptobotys zoilusalis (Walker) (Figs 10, 11) also has white to cream fasciae, but these are very thin and that of the hindwing doesn't have a bilobed projection medially.

Biology: Reputed to be polyphagous, this species has been reared on host plants in the family Amaranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Balsaminaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Solanaceae (Robinson et al., 2014). Galápagos specimens have been collected from February until May in all altitudinal zones, up to the top of volcanoes, such as at 1341 m on Fernandina, in a diverse range of habitats.

Distribution: Based on specimens in the BMNH and MHNG this species is widespread in the Western Hemisphere from the USA to Argentina and the West Indies, but it occurs also in tropical and subtropical locales of Africa (De Prins & De Prins, 2015) and India (Robinson et al., 2014) and other islands such as Aldabra in the Indian Ocean (Shaffer & Munroe, 2007). Widespread in the Galápagos, it has been found so far on the seven islands listed above.

Remarks: I confirmed the identification of Galápagos specimens by comparing them with the original description and specimens in the BMNH. The type material pertaining to this species is lost, but the illustration in the original description (pl. 16 fig. 101) provided by Hübner leaves no doubt as to the identity of this species. The type locality is recorded as England, but the species is not resident in Europe, nor a regular migrant (Slamka, 2013; Nuss et al., 2016).

Thirty-six species make up this predominantly Western Hemisphere genus (Nuss et al., 2016) with 33 having been described from the Neotropical region (Munroe, 1995).

Material examined

Holotype: ♀, ‘ECUADOR [sideways on left side] | GALÁPAGOS | Santa Crúz | Los Gemelos | 31.I.1989, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight] | [legit] B. Landry’; ‘HOLOTYPE | Lineodes | corinnae | B. Landry’. Deposited in the CNC.

Paratypes: 3 ♂, 48 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands. – Isabela: 1 ♀, Albermarle, Volcan Sierra Negra (= Santo Tomas), Corazon Verde, 360 m, i.1971 (B.M. 1971-79, Ref.No.L118);1♀,3kmNS[an]toTómas,Agr[iculture]. Zone, 8.iii.1989, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight] (B. Landry); 7 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8678), NE slope Alcedo, ca. 400 m up (S) Los Guayabillos camp, GPS: 892 m elev[ation]., S 00° 25.208′, W 91° 04.765′, 1.iv.2004, u[ltra]v[iolet]l[ight] (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 1 ♂ (dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8677), NE slope Alcedo, Los Guayabillos camp, GPS: 869 m elev., S 00° 24.976′, W 91° 04.617′, 2.iv.2004, uvl (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 1 ♂, 9 ♀, Alcedo, lado NE, 700 m, camp guayabillos, 16.iv.2002, uvl (B. Landry, L. Roque); 2 ♀, Alcedo, lado NE, 1100 m, cumbre, caseta Cayot, 17.iv.2002, uvl (B. Landry, L. Roque); 2 ♀, V[olcan]. Darwin, 630 m elev., 16.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂ (slide BL 1802), Albermarle, San[to] Tomas, 1200 ft alt[itude]., 23.viii.[19]06 (F.X. Williams); 2 ♀, Alcedo, 1100 m elev., 13.x.1998, uvl (L. Roque); 1 ♀, Sierra Negra, Alemania, xi.1974 (T.J. de Vries, B.M. 1976-58); 1 ♀, Sierra Negra, Corazon Verde, xi-xii.1974 (T.J. de Vries, B.M. 1976-58). – Santa Cruz: 6 ♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, Horneman Farm, 220 m, 5.iv.1964 (D.Q. Cavagnaro); 1 ♀, Los Gemelos, 4.v.2002, uvl (B. Landry, L. Roque); 1 ♀ (slide MHNG-ENTO-8682), Los Gemelos, 27.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♀, [no specific locality or collector], vi.1970 (B.M. 1970-567, Ref. No. L. 118). – Santiago: 4 ♀, N side, GPS: 527 m elev., S 00° 13.690°, W 90° 44.135′, 5.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz); 1 ♀, NE side, close to Caseta, GPS: 686 m elev., S 00°14.177′, W 90°44.619′, 6.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz); 1 ♀, Highlands, los jaboncillos [camp], 820 m, 63.iv.1974 (B.M. 1975-7); 5 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8681), Central [camp], 700 m elev., MVL (B. Landry). Deposited in BMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: The females (Figs 25, 26), which have a wingspan of 13-18 mm, will be distinguished from congeners by the combination of markings of various shades of brown and the simple, thin, white postmedian line paralleling the termen for most of its length. The otherwise mostly dark brown hindwing also has a white to pale yellow spot, often v-shaped, between CuA2 and A1 submarginally. The males (Fig. 27), with a wingspan of 13 mm, are noticeably darker than the females and with less apparent markings.

Etymology: I take pleasure in naming this species after my colleague Corinne Reuteler, for her always enthusiastic and professional technical assistance and for her friendship.

Description: Male (n=3) (Fig. 27). Head with frons flat, vestiture appressed, with mixed colours including various shades of brown, yellowish orange, and more or less pure white, bulging occiput with mostly broad appressed scales directed anteromedially; antenna filiform, with reduced slightly erect vestiture of 3 scales at base and 0-2 just beyond except for laterally incomplete ring of basal scales on last 15 or so flagellomeres, ciliation dense on conspicuous protruding bases, shorter than width of flagellomeres to about as wide toward apex, scales dark brown with ventral cream patch on scape, mostly greyish brown with paler base beyond, with some yellowish on basal flagellomeres; maxillary palpus dark brown, with scales projecting forward slightly beyond frons; labial palpus porrect, projecting beyond frons for slightly more than 1.5X eye diameter, mostly dark brown with few orange scales laterally and along dorsal margin, white at base ventrally and cream to yellowish orange at base medially; haustellum yellowish orange. Thorax dorsally mostly with dark greyish brown scales with paler base, with few paler greyish brown and orange scales, white as narrow transverse band postmedially and along edges of metascutum. Foreleg coxa cream to yellowish orange with scattered dark brown and chestnut brown scales; femur as coxa, with black patch around distal 1/3; tibia blackish brown, with white ventrally at base and at apex dorsally; tarsomere I blackish brown with white at base, II dark greyish brown with white at base, III-V unicoloured greyish brown. Midleg femur as on foreleg but without black patch; tibia blackish brown with more or less dense scattering of white scales, especially on basal half, spurs well developed though short, blackish brown and dirty white; tarsomeres as on foreleg. Hindleg femur as on midleg, but more uniformly blackish brown at base; tibia as on midleg, with 2 pairs of spurs also short and coloured as on midleg; tarsomeres as on midleg. Forewing length: 6.0 mm (wingspan: 13.0 mm). Forewing vestiture as shown, sometimes with white postmedian lines more prominent, the outer one connecting above dorsal margin with thin subapical white line barely apparent in specimen shown. Abdomen dorsally blackish brown with white along all margins of whole of tergite I and on apical margin of tergites II-VII, also with chestnut brown medially on tergites II and III, and increasingly more laterally on tergites IV-VI, forming inverted V, basal scales apically covering genitalia blackish brown, longer apical scales paler greyish brown to dirty white; ventrally blackish brown, mottled with pale greyish brown, chestnut brown, white, and yellowish orange scales, with apical margin of each tergite white, although blackish brown medially on first three tergites. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 84).

Male genitalia (n=2) (Fig. 107). Uncus short, basically straight, of medium girth, with slightly enlarged bare base with rounded lateral margins, dorsally adorned with thick, blunt spines on distal 3/5 and with a few short setae on second fifth of length. Subscaphium short, not reaching tip of uncus, lightly sclerotized. Tegumen wide with complete cover and thickened margins except medially at apex and base. Pseudognathos laterally narrow, disconnected medially. Transtilla a pair of broad plates with median membranous connection the length of one plate. Valva quadrangular, with apex slightly rounded, with more thickly sclerotized dorsal margin slightly concave, medially on dorsal half at base with short, shortly setose low ridge connected at base with transtilla and followed by broad, triangular fibula with rounded angles almost touching ventral margin. Juxta almost a perfect circle. Vinculum with arms slightly enlarging on dorsal half; saccus bulbous, directed anterodorsally and slightly concave medially. Phallus an almost straight, homogeneously sclerotized tube about as long as valva; vesica with section of 1/3 length of shaft set with 30 or more short spine-like cornuti.

Female (n=49) (Figs 25, 26): Antenna with ciliation less conspicuous than in male, with complete set of scales on each flagellomere, including complete basal ring except on first few flagellomeres without ventral scales; most scales appressed, but basal rings partly erect toward apex of flagellum; blackish brown to dark brown with orange on scape, mostly greyish brown but dorsally with white basal scales on first few flagellomeres. Thorax dorsally on basal half mottled white, pale and dark greyish brown, as well as with few orange scales, distal half with scales white and dark greyish brown with paler bases. Legs with some yellowish orange scaling also on tibiae of mid- and hindleg, as well as on tarsomere I. Forewing length: 6.5-8.5 mm (holotype: 7.0 mm) (wingspan: 14.0-17.5 mm; holotype: 15.0 mm). Wing vestiture paler brown than in males, with generally more distinct markings as shown, with some of them, i.e. at base, medially, and between subapical and subterminal lines sometimes pale greenish olive. Abdomen dorsally paler than in male, with blackish brown most prominent laterally and apical white line of tergites less conspicuous; ventrally with pale greyish brown and white scaling more prominent than in male.

Female genitalia (n=3) (Fig. 153). Papillae anales slightly elongate, almost half as long as wide, slightly longer dorsally, broadly rounded apically; sclerotized support band very narrow and short, a thin pointed blade on each side of apophysis base; posterior apophyses long and straight, about 3X width of papillae anales, with narrow enlargement at 2/5. Segment VIII elongate, with tergum plate dorsally twice as long as on ventral side of apophyses, with few setae of medium length; without sternal plates or modifications of the membrane posterior to and around ostium bursae; anterior apophyses about as long but thicker than posterior apophyses, without differentiated enlargement subbasally. Ductus bursae with colliculum dorsoventrally flattened, and divided into two equally long parts, the basal parallel-margined and more thickly sclerotized dorsally and (apparently also) ventrally, the second, slightly wider at base and narrowing, sclerotized more lightly and with inception of ductus seminalis mediodorsally; subsequent section of ductus bursae, from 2/5 to 3/5 narrowing and ridged; ultimate section very narrow and unmodified. Corpus bursae small, about half as long as ductus bursae, circular, without signum or other modifications of membrane.

Biology: The host plant of the larva and the immature stages are unknown. The habitats of the species are at or above 220 m in elevation, from the agriculture zone to the rim of the volcanoes on which slopes the species occurs, in anthropized habitats to others only modified by goats or other feral farm animals. Collecting dates are in all months of the year except February, July, and September.

Distribution: Endemic to the Galápagos, this species has been found on the islands of Isabela, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remark: The colliculum of the female ductus bursae after dissection is so much collapsed onto itself dorsoventrally that it is not possible to clearly discern which side (dorsal, ventral, or both) is well sclerotized.

Lineodes fontella Walsingham in Hampson, 1913: 314-315. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined

Holotype: ♀ from Jamaica (BMNH).

Other specimens: 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 3 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Isabela: 11 km N P[uer] to Villamil; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev[ation]. – Santiago: James Bay, E side near lagoons, alt[itude]. ± 2 m. – Santa Cruz: [more precise locality unrecorded]; NNW Bella Vista, GPS: 225 m elev., S 00° 41.293′, W 90° 19.665′. Deposited in BMNH, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: Among Lineodes species, L. fontella is easily recognized by its wing markings, especially the round-ended hook of the postmedian line of the forewing and the two small black dots postmedially on the hindwing (Fig. 28). See also Hayden et al. (2013). In Galápagos specimens the wingspan is between 15 and 17 mm.

Biology: The larva has been reared on the fruits of various species of Physalis (ground cherries, Solanaceae) (Hayden et al., 2013). In the Galápagos the four specimens available have been collected in February, March, and May from sea level up to 300 m in elevation, in anthropized as well as pristine habitats. Four species of Physalis occur in the Galápagos, including the endemic Physalis galapagoensis Waterf., which is found on the islands of Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015).

Distribution: Based on museum specimens examined (BMNH), this species is known from Jamaica, the type locality, USA (Florida), British Guiana, Suriname, and Brazil. Hayden et al. (2013) mention it as widely distributed in the Neotropical region (Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama) and in the southern US. In the Galápagos this species has been collected on Isabela, Santiago, and Santa Cruz.

Remark: I have compared one of my Galápagos specimens with material in the BMNH, including the holotype female from Jamaica (slide BM 1289), for securing its identification.

Scoptonoma integra Zeller, 1873: 328, 329.

Lineodes integra (Zeller): Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined:

Type specimens: One syntype from Texas (BMNH).

Other specimens: 6 ♂, 15 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands: – Fernandina: SW side, GPS: 815 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.270′, W 91°35.341′; SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev., S 00° 21.910′, W 91° 34.034′. – Isabela: ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil; Alcedo, lado NE, 700 m, camp guayabillos; NE slope Alcedo, ca. 400 m up (S) Los Guayabillos camp, GPS: 892 m elev., S 00° 25.208′, W 91° 04.765′; Sierra Negra, Corazon Verde; V[olcan]. Darwin, 1240 m elev. – Pinta: Cabo Ibbetson, 8 m elev., N 00° 32.819′, W 90° 44.229′; 200 m elev.; 400 m elev. – Santiago: Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev. Deposited in BMNH, CDRS, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: The paler crescent at the end of the forewing cell, the double white postmedian line near the forewing apex, and the paler submarginal line on the almost entirely and uniformly dark brown hindwing (Fig. 24) will distinguish this species from all other members of the genus. See also Hayden et al. (2013). The Galápagos specimens examined have a wingspan of 17-23 mm.

Biology: The recorded host plants are a diverse array of Solanaceae, including a good number of Solanum species (Hayden et al., 2013; Robinson et al., 2014). Hayden et al. (2013) mention that young larvae begin by feeding under leaves, eventually skeletonizing them while later instars web and roll leaves. When densities are high, larvae also graze the surface of fruits. Pupation occurs on the plant. On the Galápagos specimens have been collected from sea level up to 1341 m in elevation, in anthropized as well as pristine habitats, from February until May and in November and December. The Galápagos flora of Solanaceae is rather rich, with 46 species in 22 genera, including many endemics (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015).

Distribution: Based on BMNH specimens examined, this species is known from the USA (Texas), Grenada, Colombia, Honduras, Uruguay, and Cuba. Hayden et al. (2013) also record it from several additional US states, up north to Wisconsin and Washington, and south of the USA in Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Nicaragua. In the Galápagos specimens have been collected so far on Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, and Santiago.

Remarks: I have compared one of my Galápagos specimens with the ‘type’ in the BMNH, which has no abdomen. The species was described from a pair (Zeller, 1873: 329) from Texas, USA, one of which is in the BMNH and labelled as the holotype. I refrain from selecting a lectotype because the other specimen may be deposited in another collection and still have its abdomen.

Material examined

Holotype: 1♂, ‘GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: | Santa Cruz (Indefatigable), | VI.1970.’; ‘B.M. 1970-567 | Ref. No. L. 118’; ‘B. M. Pyralidae | Genitalia slide | No. 21191 ♂’; ‘HOLOTYPE | Lineodes | vulcanalis B. Landry’. Deposited in BMNH.

Paratype: 1 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands. – Isabela: 1 ♀ (dissected, slide B. M. Pyralidae Genitalia slide No. 21192), Sierra Negra, Alemania, xi.1974 (T.J. de Vries) (B.M. 1976–58). Deposited in BMNH.

Diagnosis: The almost black forewing ground colour with the only markings as fine antemedian and median pure white fasciae and an orange patch submarginally near the tornus will separate this species (Figs 29, 30) from all others of the genus. It is similar to L. triangulalis Möschler [see Hayden et al. (2013)] and L. serpulalis Lederer in the presence of orange scaling submarginally near the forewing tornus, although only as a small orange line, and several white contrasting markings such as a wide median fascia and a double postmedian line in the radial and median sectors. Lineodes vulcanalis is also similar to Atomopteryx coelodactyla (Zeller, 1863) described from Venezuela, but this species is larger (holotype: 15 mm in forewing length) and the hindwing is paler toward the base and at least with an inverted, darker crescent at the end of the cell, and sometimes an indication of a subterminal line.

Etymology: The epithet refers to the dark colour of the holotype and to the volcanic nature of the Galápagos archipelago.

Description: Male (n=1) (Fig. 30). Head with frons protruding slightly, very slightly rounded, with slightly convex and thickened margin of frontoclypeus, vestiture short, appressed and mostly black on frons, with orange on dorsal part of frons, with white band along margin of eye from base of antenna to apex of frons, short scales behind eye ventrally orange, longer narrow scales on occiput mostly dark brown with few orange, projecting anteromedially; antenna filiform, with ventral ciliation dense and slightly longer than width of flagellomeres all along flagellum, scape with scales mostly black, with white spot at tip, first few flagellomeres with contrasting rows of basal, yellowish orange and apical, dark greyish brown appressed scales, with pair of yellowish orange scales laterally on each side of flagellomere basally, second third of flagellum with greyish brown scales gradually becoming paler and lateral yellowish orange scales becoming more erect, distal third with scales all yellowish orange and lateral scales distinctly erect; maxillary palpus small, directed upward, black scaled; labial palpus short, directed upward at half right angle, projecting barely above top of head and anteriorly for about as long as eye diameter, vestiture mottled with scales black to dark brown to chestnut brown with paler bases; haustellum with scales black to dark brown with slightly paler bases. Thorax dorsally mostly dark greyish brown with black scales, with small white patches laterally on mesoscutellum and on metascutum, also with chestnut brown on mesoscutellum and metascutum. Foreleg coxa blackish brown with paler greyish brown toward apex; femur blackish brown on basal half, with postmedian patch of yellowish orange, distally dark greyish brown with mixed chestnut brown; tibia chestnut brown on basal 1/3, blackish brown beyond; tarsomeres cream, with blackish brown at tip on first and second, pale greyish brown at tip of third. Midleg femur blackish brown with few scattered chestnut brown scales; tibia cream with scattered darker scales of different shades of brown, with chestnut brown patch subbasally followed by blackish brown patch, blackish brown at tip, only one tiny spur observed, dirty white; tarsomeres as on foreleg. Hindleg femur blackish brown with chestnut brown near middle, with apex on only complete hindleg hidden; single available tibia with base hidden, blackish brown toward base and apically, paler cream midsection with scattered chestnut brown and darker brown scales, one tiny spur observed, dirty white; tarsomeres cream, with greyish brown at apex of first and second. Forewing length: 6.5 mm. Wingspan not measurable as specimen is not spread. Forewing vestiture (Fig. 30) blackish brown with markings as snow white patch at 1/4 inner margin with few white scales above, snow white line at 1/2 inner margin curving outward and reaching diffuse dirty white patch postmedially below costa, with chestnut brown line on costa before apex, and with orange patch in anal angle not touching margin; fringe in Medial and Cubital sectors white, otherwise blackish brown. Hindwing not visible. Abdomen dorsally mostly blackish brown with paler based scales, with extensive chestnut brown on first tergite and as patches laterally on tergites II-VI, with few orange scales apically on tergite VII; ventrally blackish brown with scattered paler greyish brown and chestnut brown scales. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 85).

Male genitalia (n=1) (Fig. 110). Uncus short, about 1/3 of length of tegumen, slightly down-curved, of medium girth, with slightly enlarged bare base, dorsally adorned with thick, blunt spines on distal 3/5 and with a few short setae on second fifth of length. Subscaphium narrow, reaching middle of uncus, well sclerotized distally. Tegumen forming complete cover, narrowing distally, with slightly concave lateral margins at mid-length, about twice as long as mid-length width, with thickened lateral margins and median, longitudinal band of thicker sclerotization. Pseudognathos laterally narrow and thickly sclerotized, medially more thinly sclerotized and enlarged to twice lateral length. Transtilla with triangular lateral arms disconnected medially by length of one arm. Valva elongate, 4X as long as median width, dorsal margin thickly sclerotized on basal half, slightly concave medially, ventral margin slightly convex, more thickly sclerotized on basal half, medially at base with ventrally-directed, diagonal, thickly sclerotized, straight, thin, and pointed fibula with slightly wider base abutting transtilla. Juxta lightly sclerotized, ‘heart’ shaped, with narrow base, widening with rounded lateral margins, apically cleft. Vinculum narrow, horse scapula like, with thickly sclerotized anterior margin; saccus only slightly projecting medioventrally. Phallus straight, tube-like, with slightly enlarged bulbous base, with less thickly sclerotized dorsal wall, almost 3/4 length of valva; vesica scobinated, with one single, slightly curved cornutus about 0.15X length of phallus shaft.

Female (n=1) (Fig. 29): Antenna with ciliation slightly shorter than width of corresponding flagellomeres. Forewing length: 11.0 mm. Wingspan not measurable as specimen is not spread. Forewing vestiture less dark than in male, with more chestnut brown on dorsal half especially at base and before orange anal patch. Hindwing pale greyish brown with longitudinal patches of blackish brown along anal margin and second cubital vein, with small orange patch submarginally and on dorsal side of Cu2. Abdomen dorsally with chestnut brown featuring less prominently on tergites IV-VII than in male.

Female genitalia (n=1) (Fig. 156). Papillae anales of regular narrow length along whole setose surface; sclerotized basal margin very narrow and short; posterior apophyses about as long as width of papillae anales. Segment VIII with tergum widely sclerotized dorsally, about 1/3 of dorsal width just before posterior apophyses, and slightly wider ventrad from apophyses; with broad, lightly sclerotized and square sternal plate with lateral margins slightly converging apically and anterior and posterior margins concave; anterior apophyses almost twice as long as posterior apophyses, only very slightly enlarged at 1/4. Membrane around ostium bursae unmodified. Ductus bursae long and thin, with basal 1/20th of length membranous, second 20th forming well sclerotized colliculum, with inception of ductus seminalis at 3/20, with short enlargement at 7/10 followed by spiculate distal section until corpus bursae. Corpus bursae circular and short, about 1/4 of length of ductus bursae, with single signum a small rounded and spined depression.

Biology: Unknown except for the collecting months, i.e. June and November.

Distribution: Endemic to the Galápagos and found so far only on Santa Cruz and Isabela.

Remark: The female paratype specimen possibly belongs to another species as it is from a different island of the archipelago than the male holotype, but the forewing markings do match very well.

A Western Hemisphere genus containing four species (Munroe, 1995; Nuss et al., 2016) distributed from Texas to Argentina.

Botys cambogialis Guenée, 1854: 331.

Loxomorpha cambogialis (Guenée): Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined

Type specimens: ♂ lectotype, ♀ paralectotype from Brazil (BMNH).

Other specimens: 11 ♂, 18 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands: – Isabela: Alcedo, lado NE, camp arida alta, 200 m; Volcan Sierra Negra, Santo Tomas, Corazon Verde, 360 m; Sierra Negra, Corazon Verde; 11 km N Puerto Villamil; ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil. – Pinzón: plaja [sic] Escondida. – San Cristóbal: 4 km SE Pto Baquarizo [sic]; transition zone, SW El Progreso, GPS: elev[ation]. 75 m, S 00°56.359′, W 89° 32.906′. – Santa Cruz: casa L. Roque-Albelo & V. Cruz, GPS: 137 m elev., 00° 42.595′, W 90° 19.196′; transition zone, recently cut road, GPS: S 00°42.528′, W 90°18.849′; Horneman Farm; Horneman Farm, 220 m; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Los Gemelos. Deposited in BMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: In the Galápagos this species (Figs 31, 32) is most similar to Neohelvibotys hoecki Landry, 2015, based on size and general colouration, but it differs externally by the round frons, conical in N. hoecki, and the hindwing pattern with an extra dot submedially in L. cambogialis. Wingspan: 9-12 mm.

Biology: De la Torre y Callejas (1967) recorded the larva on Opuntia dillenii (Cactaceae), without further indication. Robinson et al. (2014) report rearing records from eight different host plants in the Amaranthaceae, Basellaceae, Fabaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, and Urticaceae from Brazil and Cuba. Moths in the Galápagos have been collected from sea level up to about 720 m (Los Gemelos, Santa Cruz), in anthropized as well as pristine habitats, and from January until May and in November and December.

Distribution: Widespread in the Western Hemisphere in warmer climates, as follows, based on published records: Brazil (type locality, Guenée, 1854), Colombia (Snellen, 1875), Cuba (De la Torre y Callejas, 1967), Guadeloupe (Munroe, 1956), Jamaica (Butler, 1878), Puerto Rico (Möschler, 1890; Schaus, 1940), USA (Florida) (Kimball, 1965; Heppner, 2003; Patterson et al., 2015), Venezuela (Heppner, 2003). Also found in Grenada (Caribbean), Paraguay, and Peru based on BMNH specimens. In the Galápagos the species has been collected on Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, and Santa Cruz.

Remarks: Loxomorpha cambogialis occurs in two forms in the Galápagos, one ‘white’ form (Fig. 31) on Isabela Island, and a bright yellow form (Fig. 32) on the other three islands on which the species has been found thus far, but clear differences in genitalia are not perceptible. Based on a personal communication by Alma Solis (24.iii.2014), I refrain from naming the light form as a new subspecies, the type series of L. cambogialis being bright yellow, because similar variation occurs elsewhere such as in Cuba, from where there is a reared pair in the USNM for which the female is dark yellow and the male lighter, like the Isabela specimens. The species was described from Brazil on the basis of two specimens recorded as a male and a female (Guenée, 1854: 331). Both specimens are in the BMNH, but one, the female, is without abdomen and designated paralectotype while the other, a male with the abdomen in a gelatine capsule, was dissected (slide BM 21109) and is here designated lectotype: 1-‘Lecto- | type’ [circular, with marine blue edge, typed]; 2- ‘Cotype’ [orange, typed]; 3- ‘Brasil | ex coll. Gn’ (typed); 4- ‘Paravicini Coll. | BM 1937-383’ [typed]; 5- ‘B.M. Pyralidae | Genitalia Slide | No. 21109 ♂’ [typed except male sign]; 6- ‘Cambogialis | Gn. Brésil’ [handwritten]; 7- ‘LECTOTYPE | Botys cambogialis | Guenée | Des. B. Landry, 2000’. The dissected lectotype had two tufts of rather wide androconial scales of medium length (inferior tuft) to long (superior tuft) on the membrane before the genitalia next to the tegumen, which became detached during the dissection.

Three species of this genus occur in the Western Hemisphere (Munroe, 1995), but it contains altogether 37 described species (Nuss et al., 2016).

Salbia trapezalis Guenée, 1854: 200.

Marasmia trapezalis (Guenée): Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined

Holotype: ♂ from Sierra Leone without abdomen (BMNH).

Other specimens: 6 ♂, 10 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands: – Isabela: Sierra Negra, 11 km N Puerto Villamil, GPS: S 00° 87.613′, W 91° 00.903′; ± 15 km N P[uer] to Villamil. – San Cristóbal: El Junco, east side, GPS: 654 m elev[ation]., S 00° 53.734′, W 89° 28.727′. – Santa Cruz: Charles Darwin Research Station, Barranco, 20 m elev.; low agriculture zone, GPS: S 00°42.132′, W 90° 19.156′; NNW Bella Vista, GPS: 225 m elev., S 00° 41.293′, W 90° 19.665′; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Los Gemelos. – Santiago: Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev.; Central [camp], 700 m elev. Deposited in CDRS and MHNG.

Diagnosis: The three straight lines of the hindwing, the basal two slightly interrupted (Figs 33, 34), represent a unique diagnostic character with regard to the other Spilomelinae species of the Galápagos. The wingspan based on the Galápagos specimens examined is 19-21 mm.

Biology: The larva is recorded to feed on a wide variety of plants of the family Poaceae, including rice, millet, sugar cane, and sorghum (Robinson et al., 2014). In the Galápagos specimens have been collected from the littoral zone up to about 1000 m in elevation in a diverse range of habitats, and from February until May.

Distribution: Based on BMNH specimens this species is found in the Neotropical region in Argentina, Dominican Republic, and Jamaica. Patterson et al. (2015) record it from Florida, Texas and a few other states of the south east USA. It was described from Sierra Leone and has been recorded widely in Africa (BMNH specimens; De Prins & De Prins, 2015). It is also known from India and Myanmar (Robinson et al., 2014). On the Galápagos the species has been collected on Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: Marasmia trapezalis was described from a male from Sierra Leone. The genitalia on the slide preparation of the lectotype of Botys creonalis Walker, 1859 (BMNH), a synonym of M. trapezalis, are identical to those of a dissected female from Sierra Leone, and of those of a female from the Galápagos (Fig. 158). A lectotype is designated here for Botys creonalis Walker, 1859, described from Santo Domingo on the basis of two specimens. This female lectotype bears the following labels: 1-‘Type’ [circular, green bordered, typed], 2- ‘St. Dom. / 55.1’ [typed]; 3-‘Pyralidae / Brit. Mus. / Slide No. / 6402’ [typed in red, except for hand written number in black ink]; 4- ‘Photographed / B. M. Negative’ [typed, except for cross bar]; 5- ‘55. BOTYS CREONALIS.’ [typed, folded]; 6- ‘Lecto/ type’ [circular, marine blue bordered, typed]; 7- ‘LECTOTYPE / Botys / creonalis / Walker / Des. B. Landry, 2000’ [typed except for name and last two zeros]. The second syntype is designated paralectotype; it is a dissected female (Pyralidae Brit. Mus. Slide No. 6404).

This genus of four species described from Asia (Nuss et al., 2016) contains one that occurs widely in the Western Hemisphere (Munroe, 1995).

Phalaena vitrata Fabricius, 1787: 215.

Maruca vitrata (Fabricius): Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 1 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Isabela: Volcán Darwin, 900 m. Deposited in CDRS.

Diagnosis: The brown forewing background with a large satiny white patch bordered dark brown postmedially with two additional concolourous white patches anteriorly, along with the mostly white hindwing (Fig. 35) are sufficient to separate this species from all other Spilomelinae of the Galápagos. Wingspan: 22-30 mm (n=77 MHNG specimens).

Biology: The larva is known to feed primarily on a variety of Fabaceae such as crops like peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], hyacinth bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet], and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), but it has also been recorded from other plant families (Robinson et al., 2014). The larva feeds on flowers, flower buds, and young pods. The species is a serious pest of grain legumes around the world (Sharma, 1998). From the Galápagos the only available specimen was collected at light.

Distribution: Based on BMNH specimens as well as De Prins & De Prins (2015), Heppner (2003), Robinson et al. (1994), Shaffer et al. (1996) and Slamka (2013) the species is widespread around the world under tropical and subtropical climates. In the Galápagos it has been collected on Isabela.

Remarks: I was able to identify the Galápagos specimen from a photo received from Lazaro Roque-Albelo, in 2001, by comparing it with identified specimens in the BMNH. The specimen was collected in March 2000 by L. Roque-Albelo. The specimen illustrated here was collected in Ecuador, Pichincha Province, S 00° 01.253′, W 78° 46.600′, at about 1300 m in elevation (MHNG).

This strictly Neotropical genus contains seven species (Nuss et al., 2016), two more than recorded by Munroe (1995) due to his omission of one (microthyralis Snellen, 1899, described in Crossophora) and the transfer of Cyclocena lelex (Cramer, 1777) to Microthyris by Hayden & Dickel (2014).

Botys anormalis Guenée, 1854: 352.

Microthyris anormalis (Guenée): Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 15 ♂, 20 ♀, 4 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Isabela: Punta Albermarle, SW old US radar site; 1 km W Puerto Villamil; Sierra Negra, 11 km N Puerto Villamil, GPS: S 00° 87.613′, W 91° 00.903′; 3 km N S[an]to Tómas, Agr[iculture]. zone; Sierra Negra, pampa zone, 1000 m; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev[ation].; Alcedo, lado NE, 400 m, camp pega-pega; ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil. – San Cristóbal: near Loberia, sea level, GPS: S 00° 55.277′, W 89° 36.909′; 4 km SE Pto Baquarizo [sic]; 1 km S El Progreso; base of Cerro Pelado; La Toma, ca. 6.5 km east El Progreso, GPS: 299 m elev., S 00° 55.356′, W 89° 31.089′; pampa zone; El Junco, east side, GPS: 654 m elev., S 00° 53.734′, W 89° 28.727′. – Santa Cruz: transition zone, recently cut road, GPS: S 00°42.528′, W 90°18.849′; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Horneman Farm, 200 m; Horneman Farm, 220 m; Los Gemelos; Media Luna. Deposited in AMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: The greyish brown wings with dirty white to pale cream spots on the forewing and a pair of black lines on the hindwing (Fig. 36) will easily allow for this species to be identified among Galápagos Spilomelinae. No other species has a combination of the presence of paler spots on the forewing and only darker lines on the hindwing. In Samea coffea sp. n. (Figs 55, 56) the more numerous paler markings of the forewing are partly linear and on the hindwing, the darker lines are generally outlined by paler scaling and there is usually a submedian spot with paler centre. Wingspan: 24-30 mm.

Biology: One CDRS specimen labelled ‘106’ refers to a note mentioning ‘Ipomoea’ as the ‘food’. Robinson et al. (2014) report it from Convolvulaceae [sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. and common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth]. Heppner (2003) adds Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. (Convolvulaceae), a native Mexican morning glory that has become invasive elsewhere. Available Galápagos specimens have been collected from the littoral zone up to about 1000 m in elevation, in habitats ranging from anthropized to nearly pristine, from February until June.

Distribution: Widespread in the Western Hemisphere, it has been recorded from the USA (Florida and Texas), south through the Antilles, Central America and South America to Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Ecuador (BMNH and MHNG specimens; Patterson et al., 2015). On the Galápagos so far this species has been found on Isabela, San Cristóbal, and Santa Cruz.

Remarks: This species was described from a male from Brazil. This holotype would normally be in the BMNH, but it wasn't found there or elsewhere. The Galápagos specimens match the original description and specimens identified as such in the BMNH.

This Neotropical genus contains eight species (Nuss et al., 2016), one more than recorded by Munroe (1995) due to the addition of a new species described in 2007 from Colombia.

Leucinodes elegantalis Guenée, 1854: 222.

Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée): Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 1 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands: – Santa Cruz: Academy Bay. Deposited in BMNH.

Diagnosis: The mostly hyaline white wings with dark brown patches terminally toward apex and basally, in addition to a mostly rust brown patch medially on dorsum (Fig. 37) will easily separate this species from the other Galápagos Spilomelinae. The forewing length of the single, unspread Galápagos specimen known is 12.5 mm (wingspan about 26 mm), but the species varies in this respect between 8 and 13 mm (see Hayden et al., 2013).

Biology: Known as the Tomato fruit borer, the larva of this species has been recorded to feed on a number of Solanaceae species, but especially in the genus Solanum (Hayden et al., 2013). Eggs are preferentially laid on young fruits, 1-3 cm in diameter. Newly hatched larvae immediately start boring into the fruit. Larvae consume seeds and fruit flesh and after five moults exit the fruit to pupate in a rolled leaf edge or among plant debris on the ground (Hayden et al., 2013). The only specimen recorded from the Galápagos was collected in the littoral or arid zone in August 1969.

Distribution: Based on BMNH specimens (perhaps not all correctly identified), this native Western Hemisphere denizen of the tropical and subtropical regions is found in Trinidad, Mexico, Guatemala, British Guiana, Surinam, Colombia, and Brazil. Hayden et al. (2013) report a wide distribution from Mexico through the Antilles, Central and South America to Peru and Argentina. It is reported from Florida, USA according to Heppner (2003), but it is not present in North America according to Hayden et al. (2013). Only one specimen, collected on Santa Cruz, is known so far from the Galápagos. Academy Bay is where Puerto Ayora is located. This is the touristic hub and most populated area of the archipelago. Neoleucinodes elegantalis likely still occurs there in gardens.

Remarks: The single known Galápagos specimen was determined with Capps (1948) and Hayden et al. (2013). The female holotype from Brazil was not examined. There are other, similar species of this genus on continental South and Central America.

Material examined:

Holotype: ♂, ‘ECU[ADOR]., GALAPAGOS | Santiago, Central [camp] | 700 m elev[ation]., 9.iv.1992 | M[ercury] V[apour]L[ight], leg[it]. B. Landry’; ‘[slide] MHNG | ENTO ♂ | 00009025’; ‘genitalia slide | BL 1244’ (upside down); ‘HOLOTYPE | Neoleucinodes | galapagensis | B. Landry’. Deposited in MHNG.

Paratypes: 4 ♂, 38 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands. – Fernandina: 1 ♀, SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.910′, W 91° 34.034′, 13.ii.2005, u[ltra]v[iolet]l[ight] (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 3 ♂ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8690), 2 ♀, SW side, crater rim, reared from young green fruits of Solanum erianthum, coll[ected]. 12.ii.2005, em[erged]. 28.ii.2005 (P. Schmitz). – Isabela: 11 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8692), NE slope Alcedo, ca. 400 m up (S) Los Guayabillos camp, GPS: 892 m elev., S 00° 25.208′, W 91° 04.765′, 1.iv.2004, uvl (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 2 ♀, Alcedo, lado NE, 700 m, camp guayabillos, 16.iv.2002, uvl (B. Landry, L. Roque); 1 ♀, V[olcan]. Darwin, 630 m elev., 17.v.1992, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight] (B. Landry); 1 ♀, V. Darwin, 300 m elev., 20.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil, 25.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Sierra Negra, Corazon Verde (T.J. de Vries, B.M. 1976-58); 2 ♀, idem except 19-20.xii.1975. – Pinta: 8 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8691), 400 m elev., 17.iii.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 6 ♀, idem except 18.iii.1992. – Santa Cruz: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Hacienda Schiess, xi.1974 (B.M. 1975-7, Ref No. L.). – Santiago: 1 ♀, same data as holotype. Deposited in BMNH, CDRS, CNC, and MHNG.

Other specimens: 1 ♀ with label ‘179’ referring to notebook entry ‘Isa, Nov., Dec. ‘74’.

Diagnosis: This species (Figs 38, 39) differs from the hyaline white-winged N. elegantalis (Guenée), N. dissolvens (Dyar), N. imperialis (Guenée), and N. silvaniae Díaz & Solis, 2007 by virtue of the more abundant suffusion of darker scales on both wings, with the paler areas harbouring a brownish shade. In male genitalia N. galapagensis (Fig. 116) is similar to N. elegantalis (Fig. 115), N. dissolvens, N. prophetica (Dyar) and N. silvaniae, all of which have a single long, spine-like cornutus on the vesica. They differ especially in details of the position and shape of the fibula, and shape of the valva, tegumen, and uncus. Neoleucinodes elegantalis is most similar in genitalia, but the basal patch of the forewing is a mixture of rust, taupe and white scales while the mediodorsal, triangular patch is rust brown except for a row of taupe brown along the patch's margins (see Fig. 37); in male genitalia N. elegantalis differs in having a narrower valva, the fibula situated before mid-length, narrower and apically rounded, and the phallus about twice as long. In female genitalia, the above-mentioned species are all similar, with a long corpus bursae without signum, but N. galapagensis (Fig. 162) differs from N. elegantalis (Fig. 161) in the slightly bent posterior apophyses, the straighter and apically pointed anterior apophyses, the narrower ventral plate on segment VIII, the more thickly sclerotized band along the ventral margin of the ostium bursae, and the comparatively shorter ductus bursae.

Etymology: The new name refers to the area of occurrence and highlights the endemic status of the species.

Description: Male (n=5) (Fig. 38). Head with frons gently rounded, not projecting, vestiture on frons pale, appressed, short scaled, mottled white and pale yellowish brown, with few greyish brown scales, with longer narrow scales behind eye yellowish brown ventrally, white dorsally and directed anterodorsally, with occipital scales reaching between antennal bases, white to yellowish brown; antenna filiform, with ventral ciliation short, slightly shorter than width of corresponding flagellomeres, vestiture mottled with white, cream and different shades of pale brown on scape, dirty white with single darker greyish scale in middle of basal row in basal flagellomeres, uniformly coloured and almost pure white toward apex of flagellum; maxillary palpus tiny, not reaching above pilifer, directed anterodorsally along dorsal margin of labial palpus, white and pale greyish brown; labial palpus projecting anterodorsally at half right angle distinctly above top of head and anteriorly for about as long as eye diameter, vestiture mostly short, with projecting scales ventrally on first flagellomere and base of second, with third segment distinct, not hidden by scales of second flagellomere, mottled white and various shades of pale brown; haustellum mottled white and various shades of pale brown. Thorax dorsally mostly with greyish brown scales with paler bases, with some scales darker greyish brown or chestnut brown, with large transverse white band in middle of scales of tegulae, white also apically on mesoscutellum and medially on metascutum, apical scales of tegulae with paler bases and apices, subapically pale greyish brown. Foreleg coxa white with few light greyish brown, cream, and sometimes chestnut brown scales; femur medially unicoloured greyish brown, laterally white with dark greyish brown patch subapically; tibia greyish brown with white at base, with long thin scales covering epiphysis light chestnut brown; tarsomere I cream with few greyish brown scales at base, tarsomeres II-V white. Midleg white with blackish brown at apex of femur, scattered light brown on tibia especially on basal half, tarsomeres cream in darker specimens. Hindleg as midleg, with less brown scaling on tibia. Forewing length: 6.5-9.0 mm (holotype: 9.0 mm) (wingspan: 14.0-18.0 mm; holotype: 18.0 mm). Wing vestiture as shown, with chestnut brown markings pale greyish brown instead in specimens from Fernandina, forewing with many of the darker scales erect. Abdomen dorsally with tergite I mostly white, with chestnut brown to pale greyish brown lateral patches, tergite II pale greyish brown with some slightly darker scales or with lateral patches of chestnut brown and base and apical margin white, tergite III as second except for absence of white at base, subsequent tergites pale greyish brown with paler lateral patches or darker greyish brown with few chestnut brown scales and a thin white apical line; laterally on some segments with short, erect, dark greyish brown or chestnut brown scales; ventrally pale greyish with white apical margin apparent in darker specimens. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 86).

Male genitalia (n=2) (Fig. 116). Uncus with short wide base, slightly wider than apex of tegumen, with lateral margins rounded, second third (‘neck’) narrow, bare, distal third (‘head’) enlarged, ovoid, with short and thick spine-like setae directed backwards. Subscaphium basally simple, narrow, medially about 2X as wide, distally forming two lateral rods reaching beyond tip of uncus. Tegumen forming complete cover dorsally, elongate, about 4X as long as width at 3/4 of length, narrowing distally to about 1/3 basal width, without longitudinal dorsomedian strut, with lateral margins thickened, basal margin concave, apical margin blunt. Pseudognathos thin, medially membranous along base of subscaphium. Transtilla arms bird-head shaped, almost connected medially. Valva elongate, narrowing to 1/3 basal width, apically rounded, dorsal margin thickly sclerotized from base to 2/3, ventral margin thickly sclerotized from base to middle, medially at mid-length with fibula short, flat, triangular, corrugated, and directed medially. Juxta a triangle with rounded base. Vinculum very narrow laterally, only slightly enlarging dorsally; with ventral margin straight and saccus forming median bulbous enlargement directed dorsally. Phallus straight, with basal 2/5 dorsally membranous, slightly shorter than valva, apically with ventral margin slightly extended, rounded; vesica with single straight cornutus about 2/5 length of phallus shaft.

Female (n=38) (Fig. 39): Antenna with length of ciliation about one fourth that of male. Forewing length: 6.5-12.0 mm (wingspan: 13.5-24.0 mm). Vestiture with markings chestnut brown as shown to mostly greyish brown, also with erect scales on forewing. Abdomen dorsally with tergite I mostly white with chestnut brown or greyish brown laterally, subsequent tergites greyish brown with or without paler patches laterally, ending with row of white scales apically; laterally with short erect scales as in males; ventrally pale cream or pale greyish brown with tiny darker spots medially at apex of tergites.

Female genitalia (n=2) (Fig. 162). Papillae anales laterally compressed, disconnected and longer dorsally, forming low right triangle with posterior margin slightly convex; sclerotized basal margin very narrow; posterior apophyses about 2/3 width of papillae anales, slightly widened from 1/2 to 2/5. Segment VIII with tergum longer dorsally, shortening by about 1/3 at level of apophyses, then slightly widening and triangular; ventrally and just posterad of ostium bursae with elongate triangular plate almost connecting with lateroventral angles of sternum and with posterior margin medially v-shaped; anterior apophyses about 10% longer than posterior apophyses, slightly thicker, with slight enlargement subbasally. Ostium bursae with ventral narrow band extending and narrowing laterally. Ductus bursae with funnel-shaped antrum about 10% of whole ductus length, medially with short sclerotized plate of colliculum, dorsally with inception of ductus seminalis; rest of ductus bursae of medium girth, slightly widening toward corpus bursae. Corpus bursae small, about 1/4 of ductus length, circular, without signum or other modifications of membrane.

Biology: Five specimens have been reared from young green fruits of Solanum erianthum D. Don (Solanaceae) on Fernandina. In the Galápagos specimens have been collected only at higher elevations ranging from 300 m on Isabela, Alcedo, to the crater rim on Fernandina. Collecting dates are in February until May, and November and December.

Distribution: This is a Galápagos endemic so far collected on Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: The host plant species is indigenous, but not endemic to the Galápagos, on which it occurs on several of the islands (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015). It can be found around the world in tropical regions (McMullen, 1999). Older specimens, collected in 1974 and 1975 are from the agriculture zone on Isabela and Santa Cruz, but all other specimens, collected in 1992, 2002, 2004, and 2005 are from pristine habitats or habitats unmodified by man, except for the (former?) presence of invasive introduced mammal species. This may reflect a decrease in the diversity of the fauna and flora in the agriculture zone in more recent times.

This is a large genus with 97 species described from around the world (Nuss et al., 2016), 33 of which have been recorded from the Western Hemisphere as per the revision of Gentili & Solis (1998) and the addition of a new species by Solis & Gentili (2000).

Phalaena indicata Fabricius, 1775: 640.

Omiodes indicata (Fabricius): Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 5 ♂, 24 ♀, 3 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Fernandina: [no precise locality]; SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.910′, W 91°34.034′. – Isabela: Tagus Cove; Tagus Cove, emerged ex pupa on Desmodium glabrum (Mill) DC, Leguminosae; nr Tagus Cove, 100 m elev.; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev.; 3 km N S[an]to Tómas, Agr[iculture]. Zone; ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil; V. Darwin, 1240 m elev. – Pinta: ± 15 m elev.; ± 50 m elev.; 200 m elev.; 400 m elev. – San Cristóbal: near Loberia, sea level, GPS: elev. 14 m, S 00° 55.149′, W 89° 36.897′. – Santa Cruz: Bahía Conway; Charles Darwin Research Station; finca M. Guerra & S. Henderson, GPS: 186 m elev., S 00°41.997′, W 090° 19.195′, reared from Rhynchosia minima; finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Los Gemelos; Media Luna, pampa zone. – Santiago: Bahía Espumilla; N side, GPS: 437 m elev., S 00° 13.316′, W 090° 43.808′; Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev.; N side, GPS: 527 m elev., S 00° 13.690°, W 90° 44.135′. Deposited in the BMNH, CDRS, CNC, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: Among Galápagos Spilomelinae this species (Figs 41, 42) could only be confused with Salbia haemorrhoidalis Guenée (Figs 51, 52) by virtue of their similar, mostly orange colour, although some specimens of O. indicata are mostly purplish brown (Fig. 41). The 14-20 mm wingspan O. indicata differs in harbouring a thicker, more contrasting dash in the forewing cell, a smaller spot anteriorly in the cell (usually), and a submedian dash near costa separate from the wavier and more rounded submedian line in the hindwing usually. On the other hand the male abdomen of S. haemorrhoidalis has apical white and black patches on the last and penultimate segments dorsally.

Biology: In the Galápagos I reared a specimen from a pupa found on Desmodium glabrum (Mill.) DC. (Fabaceae) and another specimen from Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. (Fabaceae), both Galápagos natives found on a large number of islands (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015). The literature also records a wide spectrum of host plants in the Fabaceae, but also in other families (Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Annonaceae, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae, and Verbenaceae) (Gentili & Solis, 1998; Robinson et al., 2014). The Galápagos specimens were collected from a diverse range of habitats from the littoral zone up to 1240 m above sea level, and from February until May.

Distribution: This is a widespread species in the tropical regions of the world (Gentili & Solis, 1998). Based on BMNH specimens it can be found in Cuba, Jamaica, Grenada, St Vincent, St Thomas, Santo Domingo, Trinidad, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, Colombia, French Guiana, British Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Africa, Seychelles, Solomon Isl., India, Java, Taiwan. It is also widespread in the south-eastern US States (Patterson et al., 2015). In the Galápagos it is known from Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: Galápagos specimens were identified as this species based on Gentili & Solis (1998) and material in the BMNH, in which is deposited the type material of some of the synonyms, such as Nacoleia vulgalis Guenée, 1854 (TL: French Guyana, Cayenne), Botys moeliusalis Walker, 1859 (TL: Malaysia), and Botys connexalis Walker, 1866 (TL: Dominican Republic). The type material of Botys sabalis Walker, 1859 (TL: Brazil) and Botys reductalis Walker, 1866 (TL: China), also synonyms of O. indicata, could not be found in the BMNH.

Twenty-two species of this genus have been recorded from the Western Hemisphere (Munroe, 1995), but 162 species from around the world are recognized in the literature for this genus (Nuss et al., 2016).

Phalaena Pyralis flegia Cramer, 1777: 66-67.

Palpita flegia (Cramer): Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 2 ♂, 1 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands: – Santa Cruz: [without precise locality]. Deposited in BMNH and CDRS.

Diagnosis: In the Galápagos this mostly satiny white species (Fig. 40) is only similar to Diaphania galapagensis sp. n. (Fig. 14). However, Palpita flegia is larger, with a wingspan of up to 50 mm versus 30 mm in D. galapagensis. Also, the forewing costa of P. flegia is blue whereas that of D. galapagensis is brown.

Biology: Guenée (1854) presumably recorded the first host plant of the larva as ‘Cerbera Thevetia’ [now Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, Apocynaceae]. He added that the larva lives within leaves attached with silk, eating the leaves and defoliating a plant in a few days. Robinson et al. (2014) cite two additional Apocynaceae species as host plants. A specimen in the CDRS bears a label with ‘# 167’ which refers to information in a notebook mentioning that from September onwards [until December] it is abundant in Puerto Ayora, feeding on a bush of family Anacardiaceae, the pupa making a loose cocoon between leaves. Possibly Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, Yellow Oleander, or Nerium oleander L., Common Oleander, or Allamanda cathartica L., Golden Trumpet, represent the bush in question as all three Apocynaceae are planted in the town of Puerto Ayora (McMullen, 1999). But there are also four introduced, cultivated trees in the family Anacardiaceae, such as Mangifera indica L., the mango, that are likely to be found in Puerto Ayora (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015).

Distribution: Based on specimens in the BMNH, this species is widespread in the Neotropical Region, including several of the Antilles, Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Suriname (type locality), Brazil, and Paraguay, while in the Nearctic Region it is found in the south-eastern US States of Alabama, Florida, and Texas (Patterson et al., 2015). In the Galápagos it has been found so far only on Santa Cruz.

Remarks: The original description, its associated illustration (pl. 140 fig. D), as well as specimens identified in the BMNH were used to identify Galápagos specimens. Synonym Paradosis villosalis Zeller, 1852, was described from Para (Brazil) as mentioned in the original description and one of the type labels, contrary to Munroe's (1995: 70) ‘South Africa?’ record of type locality. The lectotype of Margarodes phantasmalis Guenée (1854), a synonym of P. flegia, could not be found in the BMHN. This lectotype was designated by Munroe (1995: 170) from the syntype from Colombia; the other syntype, from Bengal, could not be found either.

Forty-one species of Patania from around the world have been described (Nuss et al., 2016). The three species from the Western Hemisphere (Munroe, 1995) had been placed in Pleuroptya Meyrick, 1890, a synonym of Patania.

Botys silicalis Guenée, 1854: 349.

Sylepta silicalis (Guenée): Schaus, 1923: 29.

Pleuroptya silicalis (Guenée): Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined

Lectotype: ♂ from French Guyana, Cayenne (BMNH).

Other specimens: 27 ♂, 26 ♀, 53 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Fernandina: SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.910′, W 91°34.034′. – Isabela: 3 km N S[an]to Tómas, Agr[iculture]. Zone; 11 km N Puerto Villamil; Sierra Negra, pampa zone, 1000 m; Alcedo, NE slope, GPS: 292 m elev.; S 00° 23.829′, W 91° 01.957′; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev.; ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil; Alcedo, lado NE, 400 m, camp pega-pega; NE slope Alcedo, Los Guayabillos camp, GPS: 869 m elev., S 00° 24.976′, W 91° 04.617′; V. Darwin, 1000 m elev.; Alcedo, lado NE, 1100 m, cumbre, caseta. – Marchena: [no precise locality]. – Pinta: Plaja Ibbeston [sic]; 200 m elev.; 400 m elev. – Rábida: Tourist trail. – San Cristóbal: Chatham [no precise locality]; 4 km SE P[uer] to Baquarizo [sic]. – Santa Cruz: [no precise locality]; Indefatigable [no precise locality]; Charles Darwin Research Station; CDRS, arid zone; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Horneman Farm, 200 m; Horneman Farm, 220 m; Tortuga Re[serve]. W S[an]ta Rosa; Los Gemelos; Media Luna, pampa zone. – Santiago: James [no precise locality]; Bahía Espumilla; Cerro Inn; 200 m elev.; Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev.; Central [camp], 700 m elev.; Jaboncillo [camp], ± 850 m elev. Deposited in AMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, MHNG, ROM.

Diagnosis: This species can be separated from the other Galápagos Spilomelinae by its pale buff, lustrous and concolourous wings with very faint markings (Fig. 43) and a wingspan of 19-27 mm. It is most similar to more poorly marked specimens of Psara chathamalis (Schaus) (Fig. 48), but the stigma at the end of the forewing cell is a thin lunule in P. silicalis whereas it is thicker, quadrangular, and often pale centred in P. chathamalis. Also, in the latter, there is usually a smaller rounded spot anteriorly in the cell, absent in P. silicalis. Some more uniformly coloured and poorly marked specimens of Asciodes quietalis (Walker) (Fig. 6) may appear similar to P. silicalis, but on the forewing A. quietalis always shows two spots in the cell and the submedian and postmedian lines are strongly zigzagged, and in the hindwing the margin at the termen is darker than the base of the wing. The generally darker and smaller Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Guenée) (wingspan 18-22.5 mm) (Figs 20, 21) is also faintly marked, but the ground colour of the wings is greyish brown.

Biology: Robinson et al. (2014) report the larval host plants as three species in the Urticaceae as well as one species each in the Araliaceae, Cecropiaceae, and Nyctaginaceae. Heppner (2003) adds two species in the Convolvulaceae and one in the Phytolaccaceae. In the Galápagos specimens have been collected from sea level to the summit of Fernandina at 1341 m in elevation in a diverse range of habitats, from anthropized to pristine, and from January until May.

Distribution: Based on specimens in the BMNH and MHNG this widespread Western Hemisphere native is present in Jamaica, Mexico (Tabasco, Veracruz), Costa Rica, Guatemala, Venezuela, French Guyana, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. Patterson et al. (2015) report it as widely distributed in the eastern USA, from Florida to Maine in the north. It is widespread in the Galápagos archipelago as attest the seven islands of occurrence recorded above.

Remarks: The species was described from ‘Deux ♂, une ♀’ from Brazil and Cayenne, French Guiana. I have compared one of my dissected Galápagos specimens to the male lectotype from French Guyana in the BMNH. The genitalia of the lectotype appear bigger, but they are crushed on the slide. My Galápagos specimen is nearly identical in genitalia to another specimen, from Jamaica (slide BM 6445), identified by I.W.B. Nye as this species. This species has been recorded before under genus Pleuroptya Meyrick, 1890 (e.g. Munroe, 1995). Kirti & Gill (2007: 265) synonymized Pleuroptya with Patania Moore, but these authors did not take the Western Hemisphere species into consideration and thus did not formalize the combination of P. silicalis with Patania (J. Hayden & R. Mally, pers. comm.).

The three species of this genus have all been described from the Western Hemisphere (Munroe, 1995; Nuss et al., 2016).

Stenia bufalis Guenée, 1854: 245.

Piletocera bufalis (Guenée): Schaus, 1923: 29. – Parkin et al., 1972: 105. – Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 162.

Penestola bufalis (Guenée): Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined

Syntypes: 3 ♀ (BMNH).

Other specimens: 5 ♂, 20 ♀, 26 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Española: Hood [no precise locality]. – Fernandina: Punta Espinosa; [no precise locality]. – Isabela: n[ea]r. Punta Tortuga, N Tagus Cove, edge of mangrove swamp, among Bursera graveolans; Puerto Villamil; 1 km W Puerto Villamil; 2 km W Puerto Villamil; Albermarle, San[to] Tomas, 1200 f[ee]t. alt [itude]. – Pinzón: [no precise locality]. – Santa Cruz: Bahía Conway; littoral zone, Tortuga Bay; Charles Darwin Research Station, wall on Invert[ebrate]s Lab[oratory]., GPS: elev[ation]. 11 m, S 00° 44.478′, W 90° 18.132′; CDRS; vic[inity]. Mirador, 620 m; Indefatigable [no precise locality]. – Santiago: Cerro Inn; James Bay. – Seymour Norte: Arid zone. Deposited in AMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: Measuring 16-17 mm in wingspan for the available males (Fig. 44) and 17-20 mm for the females (Fig. 45), specimens of this species can be somewhat difficult to separate from the four other Galápagos species harbouring brown wings with darker markings. The key provided above under Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Guenée) will help in this respect.

Biology: There are no records on the natural history of this species in the literature or on the Internet. Specimens were reared from seeds of Black Mangrove, Avicennia germinans (L.) L. (Acanthaceae) on Isabela, by L. Roque-Albelo (deposited in CDRS) (Roque-Albelo, 2006). In the Galápagos moths were collected mostly near sea level in anthropized habitats and others (Isabela, Cerro Inn and Española) only modified by introduced mammal species such as goats. Collecting dates of the Galápagos specimens are in January, March, April, and May.

Distribution: Described from French Guyana, there are specimens in the BMNH also from Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, and many islands of the Antilles. Patterson et al. (2015) also report it from south Florida and south Texas. In the Galápagos the species is known from Española, Fernandina, Isabela, Pinzón, Santa Cruz, Santiago, and Seymour Norte.

Remarks: This species was described from four females from Cayenne, French Guiana and three of them are in the BMNH. One of these lost its abdomen and the other two have theirs in a gelatine capsule. Their external characters match those of the Galápagos specimen that I compared with them. I refrain from designating a lectotype for this taxon because it is well characterized and the fourth syntype may still turn up and have its abdomen attached.

Munroe (1995) recorded thirty-one species of Pilocrocis from the Western Hemisphere, but mentioned that all were misplaced in the genus except P. ramentalis Lederer, the type species. Nuss et al. (2016) record 32 additional species described from around the world.

Pilocrocis ramentalis Lederer, 1863 Figs 46, 47, 121, 167

Pilocrocis ramentalis Lederer, 1863: 430. – Schaus, 1923: 28. – Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 162. – Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 22 ♂, 27 ♀, 20 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Fernandina: SW side, GPS: 815 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.270′, W 91°35.341′; SW side, GPS: 352 m elev., S 00° 20.503′, W 091° 36.969′. – Floreana: Punta Cormoran. – Genovesa: Bahía Darwin. – Isabela: Albermarle [no precise locality]; Tagus Cove; Punta Albermarle, SW old US radar site; 1 km W Puerto Villamil; 2 km W Puerto Villamil; Sierra Negra, pampa zone, 1000 m; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev.; ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil; V. Darwin, 1000 m elev. – Marchena: [no precise locality]. – Pinta: Plaja Ibbeston [sic]; 200 m elev.; 372 m elev., N 00° 34.476′, W 90° 45.102′; 400 m elev. – Rábida: Tourist trail. – San Cristóbal: P[uer]to Baquarizo [sic]; near La Loberia, sea level, GPS: 00° 55.277′, W 089° 36.909′; 1 km S El Progreso; base of Cerro Pelado; El Junco, east side, GPS: 654 m elev., S 00° 53.734′, W 89° 28.727′; vic[inity]. El Junco, ca. 700 m. – Santa Cruz: Academy Bay; Charles Darwin Research Station; 4 km N Puerto Ayora; Horneman Farm, 220 m; agriculture zone, near (NNW) Bella Vista, GPS: 223 m elev., S 00° 41.297′, W 90° 19.670′; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; transition zone, recently cut road, GPS: S 00°42.528′, W 90°18.849′; Finca S[teve]. Devine; Tortuga Res[erve]. W S[an]ta Rosa; Los Gemelos; Media Luna, pampa zone. – Santiago: Bahía Espumilla; Cerro Inn; 200 m elev.; Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev.; Central [camp], 700 m elev.; Jaboncillo [camp], ± 850 m elev. Deposited in AMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, MHNG.

Diagnosis: In the Galápagos this 21 to 29 mm wingspan species (Figs 46, 47) is similar to Cryptobotys zoilusalis (Walker) (Figs 10, 11) and some specimens of Hymenia perspectalis (Hübner) (Figs 22, 23) by virtue of their paler linear markings on the fore- and hindwing over a dark brown ground colour. Cryptobotys zoilusalis is a smaller species (wingspan around 20 mm) with a less sinuous forewing postmedian line that becomes wider when reaching the costa whereas that of P. ramentalis essentially disappears before the costa. Also, in P. ramentalis the forewing discal spot, a small dash or lunule, is bordered with black anteriorly whereas the discal spot of C. zoilusalis is bigger, rounded, and with black dashes on both sides, although more conspicuously so posteriorly. Males of P. ramentalis also harbour distinctive secondary sexual characters in the modified, broadly bent antenna basally and the ‘flap’ of modified scales from the base of the forewing costa covering part of the wing's base. In the most poorly marked specimens of H. perspectalis there is a distinctive, submedian white band in the hindwing with a short bilobed projection medially, and the fringes have white and dark brown patches.

Biology: The larva has been recorded to feed on Odontonema (Acanthaceae) and Boehmeria (Urticaceae) (Heppner, 2003; Robinson et al., 2014). Moths have been collected in the Galápagos from the littoral zone up to 1000 m above sea level on Isabela, from anthropized to pristine habitats, and from January until May.

Distribution: Native to the Western Hemisphere and described from ‘Vaterland?’, an unknown locality, this widespread species is found from Eastern Canada (south of Ontario) across the Eastern USA south through the Antilles, Central and South America to Argentina. It is widespread in the Galápagos, as shown from the 10 islands listed above.

Remark: A Galápagos specimen was compared with identified material in the BMNH to secure the determination.

Psara contains 17 species recorded from the Western Hemisphere (Munroe, 1995) and 34 species altogether (Nuss et al., 2016).

Pilocrocis chathamalis Schaus, 1923: 45.

Herpetogramma chathamalis (Schaus): Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 162.

Psara chathamalis (Schaus): Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined:

Holotype: ♀ holotype (USNM).

Other specimens: 20 ♂, 31 ♀, 74 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Baltra : South Seymour [no precise locality]. – Española: Bahía Manzanillo; E side peninsula, at coast; Hood [no specific locality]. – Fernandina: Punta Espinosa; Cabo Douglas, GPS: S 00° 18.269′, W 091° 39.098′. – Floreana: Las Cuevas; Punta Cormoran; Charles [no specific locality]. – Gardner near Española: NW side. – Genovesa: Bahía Darwin; S side, 200 y[ar]ds from beach. – Isabela: Tagus Cove. – Marchena: [no precise locality]. – Pinta: Plaja Ibbeston [sic]; arid zone. – San Cristóbal: Chatham [no precise locality]; P[uer]to Baquarizo [sic]; near Loberia, sea level, GPS: elev[ation]. 14 m, S 00° 55.149′, W 89° 36.897′; 4 km SE Pto Baquarizo [sic]. – Santa Cruz: Indefatigable [no precise locality]; Bahía Conway; Academy Bay; Academy Bay, Charles Darwin Research Station; Charles Darwin Research Station, reared on Commicarpus tuberosus, Nyctaginaceae; littoral zone, Tortuga Bay; East slope, 160 m. – Santa Fé: Tourist trail. – Santiago: James Bay, E side n[ea]r. lagoons; Cerro Inn. – Seymour Norte: [no precise locality]; Arid zone. Deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, MHNG, and NHRS.

Diagnosis: The golden brown ground colour of the wings in addition to the relatively larger size (wingspan: 20-26 mm), well-marked fasciae, including a distinct basal forewing fascia, will separate most specimens of this species (Fig. 48) from the other brown species with darker brown markings, and the key above under Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Guenée) will be of additional help in some cases.

Biology: Specimens collected in the Galápagos were only found at low elevation, on beaches and up to about 150 m on Santiago (Cerro Inn), from January until May and in September. One specimen, deposited in the BMNH, was reared on Commicarpus tuberosus (Lam.) Standl. (Nyctaginaceae). This Galápagos indigenous plant is found on the islands of Española, Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015) while elsewhere it is known from mainland Ecuador and Peru (McMullen, 1999).

Distribution: This Galápagos endemic was described from Chatham Island (now San Cristóbal) and recorded by Schaus (1923) from Indefatigable (= Santa Cruz) and South Seymour (= Baltra). I have collected or examined specimens as well from Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Gardner near Española, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Santa Fé, Santiago, and Seymour Norte.

Remarks: The holotype in the USNM was examined to determine the specimens that I have collected or examined in different collections as mentioned above. Abundant in 1992, this species was collected only twice (on Fernandina and San Cristóbal) during our 2002, 2004, and 2005 expeditions, perhaps indicating a significant drop in the populations.

This is a genus of only two species, both described from the Americas (Munroe, 1995; Nuss et al., 2016).

Botys periusalis Walker, 1859: 564.

Caprinia periusalis (Walker, 1859): Peck et al., 1998: 227.

Rhectocraspeda periusalis (Walker): Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined:

Holotype: ♂ from the USA (BMNH).

Other specimens: 15 ♂, 13 ♀ from the Galápagos

Islands: – Isabela: Tagus Cove; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev[ation].; V. Darwin, 1000 m elev.; 1 km W P[uer]to Villamil; 11 km N Pto Villamil; ± 15 km N Pto Villamil; 3 km N S[an]to Tómas, Agr[iculture]. Zone; Sierra Negra, pampa zone, 1000 m alt[itude].; pampa zone. – Pinta: 400 m elev. – San Cristóbal: 4 km SE Pto Baquarizo [sic]; 1 km S El Progreso. – Santa Cruz: 4 km N Puerto Ayora; agriculture zone, near (NNW) Bella Vista, GPS: 223 m elev., S 00° 41.297′, W 90° 19.670′; 2 km W Bella Vista; Media Luna, pampa zone. – Santiago: Central [camp], 700 m elev. Deposited in CDRS, CNC, MHNG.

Diagnosis: Although the males of this dark brown species with darker brown markings (Fig. 49) are easily separated from other species by virtue of their thickened antennae at base and enlarged anal sector of the hindwing, females (Fig. 50) will be best separated with the key presented above under Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Guenée). The wingspan of the available males is 20-22 mm, that of the females 18-19 mm.

Biology: Known as the Eggplant webworm (Heppner, 2003) the larva has been reared on several species of Solanaceae, including many tomato species (Solanum spp.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), but also on other plants in the Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Myr-taceae, Phytolaccaceae, Piperaceae, and Rosaceae (Robinson et al., 2014). In the Galápagos moths were collected between sea level and 1000 m in elevation, mostly in uninhabited areas or islands, in January until May.

Distribution: Based on BMNH specimens this widespread Western Hemisphere native described from the USA is also found in Jamaica, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, and Argentina. Ferguson et al. (1991) also mention it from Bermuda and as a migrant in the eastern USA as far north as Massachusetts (see also Patterson et al., 2015). In the Galápagos it has been found so far only on the four islands listed above.

Remarks: External characters of the male holotype in the BMNH were found to match Galápagos specimens. The holotype has no abdomen, but the wing pattern and the enlarged anal angle of the hindwing are deemed sufficient to insure proper identification.

Munroe (1995) records 33 species described from the Western Hemisphere while Nuss et al. (2016) record 35 species from the whole world, including two described from Borneo and the rest from the Western Hemisphere.

Salbia haemorrhoidalis Guenée, 1854: 201-202.

Material examined: 2 ♂, 1 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands: – Floreana: Scalesias near Cerro Pajas, GPS: elev[ation]. 329 m, S 01° 17.743′, W 90° 27.111′. – San Cristóbal: antiguo botadero, ca. 4 km SE P[uer]to Baquerizo, 169 m elev., S 00° 54.800′, W 89° 34.574′. – Santa Cruz: NNW Bella Vista, GPS: 225 m elev., S 00° 41.293′, W 90° 19.665′. Deposited in MHNG.

Diagnosis: In the Galápagos this species (Figs 51, 52) is most similar to Omiodes indicata (Fabricius) (Figs 41, 42), based on size and mostly orange colouration. Generally around 17 mm in wingspan, S. haemorrhoidalis can be recognized from O. indicata in the forewing by the thinner, less contrasting dash in the cell, the absence of a smaller spot anteriorly in the same cell, and the usually straight submedian line without a separate subcostal dash in the hindwing. In addition, the male abdomen of S. haemorrhoidalis has apical white and black patches on the last and penultimate segments dorsally, whereas the male (and female) abdomen of O. indicata apically is without any contrasting markings.

Biology: The known host plants of the larva are in family Verbenaceae and genus Lantana, especially L. camara L. (Robinson et al., 2014). Lantana camara is a perennial, invasive shrub present in the Galápagos along with the endemic Lantana peduncularis Andersson (Jaramillo Diaz & Guézou, 2015). Specimens available from the Galápagos were collected in various habitats located between 169 and 329 m in elevation, in February and April.

Distribution: Based on BMNH specimens and Patterson et al. (2015) this species described from Brazil is present from the southern US States of Alabama, Florida and Texas, through the Antilles, Central and South America at least to Brazil in the south. It is also distributed widely elsewhere around the world in tropical and subtropical locales (BMNH specimens; De Prins & De Prins, 2015; Robinson et al., 2014; Shaffer et al., 1996). In the Galápagos specimens collected are from Floreana, San Cristóbal, and Santa Cruz.

Remarks: The type specimens (a male and a female from Brazil) of this species were not found in the BMNH, but the types of synonyms dotatalis Walker, suffectalis Walker, abruptalis Walker, and dircealis Walker are all there. This is the first record of this species for the Galápagos archipelago, where specimens have been collected in 2004 and 2005. The three available specimens match the original description and BMNH types of the synonyms mentioned above. Salbia haemorrhoidalis was introduced to Hawaii for the control of lantana and it quickly became established (Munroe, 1989).

Sixteen species were recorded from the Western Hemisphere by Munroe (1995) while Nuss et al. (2016) record an additional nine described from various other parts of the world. With the separation of two previously synonymized taxa below and the descriptions of two new species here, the World fauna now stands at 28 species.

Samea castellalis Guenée, 1854: 195. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Samea ecclesialis Guenée, 1854 (misidentification): Peck et al., 1998: 227.

Material examined: 13 ♂, 29 ♀, 2 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Fernandina: Cabo Douglas, GPS: S 00° 18.269′, W 091° 39.098′. – Isabela: Alcedo, lado NE, low arid zone bosq[ue]. palo santo; 3 km N S[an]to Tómas, Agr[iculture]. Zone; Sierra Negra, 11 km N Puerto Villamil, GPS: S 00° 87.613′, W 91° 00.903′; Sierra Negra, Corazon Verde; NE slope Alcedo, ca. 400 m up (S) Los Guayabillos Camp, GPS: 892 m elev[ation]., S 00°25.208′, W 91°04.765′; Alcedo, lado NE, 1100 m, cumbre, Caseta Cayot. – San Cristóbal: 4 km SE P[uer] to Baquarizo [sic]; 1 km S El Progreso; base of Cerro Pelado; La Toma, ca. 6.5 km east El Progreso, GPS: 299 m elev., S 00° 55.356′, W 89° 31.089′; pampa zone; El Junco, east side, GPS: 654 m elev., S 00° 53.734′, W 89° 28.727′. – Santa Cruz: Horneman Farm, 200 m; Horneman Farm, 220 m elev.; Tortuga Res[erve]. W S[an]ta Rosa; agriculture zone, near (NNW) Bella Vista, GPS: 223 m elev., S 00° 41.297′, W 90° 19.670′; 2 km W Bella Vista; Finca S[teve]. Devine; Los Gemelos; Media Luna, pampa zone. – Santiago: Bahía Espumilla; 200 m elev.; N side, GPS: 437 m elev., S 00° 13.316′, W 090° 43.808′; Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev.; NE side, close to Caseta, GPS: 686 m elev., S 00°14.177′, W 90°44.619′; Central [camp], 700 m elev.; Jaboncillo [camp], ± 850 m elev. Deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: This species is very similar to Samea ecclesialis Guenée, 1854 (Fig. 80), but the males are easily separated by the presence of lateral tufts of pale cream, drab, and dark brown scent scales on the abdomen (on segments IV-VII) curving posterodorsally over the tergites in S. castellalis (Fig. 54), as Guenée aptly mentioned, and their absence in S. ecclesialis. One other possible external character is the dark marginal fascia of the hindwing remaining wide until the inner margin in S. ecclesialis (1 specimen, Fig. 80) while this fascia is decreasing in width toward the inner margin in S. castellalis. In the male genitalia of S. ecclesialis (Fig. 137) the dorsal margin of the valva is not angled (angled in S. castellalis, Fig. 125) and the fibula is shorter, stouter, and bifid, with a spoon-shaped medial element and a narrower digit-like element on top of it (simple and pointed in S. castellalis). A reliably identified female of S. ecclesialis could not be found to dissect and record the characters that would separate them from those of S. castellalis. Wingspan: 19-23 mm.

Biology: In Florida, U.S.A. the larval food plant is Richardia brasiliensis Gomes (Tropical Mexican clover, Rubiaceae) and the moths are often attracted to Multi-Lure® (McPhail-type) traps deployed for tephritid fruit fly detection (Hayden, 2014). No other food plant record exists for either S. castellalis and S. ecclesialis in the literature as far as I know. ‘Larvae spin slight webs among leaves and graze the epidermis of either leaf side, forming rounded windows; they spin a white silken shelter among leaves for pupation’ (Hayden, 2014). In the Galápagos specimens have been collected from the littoral zone up to the highest, pampa zone, for example at 1100 m on Alcedo, Isabela, in habitats either unmodified or modified for agriculture from January to April as well as in November and December.

Distribution: Based on specimens examined in the BMNH, this species is widespread in the Neotropical region, in the West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Trinidad), and on the continents from Mexico through Guatemala and Costa Rica, south to Paraguay, including British Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, and Brazil. Patterson et al. (2015) reports Samea ecclesialis widely from the eastern US States north to Massachusetts and Iowa, but some of the specimens pictured are males with the dorsoabdominal scent scales of S. castellalis. In the Galápagos this species has been found on several islands: Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: This taxon has been confused and synonymized with S. ecclesialis Guenée (1854: 194-195, pl. 6 fig. 7), for example by Munroe (1995: 74). I have first mentioned S. castellalis to be a valid species in Causton et al. (2006: 141), but an explanation for its removal from synonymy with S. ecclesialis is presented here for the first time. It is based on the study of the available syntypes and on morphological differences mentioned above in the Diagnosis. The male syntype, without abdominal tufts of scent scales dorsally, and the female syntype of S. ecclesialis from Cayenne, French Guyana are deposited in the BMNH, but the original description recorded several more specimens from Brazil, Colombia and Septentrional America that could not be found in the BMNH. Similarly, the description of S. castellalis recorded several specimens of both sexes from Brazil, Colombia, and Septentrional America that could not be found in the BMNH. Also, there is no evidence for the S. castellalis syntypes in the BMNH based on the annotated copy of Guenée deposited in the BMNH. They are apparently not either in the ‘Muséum national d'histoire naturelle’, Paris based on a catalogue of type photos from this museum that Michael Shaffer showed me in April 2000. Samea disertalis Walker (1866: 1302) is a synonym of S. castellalis as attest external morphology of the male syntype found in the BMNH and here designated lectotype, with the following labels: 1- ‘Hon- | duras’ [on verso],’45 | 123’ [on recto] [circular, hand written]; 2- ‘Lecto- | type’ [circular, blue bordered, typed]; 3- ‘LECTOTYPE | Samea | disertalis Walker | Des. B. Landry, 2000’ [rectangular, typed except for species, describer names, and last numbers of year]. The name Samea luccusalis Walker, 1859 is also attributed to the synonymy of S. castellalis because it seems to be the most common species, but the unique type is in the Hope Museum, Oxford, England, and a photo I have examined does not allow to identify the species with certainty.

Material examined

Holotype: ♀, ‘ECUADOR [sideways on left side] | GALÁPAGOS | San Cristóbal | pampa zone | 15.II.1989, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight] | [legit] B. Landry’; ‘HOLOTYPE | Samea | coffea | B. Landry’. Deposited in CNC.

Paratypes: 6 ♂, 61 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands. – Fernandina: 1 ♀, W side, 1100’ [feet], 5.ii.1964 (D.Q. Cavagnaro); 2 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8726), SW side, GPS: 815 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.270′, W 91°35.341′, 11.ii.2005, u[ltra]v[iolet]l[ight] (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 1 ♀ (dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8727), SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev., S 00° 21.910′, W 91°34.034′, 12.ii.2005, uvl (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 1 ♂ (dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8725), 1 ♀, idem except 13.ii.2005. – Isabela: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Volcan Sierra Negra, Corason [sic] Verde, 360 m, L67 (R. Perry & Tj. De Vries, B.M. 1971-79); 2 ♀, 3 km N S[an]to Tómas, Agr[iculture]. Zone, 8.iii.1989, M[ercury] V[apour]L[ight] (B. Landry); 1 ♂ (dissected, slide CNC PYR 347), 1 ♀, Sierra Negra, pampa zone, 1000 m, 12.iii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀ (dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8720), NE slope Alcedo, ca. 400 m up (S) Los Guayabillos Camp, GPS: 892 m elev., S 00°25.208′, W 91°04.765′, 1.iv.2004, uvl (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 3 ♀, V[olcan]. Darwin, 1000 m elev., 18.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, V. Darwin, 1240 m elev., 19.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂ (dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8719), 1 ♀, ± 15 km N P[uer]to Villamil, 25.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Albermarle, San[to] Tomas, 1200 f[ee]t. alt[itude]., 22.viii.[19]06 (F.X. Williams); 1 ♂, idem except date 1-5.ix.[19]06. – Pinta: 1 ♀, 200 m elev., 16.iii.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 3 ♀, 400 m elev., 17.iii.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, idem except 18.iii.1992; 2 ♀, 421 m elev., N 00° 34.591′, W 90° 45.137′, 17.iii.2006, uvl (P. Schmitz, L. Roque); 1 ♀, ± 50 m elev., 20.iii.1992, MVL (B. Landry). – San Cristóbal: 1 ♂ (dissected, slide BL 1804), 2 ♀, 4 km SE Pto Baquarizo [sic], 12.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, idem except 20.ii.1989; 1 ♀, 1 km S El Progreso, 14.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, pampa zone, 18.ii.1989, 18.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, base of Cerro Pelado, 22.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂ (dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8702), El Junco, east side, GPS: 654 m elev., S 00° 53.734′, W 89° 28.727′, 25.ii.2005, uvl (B. Landry). – Santa Cruz: 4 ♀, Media Luna, pampa zone, 21.i.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♀, Los Gemelos, 31.i.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Academy Bay, Darwin Research Sta[tion]., 5.ii.1964 (R.O. Schuster); 2 ♀, Media Luna, pampa zone, 8.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Horneman Farm, 220 m, 15.ii.1964 (D.Q. Cavagnaro, R.O. Schuster); 3 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8704), Los Gemelos, 4.v.2002, uvl (B. Landry, L. Roque); 1 ♀, Horneman Farm, 220 m, 7.v.1964 (D.Q. Cavagnaro); 1 ♀, vic[inity] “Mirador” (W of Media Luna), ± 620 alt., 26.v.[19]70 (R. Silberglied); 1 ♀, Los Gemelos, 27.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, [no precise locality], vi.1970, Ref. No. L67 (R. Perry & Tj. De Vries, B.M. 1970-371). – Santiago: 1 ♀, San Salvador, N end, Bahia James, 1-2.ii.[19]67 (I.L. Wiggins); 2 ♀, NE side, close to Caseta, GPS: 686 m elev., S 00°14.177′, W 90°44.619′, 6.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz); 2 ♀, Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev., 6.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♀, Central [camp], 700 m elev., 9.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 4 ♀, idem except 10.iv.1992. Deposited in BMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: In habitus Samea coffea sp. n. (Figs 55, 56) is similar to Samea alophalis Hampson, 1912, but the latter is a smaller species (LT female and largest PLT female respectively 7 and 8 mm forewing length) with dissimilar markings, especially in that the forewing markings are all white, the white postmedian markings reach the costa, they are more prominent in the cubital sector postmedially, and in the hindwing there are very clear postmedian and submedian lines. In male genitalia (Fig. 126 and S. alophalis PLT Pyralidae Brit. Mus. Slide No. 21116) the differences are slight, but in S. alophalis the sclerotized band running along the costa of the valva curves subapically, extending dorsally to the middle of the valva, the base of the fibula is not extended basally into a club, there are no setae mounted on small stubs on the edge of the sclerotized ventrobasal section of the valva near the base of the fibula, and the vesica is apparently adorned with only one, short and spiny cornutus, although there may be two, on top of each other, on the preparation, but not three as in S. coffea sp. n. In wing markings this species is very similar to S. druchachalis Dyar, 1924, described from Mexico. The faint olive tinge and smaller size (n= 1 ♀: 8 mm forewing length) of S. druchachalis will help to separate the two. In the female genitalia, the ductus bursae of S. coffea has a short, lightly sclerotized, spiculate section following the colliculum (Fig. 172) while in S. druchachalis most of the ductus bursae following the colliculum has sclerotized ridges. A male of S. druchachalis was not available for dissection and comparison.

Etymology: Refers to the similarity between the forewing colour of this species and that of roasted coffee beans.

Description: Male (n=6) (Fig. 56). Head: frons flat with vestiture short scaled, appressed, mostly dark greyish brown except for dorsal white band, white scaled also along eye margin next to antennal base and ocellus, and medially on occiput as wide scales projecting anterodorsally, with narrow greyish brown scales between antennae projecting anteriorly, hiding white appressed scales below, with thin scales behind eye dark greyish brown, with thin yellowish orange and greyish brown erect scales behind antenna and laterally on occiput; antenna filiform with ciliation about 1.7X width of corresponding flagellomeres, vestiture grey, darker on basal half; maxillary palpus small, projecting anteriorly slightly beyond frons, with scales dark greyish brown on apical segment, white at base; labial palpus short, projecting anterodorsally at half right angle to level of frontoclypeal margin and anteriorly for about 1/3 eye diameter beyond frons, vestiture of palpomeres I and II shortly fan shaped, white with pale brown on basal palpomere and ventral base of second, dark greyish brown on most of second and all of third segments, latter short, hardly distinct from second palpomere, with scales short and thin. Thorax dorsally blackish brown on collar laterally and base of tegulae, paler greyish brown and yellow on most of tegulae and collar medially, dark greyish brown medially on mesoscutellum and metascutum, yellow and white laterally on metascutum, with short, thin, white scale undercoating at least on mesothorax. Foreleg coxa dark greyish brown with white or cream at base laterally and paler greyish brown apically; femur blackish brown with pale greyish brown apically; tibia dark greyish brown with white apically, sometimes with paler scales medially, with thin, long scales covering epiphysis and ventral surface of tibia dirty cream; tarsomeres greyish brown, progressively paler, with dirty cream apically on first four. Midleg femur greyish brown with paler edges on basal half, blackish brown on distal half; tibia dark greyish brown with white at apex and base at joint with femur, spurs pale greyish brown dorsally and dirty cream below; tarsomeres as on foreleg. Hindleg femur greyish brown, paler on basal half and apex; tibia greyish brown with white apex and pale, whitish cream base; tarsomeres as on midleg. Forewing length: 8.5-10.0 mm (wingspan: 17.5-21.5 mm). Wing vestiture dark brown with markings white and pale yellowish orange as shown, with variation in width of white markings not sex related. Abdomen blackish brown with white to yellowish orange apical margin of tergites and apex of scales covering genitalia; laterally with yellowish orange patch visible from above and longitudinal greyish brown to blackish brown line visible from below; ventrally mostly dirty white or pale cream with some pale greyish brown medially on distal sternites. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 87).

Male genitalia (n=3) (Fig. 126). Uncus short, wide, as long as tegumen along dorsum, narrowing to 1/3 basal width, slightly down curved, with distal 1/3 medially divided and with short, thick spines laterally, basally fused with tegumen. Subscaphium of medium sclerotization and width, about 3/8 width of uncus basally, slightly widening, reaching well beyond tip of uncus. Tegumen of medium size, bare, laterally partly fused with vinculum, with basal margin deeply concave and slightly thickened. Gnathos lightly sclerotized plates with dorsal edges thicker and medially connecting at base of subscaphium. Transtilla arms projecting dorsomedially, enlarging slightly, with dorsobasal angles connecting though not fused, and dorsoapical angles diverging. Valva elongate, about 2.5X longer than widest, median section, with dorsal margin widely convex, with thickly sclerotized support along dorsal margin subapically thinning and curving medially, with narrowly rounded apex appearing to project dorsally, medially at base with thickly sclerotized support structure abutting transtilla and prolonged by thin, curved fibula directed ventrally and medially, with narrowly-rounded apex. Juxta a short triangle of medium width and slightly rounded base apically reaching hinges of vinculum with dorsal margin of valva, apically hinging with narrow, pointed tent-like structure about as long as juxta and connecting with membrane and apex of phallus. Vinculum short and narrow laterally; saccus forming recurved rounded hood with lateral margins membranous, narrow crest along dorsal midline, and wide opening ventrally. Phallus shaft straight, laterally compressed, with dorsal margin membranous at base and then only lightly sclerotized, with thickly sclerotized narrow ventral edge, laterally only more thickly sclerotized at apex, with apical margin ventrally projecting and rounded in dorsal view; vesica with one long cornutus of 3/5 length of shaft with apex more thickly sclerotized, slightly curved and ventrally toothed, also with pair of small, toothed compact cornuti arranged side by side near apex of shaft when vesica invaginated.

Female (n=62) (Fig. 55): Antenna filiform with ciliation about as long as 1/3 width of flagellomeres. Forewing length: 8.5-12.0 mm (holotype: 10 mm); wingspan: 17.5-25.0 mm (holotype: 21.5 mm). Abdomen with white apical band of tergites sometimes reduced, concentrated medially.

Female genitalia (n=5) (Fig. 172). Papillae anales narrow, medially about twice as long as dorsal or ventral ends, dorsally connected; sclerotized basal margin very narrow and half as short ventrad from apophysis; posterior apophyses very thin, about 10% longer than width of papillae anales, with slight enlargement subbasally. Segment VIII with tergum of medium size, only slightly shorter and almost connecting ventrally, with medium length setae mostly dorsally and lateroventrally; without ventral plate(s); anterior apophyses very thin, about 1/3 longer than posterior apophyses. Membrane posterad of ostium bursae laterally with elongate zones set with short scales, without sclerotized plate(s). Ductus bursae at base with colliculum well sclerotized ventrally and laterally, not at all dorsally, about 1/4th of whole length of ductus, with short rounded extension on right side beyond middle; inception of ductus seminalis ventrally just after colliculum; next section shorter than colliculum, lightly sclerotized and spiculate; rest of ductus bursae gently widening into corpus bursae, although limit between these very unclear, without modifications. Corpus bursae elongate, ovoid, about as long as ductus bursae, with signum a pair of thickly sclerotized and spiny depressions attached by narrow bridge, like pair of narrow eye glasses (without supporting branches).

Biology: Galápagos specimens are mostly from the higher elevation zones, including the pampa zone, but a few were collected in the littoral zone. Collecting months are January to June as well as August and September.

Distribution: A widespread Galápagos endemic found on Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: Samea alophalis Hampson, 1912, was described from Mexico, Presidio and Surinam River, Geldersland (Suriname) from five specimens. Munroe (1995: 171, note 147) designated a lectotype female in the BMNH from Geldersland, two males and one female paralectotypes in the BMNH from Presidio, and one male paralectotype from Geldersland in the USNM. The paralectotypes in the BMNH are actually two females and a male and these being from Presidio, and differing in pattern, may represent a different species, I believe. The other 40 or so other specimens associated with the lectotype series in the BMNH also appear to be different from either the lectotype or the paralectotypes. A revision of this genus would be extremely useful.

Material examined

Holotype: ♂, ‘ECUADOR [sideways on left side] | GALÁPAGOS | San Cristóbal | pampa zone | 18.II.1989, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight] | [legit] B. Landry’; ‘genitalia slide | PYR 367♂’; ‘Samea sp. | Det. B. Landry, 19’; ‘Samea | n. sp. | Det. M.A. Solis’; ‘HOLOTYPE | Samea | inconspicuella | B. Landry’. Deposited in CNC.

Paratypes: 11 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands. – San Cristóbal: 2 ♀ (partly eaten by ants, without abdomen), La Toma, ca. 6.5 km east El Progreso, GPS: 299 m elev[ation]., S 00° 55.356′, W 89° 31.089′, 23.ii.2005, u[ltra]v[iolet]l[ight] (B. Landry). – Santa Cruz: 1 ♀, NNW Bella Vista, GPS: 225 m elev., S 00° 41.293′, W 90° 19.665′, 18.ii.2005, uvl (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 2 ♀ (1 dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8964), C[harles] D[arwin]R[esearch]S[tation], Barranco, 20 m elev., 30.iv.2002, uvl (B. Landry); 1 ♀ (dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8962), Los Gemelos, 4.v.2002, uvl (B. Landry); 2 ♀, Indefatigable, ix.1969, Ref. No. L. 120 (R. Perry, Tj. De Vries; B.M. 1969-693). – Santiago: 1 ♀, N side, GPS: 527 m elev., S 00° 13.690°, W 90° 44.135′, 5.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz); 2 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8705), close to Caseta, NE side, GPS: 686 m elev., S 00° 14.177′, W 090° 44.619′, 6.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz). Deposited in BMNH, CDRS, and MHNG.

Other specimens: 2 ♀, one with label ‘120’ referring to notebook entry ‘Sta Cruz, CDRS, 16 Sept., Nov., Jan.’. Deposited in CDRS.

Diagnosis: The short forewing (maximum 8 mm long), the generally ‘washed-out’ ground colour, and the reduced forewing markings postmedially, with only a pair of short vertical dashes below costa between 2/3 and 3/4 wing length, will separate this new species from the other species of Samea externally. The closest species in terms of size (wingspan: 7-9 mm) and genitalia morphology is Samea multiplicalis (Guenée) (see Hayden, 2014, fig. 3A). However, Samea inconspicuella (Figs 57, 58) is a darker moth than S. multiplicalis; its paler forewing markings are less conspicuous and in both wings the darker region along the outer margin is wider. In male genitalia (Fig. 127) the uncus of S. multiplicalis is longer and thinner, the ratio of the length of the uncus over the largest width of the valva being about 0.8 compared to 0.63. In female genitalia, the most conspicuous diagnostic character is the length of the lateral extension at the base of the ductus bursae, short and wide in S. inconspicuella (Fig. 173), about twice as long and narrow in S. multiplicalis. Samea alophalis Hampson and S. druchachalis Dyar, are also small species, but the former has contrasting satiny white forewing markings, including along the postmedian line as in S. coffea sp. n., but even more prominent, especially in the median and cubital sectors on the outside of the postmedian line. Samea druchachalis also has more numerous and distinct white markings, touching dorsum medially and touching costa postmedially, and a distinctly checkered white and brown fringe.

Etymology: Named for the diminutive size and inconspicuous forewing markings.

Description: Male (n=1) (Fig. 57). Head: frons flat with short appressed scales dark greyish brown, with few short white scales appressed along eye margin next to antenna and erect behind ocellus, scales behind eye short and greyish brown, on occiput laterally thin, chestnut brown and projecting dorsomedially, on occiput medially at base white, short, projecting anteriorly, and on vertex narrow, greyish brown, projecting anteriorly between antennae; antenna filiform, with ciliation about as long as 1/3 width of flagellomeres, with vestiture light greyish brown; maxillary palpus short, barely projecting anteriorly to level of frons, with scales dark greyish brown on apical segment, white at base; labial palpus porrect, short, barely reaching beyond frons, vestiture shortly fan shaped on palpomeres I and II, predominantly white on first and second palpomeres, with chestnut brown and greyish brown scales, with third segment short, hardly distinct from second palpomere, pale greyish brown; haustellum with vestiture white and pale greyish brown. Thorax dorsally with paler-based scales of various shades of greyish brown, darker at base of tegulae and laterally on collar, white at apex medially on mesoscutellum and laterally on metascutum. Apex of thorax laterally, next to metathoracic tergite with pouch of protruding bunch of dark greyish brown hair-like scales extending to apex of coxa. Foreleg coxa greyish brown, paler at apex, white at base; femur dark brown, with some paler scales medially and apically; tibia dark greyish brown with white apically, longer scales covering epiphysis greyish brown with apices dirty white; tarsomeres dirty cream with some light greyish brown especially at bases of second to fourth. Midleg femur dirty cream with dark greyish brown patches submedially and postmedially; tibia dirty cream with greyish brown postmedially and subapically, spurs dirty cream with light greyish brown dorsally; tarsomeres dirty cream with light greyish brown especially at their bases. Hindleg as midleg although generally more dirty white than cream. Forewing length: 6.5 mm (holotype) (wingspan: 9.0 mm). Wing vestiture greyish brown with darker brown scales around pale forewing markings as shown (Fig. 57). Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 88).

Male genitalia (n=1) (Fig. 127). Uncus a simple narrow shaft about twice as long as tegumen along dorsal midline, weakly sclerotized, slightly down curved, with few short setae ventrally, without dorsal spines or apical bisection. Subscaphium lightly sclerotized, reaching just beyond apex of uncus. Tegumen dorsally short along midline, with X-shaped dorsal support structure, laterally expanded, with deeply concave basal margin. Transtilla a pair of broad, rounded plates connected by narrow bridge. Valva broad, rounded, dorsally more thickly sclerotized along all of margin, ventrally with broad, rectangular sclerotized base, medially with short, thickly sclerotized support structure prolonged by strong, sickle-shaped fibula. Phallus simple, straight, mostly unsclerotized to weakly sclerotized along ventral margin toward apex and laterally between 3/5 and 4/5 of length, about 0.8X length of valva; vesica with single long cornutus about 2/5 length of shaft, apically recurved and with 3 or more points.

Female (n=13) (Fig. 58): Antenna filiform with ciliation about as long as 1/4 width of corresponding flagellomeres. Forewing length: 6.5-8.0 mm (wingspan: 9.0-11.5 mm). Abdomen dorsally pale dirty cream to darker greyish brown with white apical margin on tergites I-VI; laterally sometimes with thin lateral line visible from below; ventrally white to pale cream toward apex, sometimes with greyish brown scales medially on some sternites beginning with third.

Female genitalia (n=3) (Fig. 173). Papillae anales of medium length, shaped like rugby ball, width about 1.6X length, not connected dorsally; sclerotized basal margin narrow, of equal length and shape on both sides of apophyses; posterior apophyses about twice as long as width of papillae anales, straight, without noticeable enlargement. Segment VIII long with tergum narrowing slightly to base of apophyses, then narrowing also ventrad of base of apophyses to about 2/5 dorsal length, with short setation homogenously placed on whole tergal surface, unsclerotized along midline except for narrow anterior band; without sclerotization of membrane ventrally; anterior apophyses barely subequal in length to posterior apophyses, thicker, with distinct enlargement subbasally. Intersegmental membrane posterodorsally from ostium bursae set with short, narrow scales. Ductus bursae with colliculum about 10% of length of whole ductus bursae, well sclerotized, cup-shaped, followed by indistinctly shaped section of same length but less thickly sclerotized and ridged, with third section mostly membranous but ridged at base, scobinated, and with lateral rounded enlargement sporting inception of ductus seminalis; distal 3/5th before corpus bursae of medium girth without conspicuous modifications of the membrane. Corpus bursae circular, half as long as ductus bursae and without modifications of membrane.

Biology: Unknown except for the habitats of the specimens collected which span from the low arid zone to the highest, pampa zone, and the collecting months, from January to May, as well as September and November.

Distribution: A Galápagos endemic found so far on the islands of San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: The unique male specimen available was dissected before the colour of the abdominal vestiture and some structures of the genitalia, such as the gnathos and juxta, could be documented. The simple, digit-like male uncus differs conspicuously from the bifid and apicolaterally spiny uncus of Samea ecclesialis Guenée (Fig. 137), the type species of the genus, S. castellalis Guenée (Fig. 125), and S. coffea sp. n. (Fig. 126). Perhaps this divergence would warrant a different generic association for this species, but a revision of the whole genus and related taxa would be necessary to arrive at a meaningful conclusion. Samea multiplicalis is reputed to occur worldwide and its larva is known to feed on aquatic plants of the genera Azolla (Azollaceae), Eichhornia (Pontederiaceae), and Salvinia (Salviniaceae) (Robinson et al., 2014). Both the former and latter genera occur in the Galápagos (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015) and would be the first to check for potential hosts to S. inconspicuella.

The world diversity of this taxon is presently confined to the Neotropical Region (Munroe, 1995; Nuss et al., 2016) and stands at three species, including the new synonymy and new species described below.

Diasemia inabsconsalis Möschler, 1890: 306, 307.

Samea contortilinealis Hampson, 1895: 336. Syn. n.

Nacoleia veroniae Dyar, 1917: 89.

Sisyracera inabsconsalis (Möschler): Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined:

Type material: Lectotype (present designation, see below) ♀ of D. inabsconsalis Möschler (ZMHB), and holotype ♀ of Samea contortilinealis Hampson (BMNH).

Other specimens: 5 ♂, 37 ♀, 4 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Española: Bahía Manzanillo. – Floreana: close to Las Palmas, GPS: elev[ation]. 154 m, S 01° 17.049′, W 90° 28.305′. – Genovesa: Bahía Darwin. – Isabela: Tagus Cove; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev; V. Darwin, 630 m elev.; Puerto Villamil; 2 km W Puerto Villamil; 11 km N Puerto Villamil; ± 15 km N P[uer] to Villamil. – Marchena: [no precise locality]. – Pinta: Plaja Ibbeston [sic]. – Pinzón: Playa Escondida, 14 m elev., S 00° 35.928′, W 90° 39.291′. – Rábida: Tourist trail. – San Cristóbal: Punta Pitt, beach; Pto Baquarizo [sic]; near Loberia, sea level, GPS: elev. 14 m, S 00° 55.149′, W 89° 36.897′; 4 km SE Pto Baquarizo [sic]. – Santa Cruz: Charles Darwin Research Station; Charles Darwin Research Station, El Barranco, 22 m elev., S 00° 44.291′, W 90° 18.107′; idem except 20 m elev.; 4 km N Puerto Ayora; transition zone, recently cut road, GPS: S 00°42.528′, W 90°18.849′; Horneman Farm, 220 m elev.; NNW Bella Vista, GPS: 225 m elev., S 00° 41.293′, W 90° 19.665′. – Santa Fé: Tourist trail. – Santiago: Bahía Espumilla; Cerro Inn; 200 m elev. Deposited in CAS, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: This small species, with a wingspan of 13-16 mm, can be separated easily from the other Galápagos Spilomelinae on the basis of the complicated forewing pattern, especially perhaps the median, more or less round-shaped brown circle with white centre usually with a small brown dot in the middle (Figs 59, 60, 75, 77). The male (Fig. 60) also has distinctive, modified, postmedially knobbed and bent antennae.

Biology: The holotype of synonym S. veroniae was reared from berries of Varronia curassavica (Black or Wild sage), now Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult., 1819 (Boraginaceae) in British Guiana (Dyar, 1917). This plant doesn't occur in the Galápagos, but nine other species of Cordia, including some endemics, are recorded from the archipelago (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015). Galápagos specimens have been collected mostly on the littoral zone, but also higher, up to 630 m on Volcan Darwin, Isabela, in degraded as well as pristine habitats, from January until May.

Distribution: Described from Puerto Rico (D. inabsconsalis), Grenada (S. contortilinealis) and British Guiana (N. veroniae), and recorded from Florida, U.S.A. (Heppner, 2003), this species is probably widespread in the Neotropical region. The few specimens in the BMNH are from Cuba, Jamaica, and Grenada, and I have collected it as well in Bolivia and Brazil (Bahía) (MHNG). On the Galápagos specimens have been found on the islands of Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, Rábida, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, and Santiago.

Remarks: Diasemia inabsconsalis Möschler was described from Puerto Rico on the basis of both sexes as mentioned in the original description. One female (Fig. 75) of this pair was made available to me for examination and dissection and here designated lectotype, with the following labels (see also Fig. 76): ‘Portorico | ‘Kns. Krug 87.’ [green label handwritten in black ink, ‘Kns’ referring to ‘Konsul’]; ‘Type.’ [handwritten on pinkish card]; ‘Ex coll. | H.B. MÖSCHLER’ [printed in black on white paper]; ‘Inabsconsalis | Mschl.’ [handwritten within printed rectangle on washed out white card]; ‘Zool. Mus. | Berlin’ [printed on washed out white card]; ‘BL 1808 ♀’ [handwritten in black on green paper]; ‘Lectotype | Diasemia | inabsconsalis | Möschler | by B. Landry, 2015’ [handwritten in black ink on white card]. Samea contortilinealis Hampson, 1895 is judged to represent the same species. It was described from the female, without indication of number of syntypes or typification. The female with a type label in the BMNH is presumed to be the unique holotype. It bears the following labels (see also Fig. 78): ‘Type’ [typed in black on circular white label with red bordering circle]; ‘Mount Gay Est.[ate] | (Leeward side) | Grenada, W. I. | H. H. Smith.’ [printed in black on white card]; ‘W.Indies | 94-247.’ [printed in black on white card]; ‘Samea | contortilinealis | type ♀ . Hmpsn.’ [handwritten in black ink on white, card, upside down]; ‘BL 1807 ♀’ [handwritten in black ink on green paper]; ‘B.M. Pyralidae | Genitalia slide | No. 21190 ♀’ [printed in black on white card except for handwritten female sign]. These two female types show very slight difference in genitalia in the girth of the ductus seminalis, that of the type of S. contortilinealis being slightly narrower (Fig. 183), and the length of the sclerotized part at the base of the ductus seminalis, that of the lectotype of S. inabsconsalis being slightly shorter (Fig. 174), but these differences are deemed intraspecific. In wing pattern there are slight differences as well, such as the first two forewing brown markings abutting each other on the costa in the holotype of S. contortilinealis (Fig. 77), while they are clearly separated in the lectotype of S. inabsconsalis (Fig. 75). Although in this particular character the Galápagos specimens mostly have a clear gap between these brown patches, one male has these markings almost abutting each other. Also, the thin line that usually touches the costa right between this pair of brown patches, as in the lectotype of S. inabsconsalis, ends in the proximal patch at costa in some of the Galápagos males while it does so in the second patch on the holotype of S. contortilinealis.

Material examined

Holotype: ♀, ‘ECU.[ADOR], GALAPAGOS | Isabela, V[olcan]. Darwin | 1000 m elev[ation]., 18.v.1992 | M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight], leg. [it] B. Landry’; ‘MHNG | ENTO ♀ | 00009035’; ‘HOLOTYPE | Sisyracera | jacquelinae | B. Landry’. Deposited in MHNG.

Paratypes: 5 ♂, 34 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands. – Fernandina: 3 ♀, SW side, GPS: 815 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.270′, W 91° 35.341′, 11.ii.2005, u[ltra]v[iolet] l[ight] (B. Landry, P. Schmitz). – Isabela: 1 ♀, Tagus Cove, alt[titude]. ± 10 m, 22-23.iii.1970, at 15 w[atts]. u.v. blacklight (R. Silberglied); 5 ♀, V[olcan]. Darwin, 630 m elev., 16.v.1992, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight] (B. Landry); 3 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8689), same data as holotype; 7 ♀, idem except 1240 m, 19.v.1992; 1 ♀ (slide MHNG-ENTO-8686), ± 15 km N P[uer] to Villamil, 25.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♂ (one dissected, B.M. Pyralidae Genitalia slide 21189), 1 ♀, Sierra Negra, Corazon Verde, xi-xii.1974 (T.J. de Vries, B.M. 1976-58). – Pinta: N 00° 34.476′, W 90° 45.102′, 372 m elev., 16.iii.2006, uvl (P. Schmitz, L. Roque); 2 ♀(one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8688), 400 m elev., 17.iii.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, N 00° 34.591′, W 90° 45.137′, 421 m elev., 17.iii.2006, uvl (P. Schmitz, L. Roque); 3 ♀, 400 m elev., 18.iii.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂ (slide MHNG-ENTO-9021), 400-650 m elev., 18.iii.1992, day (B. Landry); 1 ♂ (B.M. Pyralidae Genitalia slide 21188), [no precise locality] (staff of Charles Darwin Research Station) (R. Perry & Tj. De Vries, B.M. 1971-79). – Santa Cruz: 1 ♀, Los Gemelos, 4.v.2002, uvl (B. Landry, L. Roque). – Santiago: 4 ♀(one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-9022), Central [camp], 700 m elev., 10.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev., 12.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry). Deposited in BMNH, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: This new species differs conspicuously from either Sisyracera subulalis (Guenée, 1854) or S. inabsconsalis (Möschler) (Figs 59, 60) in that the fore- and especially the hindwing patterns are much less strongly contrasting, especially in the males (Fig. 62). In S. subulalis the forewing has a wide brown band from about 4/5 on costa to the tornus, segregating a small paler triangle at apex, and the hindwing has a large concolourous brown apical patch.

Etymology: I take pleasure in naming this species after Jacqueline Studer, dearest of friends.

Description: Male (n=5) (Fig. 62). Head: frons slightly convex with short appressed scales mottled white, chestnut brown, and greyish brown, with white band dorsally, below antennae, and sometimes dark greyish brown spots laterally near middle, eyes very large, occupying about 73% of head width measured dorsally between antennae, with latter almost abutting each other at base, thin scales behind eye white, greyish brown toward occiput, longest scales laterally on occiput projecting dorsally and white to greyish brown, occiput medially and between antennae with mixture of short and long white to dark brown scales; antenna with basal section (first 22 flagellomeres) serrate, about 1/3 wider than long, with ciliation very short, less than 1/5 width of flagellomeres, vestiture with basal scales white and median scales dark greyish brown to pale greyish brown toward flagellum apex, with flagellomeres 22 and next 2 or 3 modified, bent, forming small cavity set with dense bunch of short, thin and pointed pale tan scales protected dorsally by hood-shaped structure of medium-length greyish brown scales, with regular-sized greyish brown scales also ventrally, flagellomeres beyond modified section filiform, about 1.5X longer than wide just beyond bend, with ciliation only slightly longer than on basal flagellomeres, with appressed short scales dorsally and set of erect short scales ventrally; maxillary palpus minute, smaller than pilifer, white scaled; labial palpus porrect with reclining third palpomere, short, reaching beyond frons for about 3/4 width of eye, vestiture with long, ventrally projecting scales on segment I, with scales only slightly projecting apicoventrally on segment II, without projecting scales on segment III, white at bases of segments I and II and apex of segment III, greyish brown elsewhere, occasionally with yellowish brown; haustellum with scales white and greyish brown. Thorax dorsally with dark and pale greyish brown, white, and chestnut brown scales, mostly with paler bases, with elongate, basally white and apically blackish brown scales arising laterally from mesothorax and converging medially at base of metascutum. Foreleg coxa greyish brown with pale cream at base and apex; femur blackish brown, with paler scales subbasally and subapically; tibia dark greyish brown with white and pale cream basally and medially, and white apically, with longer scales covering epiphysis light greyish brown; tarsomeres pale cream with progressively paler short greyish brown patch apically on first to fourth. Midleg femur cream with small patches of dark greyish brown basally and apically, and larger one postmedially; tibia pale cream and white, with three dark greyish brown patches on basal half and another apically, spurs white ventrally, pale cream dorsally with some light greyish brown; tarsomeres pale cream to white toward last, with light greyish brown apically and before on first, and only apically and decreasing in intensity from second to fourth. Hindleg femur white to pale cream, with dark greyish brown patches basally, postmedially (the darkest) and apically; tibia white to dirty cream with dark greyish brown patches at bases of spurs, with some lighter greyish brown postbasally, spurs pale to dirty cream with pale greyish brown dorsally; tarsomeres pale to dirty cream with darker, pale greyish brown at bases of first and second. Forewing length: 6.5-7.0 mm (wingspan: 14.0-15.5 mm). Vestiture dark brown with paler markings as shown to darker, blackish brown with reduced markings on costa as pair of small white and yellowish orange spots postbasally at 1/5, median white and yellowish orange ring-like patch extending into cell and surrounding dark brown spot, and possibly small greyish brown spot at 3/4 (unique darker specimen rubbed), also with subterminal white band in medial sector. Abdomen (n=1 undissected specimen available) dorsally pale greyish brown with darker brown medially on tergites II-VI and white along terminal margin of all tergites; laterally with apical blackish brown spots; ventrally white to dirty pale cream with few pale greyish brown scales on basal sternites. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 89).

Male genitalia (n=3) (Fig. 129). Uncus lightly sclerotized, of medium size, fused with tegumen, with long setae about as long as uncus along lateral margins, but mostly at apex dorsally and on apical margin, with one seta dorsomedially near base, narrower apical section dorsoventrally flattened and slightly bent. Subscaphium lightly sclerotized, about as wide as apical section of uncus and reaching its tip. Tegumen short, forming complete cover, lightly sclerotized, simple (without sclerotized support bands), bare at base medially, basal margin slightly rounded. Without apparent gnathos or pseudognathos. Transtilla arms triangular, narrow, not connected medially. Valva simple, without fibula or other modifications medially, slightly curving upward, apex about half width of base, apically rounded. Juxta small, well sclerotized, ovoid with lateral margins slightly concave, with rounded ventral keel about as long as half width of juxta. Vinculum thickly sclerotized, narrow; saccus a narrow expansion directed anterodorsally. Phallus mostly straight, with distinct coecum penis about 1/10 length of whole shaft and directed upward slightly, dorsally membranous until 3/5 of length; vesica without cornuti but with a few scobinations and a large number of minute spinules.

Female (n=35) (Fig. 61). Antenna filiform, unmodified, with ciliation about as long as 1/5 of width of flagellomeres. Forewing length: 6.5-8.0 mm (holotype: 7.5 mm) (wingspan: 14.0-17.5 mm). Wing vestiture as shown, sometimes with chestnut brown background replaced by blackish brown. Abdomen dorsally brown with darker brown medially on tergites II-VII and white along terminal margin of I-VI, with terminal scales cream; laterally with small black spot apically on segments II-VI visible from above and short black line on II-V visible from below; ventrally pale greyish brown with white apically along margin of sternites II-VI, with cream terminal scales.

Female genitalia (n=4) (Fig. 175). Papillae anales rounded, about 2.7X wider than long; sclerotized basal margin thin and straight, ventrally extending twice as much as dorsally; posterior apophyses strong, slightly longer than width of papillae anales, with short extension ventrally at 1/4. Segment VIII short, with tergal sclerotized surface dorsally twice as long as at base of apophyses, only shortly extending ventrally from base of apophyses, with long setae along apical margin; medioventrally with elongate, lightly sclerotized narrow plate ending anteriorly in low concavity and narrowing; anterior apophyses strong, about 25% longer than posterior apophyses, with dorsal, triangular extension at 1/4. Membrane around ostium bursae unmodified. Ductus bursae with first section before ductus seminalis about 1/3 total length of ductus bursae although separation from corpus bursae unclear, colliculum well-sclerotized, funnel shaped in posterior half, parallel-margined in anterior half, rest of ductus bursae more or less spiculate posteriorly, with inception of ductus seminalis just after colliculum. Corpus bursae elongate, slightly longer than ductus bursae, about 4X as wide as ductus bursae, without modifications of membrane.

Biology: Unknown except for the moth's attraction to light, perhaps more so in the females, if the difference observed in the sexes of the specimens collected is significant in that respect. Also, apart from one specimen collected near Tagus Cove on Isabela, all others were found at higher elevations, at 815 m on Fernandina, at 360 m (Corazon Verde) and up to 1240 m on Isabela, at 372 m and above on Pinta, at about 720 m (Los Gemelos) on Santa Cruz, and at 520 and 700 m on Santiago. Collecting months are March until May and November and December.

Distribution: Endemic to the Galápagos, specimens have been found on five of the larger islands as mentioned above.

Remarks: James Hayden (pers. comm.) suggested the placement of this species in Sisyracera as follows: ‘The genitalia have the characters that I associate with it: no gnathos, tapered uncus without robust chaetae, attenuate, broad-based valvae without fibula or other processes, female without signum or other sclerotizations. The palpi are kind of pyraustiform with a short, porrect apical meron. It also has the same antennal tuft! The tympanal pockets are a little more shallow than my dissections. The wing pattern is more like Udea, etc. than the spider-webby pattern of typical Sisyracera, but I think it is plesiomorphic in your species.’ In the forewing pattern also, some of the female specimens (26 out of 35, but not specimen illustrated on Fig. 61) harbour a median, white spot circled brown and usually with a brown spot in the middle, in the same position as that of S. inabsconsalis.

Containing only two species (Nuss et al., 2016), Spoladea is represented in the Western Hemisphere by a single widespread species (Munroe, 1995).

Phalaena recurvalis Fabricius, 1775: 644.

Zinckenia fascialis Cramer: Schaus, 1923: 28.

Hymenia recurvalis (Fabricius): Linsley & Usinger, 1966: 162.

Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius): Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 5 ♂, 7 ♀, 43 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands. – Española: Bahía Manzanillo; Las Tunas trail, 100 m elev[ation]. – Floreana: Punta Cormoran; Charles [no precise locality]. – Isabela: Albermarle, Cobea [?] Settlement; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev.; NE slope Alcedo, ca. 400 m up (S) Los Guayabillos camp, GPS: 892 m elev., S 00° 25.208′, W 91° 04.765′; V. Darwin, 1000 m elev. – San Cristóbal: Chatham [no precise locality]. – Santa Cruz: Academy Bay, Charles Darwin Research Station; Charles Darwin Research Station; Horneman Farm, 200 m; Horneman Farm, 220 m elev.; [no precise locality], reared from larva ex Sesuvium portulacastrum. – Santiago: Jaboncillo [camp], ± 850 m elev. Deposited in BMNH, CAS, CDRS, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: Measuring between 17 and 21 mm in wingspan in the Galápagos this species is most similar to Hymenia perspectalis (Hübner) (Figs 22, 23) and Cryptobotys zoilusalis (Walker) (Figs 10, 11), both treated above. Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) (Fig. 63) is somewhat paler brown than H. perspectalis. Their white markings differ in the forewing by the wide median fascia from the dorsum touching the discocellular stigma in S. recurvalis, thin and not touching the discocellular stigma in H. perspectalis, and on the hindwing by the wide and evenly margined fascia of S. recurvalis compared to the thin fascia presenting a median bilobed projection medially on the external margin in H. perspectalis. Cryptobotys zoilusalis (Walker) also has white to cream fasciae, but these are very thin.

Biology: The larva of this species is polyphagous and has been recorded on a wide variety of plants, for example Aizoaceae (Trianthema sp.), Amaranthaceae (Alternanthera sp., Amaranthus sp., Celosia sp., Gom-phrena sp.), Arecaceae [Chrysalidocarpus (= Dypsis) sp.], Asteraceae (Chrysanthemum sp., Eupatorium sp.), Chenopodiaceae (Beta sp., Chenopodium sp.), Convolvulaceae (Ipomoea sp.), Fabaceae (Glycine sp., Vigna sp.), Nyctaginaceae (Boerhavia sp.), Poaceae (Zea sp.), Portulacaceae (Portulaca sp., Spinacia sp.), Solanaceae (Lycopersicon sp.), etc. (Robinson et al., 2014). In the CDRS collection there is a pair of specimens associated with a number 69, which refers to a notebook entry mentioning Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. and Portulaca oleraceae L. (Aizoaceae) as hosts in the Galápagos. Moths in the archipelago have been collected from sea level up to 1000 m in elevation in pristine as well as anthropized habitats, from February to May and in December.

Distribution: Based on the literature (for example De Prins & De Prins, 2015; Shaffer & Munroe, 2007; Zimmerman, 1958) and museum specimens this species is widespread around the world under warm climates, but it is also probably resident in Southern Europe and occasionally reaches northern Europe (Slamka, 2013) and south-eastern Canada (Patterson et al., 2015). In the Galápagos it has been collected on the islands of Española, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: I have identified a Galápagos specimen of this species by comparing it with BMNH identified material, including the types of some of its synonyms. The type was not examined as it is lost (Clarke, 1986).

Thirteen species of Synclera are presently known (Nuss et al., 2016), two of which having been described from the Western Hemisphere (Munroe, 1995). However, a few undescribed species of this genus occur in the Neotropics as attest the specimens studied by P. E. S. Whalley in the BMNH.

Samea jarbusalis Walker, 1859: 352.

Synclera jarbusalis (Walker): Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined

Type specimen: 1 ♂ lectotype (BMNH).

Other specimens: 1 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands: – Santa Cruz: Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista. Deposited in MNHG.

Diagnosis: This beautiful species is easily separated from the other Galápagos spilomelines by the complex pattern of brown lines with orange yellow scales mostly enclosed between the linear markings (Figs 65, 66). The pattern of the thorax and the first three abdominal segments dorsally is also striking. The wingspan is 16.5-21.0 mm, the Galápagos specimen being the smallest of the four measured.

Biology: The host plants and immatures stages of this species are unknown (Heppner, 2003). The species is not recorded either by Robinson et al. (2014). The only known specimen from the Galápagos was collected in the agriculture zone on April 1, 1992.

Distribution: In the BMMH, specimens identified as this species are from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Tobago, and Trinidad, reflecting a wide Neotropical distribution. It is also recorded from the USA (Florida) and El Salvador by Patterson et al. (2015), and I have collected it as well in Venezuela. In the Galápagos this species so far has been found only on Santa Cruz on a farm.

Remarks: This species was described from three specimens from Santo Domingo. One of these, a male in the BMNH, is labelled type and dissected. It was found to match in external characters the specimen found on the Galápagos. And it is here designated lectotype, harbouring the following set of labels: ‘St. Dom. | 55.1’ [typed]; ‘Type’ [circular, green bordered, typed]; ‘Brit. | Mus. | Slide No | 6097’ [typed except number]; ‘6. SAMEA JARBUSALIS’ [typed on old printed paper]; ‘LECTOTYPE | Samea | jarbusalis Walker | Des[ignated by]. B. Landry, 2016’.

Nuss et al. (2016) include 26 species in this genus mostly described from Africa and Asia. Munroe (1995) records only two species from the Western Hemisphere, although one, not treated here, is mentioned to be misplaced in that genus.

Tinea florella Stoll in Cramer & Stoll, 1781: 114, pl. 348 fig. L.

Syngamia florella (Stoll): Peck et al. 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined: 9 ♂, 11 ♀, 46 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Floreana: Charles [no precise locality]; Punta Cormoran; close to Loberia, GPS: elev[ation]. 6 m, S 01° 17.002′, W 90° 29.460′. – Genovesa: Bahía Darwin. – Isabela: Alcedo, lado NE, low arid zone bosq[ue]. palo santo; V[olcan]. Darwin, 300 m elev.; 1 km W P[uer]to Villamil; 2 km Puerto Villamil; 8.5 km N Pto Villamil; ± 15 km N Pto Villamil; Sierra Negra, 1000 m alt[itude]. – San Cristóbal: Chatham [no precise locality]; 1 km S El Progreso; El Junco, east side, GPS: 654 m elev., S 00° 53.734′, W 89° 28.727′; pampa zone. – Santa Cruz: Agr[iculture]. Zone; Tortuga Res[erve]. W S[an]ta Rosa; Horneman Farm, 220 m elev.; agriculture zone, near (NNW) Bella Vista, GPS: 223 m elev., S 00° 41.297′, W 90° 19.670′; NNW Bella Vista, GPS: 225 m elev., S 00° 41.293′, W 90° 19.665′; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; 2 km W Bella Vista; Los Gemelos; Media Luna, pampa zone. – Santiago: Bahía Espumilla; La Bomba, 6 m elev., S 00° 11.151′, W 90° 42.052′; 200 m elev.; Aguacate [camp], 520 m elev.; Central [camp], 700 m; Jaboncillo [camp], ± 850 m elev. Deposited in BMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, MCZ, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: The diminutive Syngamia florella (Stoll) is one of the most strikingly patterned and coloured species of Spilomelinae in the Galápagos (Fig. 64). The broad orange yellow markings of the thorax and both wings over a dark brown ground colour as well as the bright orange abdomen with patches of shining blue scales are not found in any other species. The wingspan is between 15 and 19 mm.

Biology: The known host plants of this species are in the Rubiaceae genera Borreria and Spermacoce (Heppner, 2003; Robinson et al., 2014). In the Galápagos specimens have been collected from the littoral zone to higher zones up to about 1000 m, in cultivated as well as pristine habitats, and from February until June and October.

Distribution: Described from Surinam this species is widespread in the Western Hemisphere as attest the countries recorded from the labels of specimens in the BMNH: USA, Bahamas, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, St Vincent, Dominica, Cuba, Santo Domingo, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Venezuela, British Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Argentina. In addition, the MHNG has specimens from Martinique and French Guiana. Patterson et al. (2015) report it from several US States of the south east, with most records from Florida, Georgia, and Texas. Already in 1854, Guenée wrote that this species was very common in all of Meridional America. In the Galápagos specimens were collected on several islands as noted above in the Material examined. In addition, a CDRS specimen labelled simply ‘92’ refers to notes in a notebook in the CDRS adding the localities of Cerro Azul on Isabela and Media Luna on Santa Cruz.

Remarks: The original description was checked to identify the Galapagos specimens, but there is no real description, rather an illustration that is not very convincing. Stoll (1781) mentioned that he was told that this species was found in Surinam on many different sorts of flowers and in great abundance. My Galápagos specimens match the specimens identified as this species in the BMNH.

Terastia currently contains seven species described from Haiti, India, the Philippines, Malawi and South Africa (Nuss et al., 2016) and none other than the widespread Terastia meticulosalis Guenée has been recorded from the Western Hemisphere (Sourakov et al., 2016).

Terastia meticulosalis Guenée, 1854: 212. – Peck et al., 1998: 227. – Causton et al., 2006: 141. – Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015.

Material examined:

Holotype: ♀ (BMNH).

Other specimens: 11 ♂, 12 ♀, 17 of undetermined sex from the Galápagos Islands: – Daphne: [no more precise locality]. – Pinta: ± 50 m elev[ation]. – Santa Cruz: Charles Darwin Research Station; casa L. Roque-Albelo & V. Cruz, GPS: 137 m elev., 00° 42.595′, W 90° 19.196′; Finca Vilema, 2 km W Bella Vista; Horneman Farm, 220 m; [no precise locality], on Cordia lutea (Boraginaceae) flower. – Santiago: Los Jaboncillos, 500 m, open Zanthoxylum forest. Deposited in BMNH, CAS, CDRS, CNC, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: This large species (wingspan: 25-39 mm) will separate easily from other species of Spilomelinae in the Galápagos by virtue of the narrow brown forewing with an oblique brown band from the middle of the dorsum and reaching Sc+R1 before the middle of the costa, preceded below Sc+R1 by a low, dark brown to black triangle (Figs 67, 68). The costal margin of the broad, mostly white hindwing is distinctly sinuate, broadly concave just beyond middle.

Biology: Most reports of larval host plant are from Erythrina species (Fabaceae) (Robinson et al., 2014). Sourakov (2013) mentions that adult size depends on the generation and diet of the caterpillars. He states: ‘For instance, in Florida, the spring generation that feeds on seeds was shown to be larger than the summer and fall generations that feed inside the stem.’ Stem-feeding larvae produce a characteristic dying-off of the tip of the plant. The caterpillar is mostly pale, cream coloured with a darker prothoracic shield and dark brown to black head. Pupation occurs in a loose double-layered cocoon as in Agathodes designalis. Egg laying behaviour is unknown. In the Galápagos specimens have been collected from sea level to 500 m in elevation from all months of the year except May and December. Six species of Erythrina occur on the Galápagos, all of which have been introduced for their ornamental value except Erythrina velutina Willd., which is considered native on the archipelago (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015).

Distribution: From specimens in the BMNH and MHNG this species is found in Haiti (type locality), Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina. It is also found in the Nearctic region [southern US States (Patterson et al., 2015, Sourakov et al., 2016)]. On the Galápagos this species has been found so far only on the islands of ‘Daphne’, Pinta, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: The dissected female holotype in the BMNH was examined to identify the Galápagos specimens. The Daphne island record is from a CDRS notebook note pertaining to a CDRS specimen labelled ‘78’. This note also mentions Media luna and the CDRS on Santa Cruz, as well as collecting months, but which Daphne island, either Minor or Major, is not specified. As shown by the habitus illustrations (Figs 67, 68), the colour is variable and some specimens have a warmer, chestnut brown pattern. Based on recent work by Sourakov et al. (2016), Terastia meticulosalis can no longer be considered a pantropical species, specimens from Asia and Africa representing different species.

Possibly the largest genus of Spilomelinae, Udea now includes 214 species described from around the World (Nuss et al., 2016). The fauna of the Western Hemisphere is made up of 52 species (Munroe, 1995), excluding the two described as new below. All Neotropical species of Udea were checked to determine the two Galápagos species as new.

Material examined:

Holotype: ♂, ‘ECU[ADOR]., GALAPAGOS | Isabela, V[olcan]. Darwin | 1000 m elev[ation]., 18.v.1992 | M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight], leg[it]. B. Landry’; ‘MHNG | ENTO ♂ | 00009036’; ‘HOLOTYPE | Udea | galapagensis | B. Landry’. Deposited in MHNG.

Paratypes: 21 ♂, 39 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. – Fernandina: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, SW side, GPS: 815 m elev[ation]., S 00° 21.270′, W 91° 35.341′, 11.ii.2005, u[ltra]v[iolet]l[ight] (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m elev., S 00° 21.910′, W 91° 34.034′, 12.ii.2005, uvl (B. Landry, P. Schmitz). – Isabela: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Volcan Sierra Negra, Corason [sic] Verde, 360 m, i.1971 (L163, R. Perry & Tj. De Vries, B.M. 1971-79); 1 ♀, 1 km W Puerto Villamil, 3.iii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♂, 2 ♀, 3 km N S[an]to Tómas, Agr[iculture]. Zone, 8.iii.1989 MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♂, Sierra Negra, pampa zone, 1000 m, 12.iii.1989 MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♀, NE slope Alcedo, ca. 400 m up (S) Los Guayabillos camp, GPS: 892 m elev., S 00° 25.208′, W 91° 04.765′, 1.iv.2004, uvl (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 1 ♂, Alcedo, lado NE, 700 m, camp guayabillos, 16.iv.2002, uvl (B. Landry, L. Roque); 3 ♂, 2 ♀, Alcedo, lado NE, 1100 m, cumbre, Caseta Cayot, 17.iv.2002, uvl (B. Landry, L. Roque); 2 ♀, V[olcan]. Darwin, 630 m elev., 16.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♂ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8711), 3 ♀ (one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8712), same data as holotype; 6 ♀, V. Darwin, 1240 m elev., 19.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, Sierra Negra, Corazon Verde, xi-xii.1974 (T.J. de Vries, B.M. 1976-58); 1 ♀, Volcan Sierra Negra, Santo Tomas, Corazon Verde, 360 m, xi.1974, on Teuerium besicarium, Labiatae (T.J. de Vries, B.M. 1976-58). – San Cristóbal: 1 ♀, 4 km SE P[uer]to Baquarizo [sic], 12.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♀, idem except 20.ii.1989; 1 ♀, 1 km S El Progreso, 14.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, pampa zone, 15.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂ (dissected, CNC slide PYR 375), 2 ♀, idem except 18.ii.1989; 1 ♂, base of Cerro Pelado, 22.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, La Toma, ca. 5.6 km east El Progreso, GPS: 299 m elev., S 00° 55.356′, W 89° 31.089′, 23.ii.2005, uvl (B. Landry); 2 ♀, El Junco, east side, GPS: 654 m elev., S 00° 53.734′, W 89° 28.727′, 25.ii.2005, uvl (B. Landry); 1 ♀, El Junco, v.1975 (T.J. de Vries, B.M. 1976-58). – Santa Cruz: 2 ♀, Los Gemelos, 31.i.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀ (dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-9023), idem except 27.v.1992; 1 ♂, Media Luna, pampa zone, 2.ii.1989, in flight (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Finca S[teve]. Devine, 17.iii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, transition zone, house of L. Roque, elev. 137 m, GPS: 00° 42.595′, W 90° 19.196′, 9.iv.2004, white light (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Media Luna, xi.1974 (B.M. 1975-7). – Santiago: 1 ♂, N side, GPS: 527 m elev., S 00° 13.690°, W 90° 44.135′, 5.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz). Deposited in BMNH, CDRS, CNC, and MHNG.

Diagnosis: This species is externally most similar to several other Udea species found in South America, including U. capsifera (Meyrick, 1933), described from Argentina, for which the male genitalia are also very similar. For example, both species have a single long cornutus on the vesica (Fig. 134), but in U. capsifera (slide BM 21107 of lectotype) the cornutus is about one fourth of the length of the phallus while it is one third of that length in U. galapagensis. In addition, the spinose end of the uncus in U. capsifera is larger, with distinctly longer spines, the longest about 7/10 the length of the spined surface, the ventral margin of the valva is more strongly angled, the lateral margins of the juxta are slightly concave and the basal margin is more broadly rounded, the vinculum is slightly longer and more narrowly rounded apically, and the transtilla is narrower and set with about one third as many less setae along a narrower section of the transtilla. The second palpomere of the labial palpus of U. capsifera dorsally has a distinct triangular projection of compact scales; this projection is also present in U. galapagensis, but it is less prominent and scales are longer and less compactly set. The fore- and midlegs of U. galapagensis are mostly greyish brown with a darker dorsal edge at base while they are paler with the midleg tibia, for example, whitish beige except for brown dorsal edge at base in U. capsifera, and the latter species is larger (9 mm forewing length in lectotype). Udea fusculalis (Hampson, 1899) is externally similar but my dissection (Pyralidae Brit. Mus. Slide No. 21108) of a male syntype shows that it is clearly a different species as its uncus is longer and its spinose section apically is almost as narrow as the unspinose stem, the juxta is medially notched at base, and the vesica doesn't have a long cornutus. Udea tenoalis Munroe, 1974 is also similar but in the male the juxta is bifid, the vinculum is ventrally pointed, and the cornutus is one fourth of the length of the phallus, and in the female genitalia there is no distinct sclerotized structure associated with the ostium bursae, the ductus bursae is shorter than the corpus bursae, and the latter is densely set with strong spines in the proximal half. In the Galápagos this species is similar to four others with brown wings and darker brown markings. They can be separated by the key presented in the treatment of Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Guenée) above.

Etymology: The specific name refers to the place of origin of the specimens.

Description: Male (n=22) (Fig. 69). Head: frons flat with vestiture short scaled, appressed, greyish brown, with appressed white scales along eye margin at base of antenna and ocellus, scales behind eye short, dark to pale greyish brown and white, longest scales laterally on occiput mostly yellowish brown and projecting dorsomedially, narrow scales projecting anteriorly between antennae greyish brown; antenna slightly serrate, with ciliation about 2/5 as long as width of flagellomeres, vestiture greyish brown, darker on scape and basal flagellomeres; maxillary palpus conspicuous, projecting anteriorly beyond eye margin to distance equal to about half diameter of eye, vestiture white medially, greyish brown laterally; labial palpus porrect, long, projecting beyond frons to distance equal to 1.3 diameter of eye, basal palpomere mostly dirty white with scales slightly projecting ventrally, second palpomere ventrally with narrow projecting scales apically, dorsally with slightly wider projecting scales forming triangle reaching frontoclypeal margin, with scales brown to greyish brown toward apex, with base of scales paler, third palpomere thin scaled, greyish brown; haustellum white at base, greyish brown beyond, increasingly darker. Thorax dorsally at base dark greyish brown with purple tinge, posteriorly paler, tan, with scales often darker tipped, those of apex of tegulae elongate and almost reaching apex of thorax. Foreleg coxa pale greyish brown with blackish brown patch at base and white at tip; femur greyish brown with scattered white scales and blackish brown apical patch; tibia greyish brown with pale dirty cream at base, middle, and apex, with long scales over epiphysis pale greyish brown, white, and cream; tarsomeres pale dirty cream with pale greyish brown mostly on fourth. Midleg femur as on foreleg; tibia enlarged in girth, with longitudinal slit ventrally (hiding androconial hair-like scales), greyish brown, darker on basal half, with white at tip, spurs pale cream; tarsomeres dirty cream with light greyish brown on whole exposed surface. Hindleg femur white with scattered greyish brown scales, sometimes forming patches postbasally, postmedially, and apically; tibia pale cream, sometimes darker, with scattered greyish brown scales, spurs pale cream; tarsomeres pale cream with more or less greyish brown scales. Forewing length: 7.0-8.5 mm (holotype: 8.5 mm) (wingspan: 15.5-18.5 mm). Wing vestiture brown with more or less conspicuous darker markings as shown. Abdomen dorsally greyish brown with whole apical margin of tergites white or white only medially; ventrally pale greyish brown with apical dark greyish brown spot laterally on sternites II-VI. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 90).

Male genitalia (n=5) (Fig. 134). Uncus at base fused medially with tegumen, forming cross with narrow lateral wings and slightly wider basal sections, basal section of free shaft (‘neck’) very narrow, apical section (‘head’) enlarged, covered with short, thick spines, apex broadly rounded. Subscaphium narrow at base, enlarging to 4 X basal width at mid-length and then narrowing and forming sclerotized canal almost closed dorsally, apically reaching tip of valvae. Tegumen short and wide, lightly sclerotized except for deeply concave basal margin medially, lateral margins, and especially apicolateral angles, devoid of scales medially and along basal margin. Pseudognathos lightly sclerotized laterally, more strongly so medially and forming thin, bell-shaped curve. Transtilla with lateral arms strongly developed, curving to connect medially in narrow bridge, ventrally set with pointed scales of medium length present also on membrane ventrad of transtilla. Valva narrow, parallel-margined until slightly beyond middle, then narrowing to half basal width at rounded apex, with dorsal margin more thickly sclerotized, medially at base near middle with more thickly sclerotized diagonal ridge prolonged by short and narrow fibula reaching ventral margin, recurved, and set with one seta medially near base and 1-2 very small ones apicomedially, also medially along midline with series of stiff setae from 1/3 to 2/3. Juxta small, quadrangular. Vinculum of medium width laterally; saccus bulbous. Phallus straight, dorsally membranous from base of incomplete coecum penis to 3/5 of length; vesica with single long cornutus about 1/3 of length of phallus shaft.

Female (n=39) (Fig. 70): Antenna filiform with ciliation about as long as 1/6 width of flagellomeres. Forewing length: 7.0-9.0 mm (wingspan: 15.0-19.0 mm). Female genitalia (n=2) (Fig. 180). Papillae anales short, longer medially and about 1/6th of width, dorsally connected, with setation abundant and long along basal margin; sclerotized basal margin short on both sides of bases of apophyses, pointed dorsally, slightly enlarging ventrally; posterior apophyses thin, about 2/3 as long as width of papillae anales, with slight enlargement at base. Segment VIII with tergum medium sized, reducing in length by 1/4 at base of apophyses, then ventrad from base of apophyses scobinated and with ventral margin converging toward dorsal margin, with very few short setae dorsally; ventrally with lightly sclerotized, smooth surfaced triangular plate covering most of space; anterior apophyses about 1/3 longer than posterior, thicker, without distinct enlargement. Membrane around ostium bursae unmodified. Ductus bursae long, of medium girth, with funnel-shaped antrum elongate, well sclerotized, about 11% of whole ductus length, internally with short setae on most of surface directed medially and posteriorly; colliculum well sclerotized, short, about 2/5th length of antrum, unsclerotized dorsally, smooth surfaced; inception of ductus seminalis dorsally at base of distal, smooth section of ductus seminalis. Corpus bursae rounded, about 30% of length of ductus bursae, with large, internally spinulated, mouth-shaped plate.

Biology: One specimen has a label with ‘Teuerium besicarium’, the correct spelling of which is Teuctrium vesicarium Mill., a Lamiaceae species native to the Galápagos and found on the four largest inhabited islands (Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz) (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015). In addition, the species has been found most commonly in the high elevation pampa zone and the collecting records are from November, December, and January until May.

Distribution: Presumed endemic to the Galápagos, this species has been found on the islands of Fernandina, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: The San Cristóbal specimens are in general darker (Fig. 70) than those from the other islands, but darker specimens are also known from Isabela. A more contrasting stigma at the end of the forewing cell (Fig. 70) can be observed in only six of the specimens at hand. Udea capsifera (Meyrick, 1933: 409) was described from four specimens in genus Phlyctaenia. A dissected male is here designated lectotype, with the following labels: 1-‘LECTO / TYPE’ [circular, marine blue bordered, typed]; 2- ‘Alta Gracia / Argentina / CB. .32’ [hand written]; 3- ‘Meyrick Coll. / B.M. 1938-290.’ [typed, upside down]; 4- ‘capsifera Meyr.’ [hand written]; 5- ‘Phlyctaenia / capsifera / ¼ Meyrick / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll.’ [handwritten except for typed last two lines]; 6- ‘B.M. Pyralidae / Genitalia slide / No. 21107 ♂’ [typed except for male sign]; 7- ‘LECTOTYPE / Phlyctaenia / capsifera / Meyrick / Des. B. Landry, 2014’ [typed except for scientific name and ‘14’]. The three other syntypes, all males with the same locality label as the lectotype, are designated paralectotypes.

Material examined

Holotype: ♂, ‘ECU[ADOR]., GALAPAGOS | Santiago, Central [camp] | 700 m elev[ation]., 9.iv.1992 | M[ercury] V[apour]L[ight], leg[it]. B. Landry’; ‘[slide] MHNG | ENTO | 00009024’; ‘genitalia slide | BL 1230 ♂’ (upside down); ‘HOLOTYPE | Udea | sideralis | B. Landry’. Deposited in MHNG.

Paratypes: 3 ♂, 15 ♀ from the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. – Isabela: 1 ♀, NE slope Alcedo, ca. 400 m up (S) Los Guayabillos camp, GPS: elev[ation]. 892 m, S 00° 25.208′, W 91° 04.765′, 1.iv.2004, u[ltra]v[iolet]l[ight] (B. Landry, P. Schmitz); 1 ♀, V[olcan]. Alcedo, 700 m[e] t[er]s elev., Lado Este, 6.iv.1999, UVL-F[lood].L[ight]. (L. Roque); 1 ♀, Alcedo, lado NE, 700 m, camp guayabillos, uvl, 16.iv.2002 (B. Landry, L. Roque); 1 ♀(dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8965), ± 15 km N P[uer] to Villamil, 25.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂ (dissected, B.M. Pyralidae Genitalia slide No. 21193), Sierra Negra, Corazon Verde, 23-27.vi.1974 (T.J. de Vries, B.M. 1976-58); 2 ♀, same data except date, xi-xii.1974. – Santa Cruz: 1 ♀, Los Gemelos, 31.i.1989, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight] (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Media Luna, pampa zone, 8.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Horneman Farm, 200 m, 7.v.1964 (D. Q. Cavagnaro); 1 ♂, vic[inity]. “Mirador” (W of Media Luna), Alt. ± 620 m, 26.v.1970 (R. Silberglied). – Santiago: 1 ♂, 4 ♀, N side, GPS: 527 m elev., S 00° 13.690′, W 9090° 44.135′, 5.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz); 1 ♀, close to Caseta, NE side, GPS: 686 m elev., S 00° 14.177′, W 090° 44.619′, 6.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz); 1 ♀ (dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8710), same data as holotype. Deposited in BMNH, CAS, CDRS, MCZ, and MHNG.

Other specimens: 3 ♀, one with label ‘147’, relating to the following notes in CDRS notebook: ‘Sta Cruz, CDRS, Jan. onwards’69; caseta, Feb.’70; Isabela, St Tomas, Jan.’71; Food: Ipomoea’.

Diagnosis: The combination of spots and postmedian line on the forewing (Figs 71, 72), reminiscent of that of a Scopariinae, is unique among Udea species examined and other species of Spilomelinae in the Galápagos.

Etymology: The specific name is from the Latin and refers to the spotted aspect of the forewings, which is evocative of a starry sky.

Description: Male (n=4) (Fig. 71). Head: frons flat with vestiture mostly white, with few blackish brown and pale greyish brown scales, white scales from ventrolateral corners directed medially, eyes large, forming 70% of width of head measured below antennae, thin scales behind eye blackish brown, with short, blackish brown scales at base of antennae medially, with long, narrow, mostly white occipital scales directed dorsally, mixed with few greyish brown tipped scales, with mostly pure white vertex scales projecting anterodorsally between antennae; antenna slightly serrate, ciliation half as long as width of flagellomeres, dorsal vestiture with basal scales white and middle scales greyish brown, darker and thus more contrasting toward base of flagellum, distal 1/3 of flagellum also with erect greyish brown ventral scales; maxillary palpus small, projecting dorsally barely above pilifer, blackish brown scaled; labial palpus of medium length, projecting anterodorsally at half right angle, with reclining apical segment, reaching just above top of head and anteriorly beyond frons to distance almost as long as diameter of eye, vestiture of basal segment mostly greyish brown with white apically, with rather sparse scaling of medium length projecting ventrally and anteriorly, second palpomere with white basal scales ventrally slightly projecting anteriorly, otherwise pale greyish brown, third palpomere with short, thin appressed scales mostly pale greyish brown, white apically; haustellum mostly white with pale greyish brown scales paler at their bases. Thorax dorsally mostly white with pale greyish brown to blackish brown tipped scales at base of tegulae, as patches laterally on mesoscutum, as patches laterally or as band across median section of metascutellum, and at apex of tegulae and adjacent metascutum, the latter scales narrow and curving upward. Foreleg coxa light greyish brown with few scattered darker brown scales and larger apical white scales; femur blackish brown at base, then white, blackish brown medially, greyish brown in distal half with scattered white scales and white ventral edge; tibia dark greyish brown with white postbasally, thin scales covering epiphysis light grey; tarsomeres white with dark greyish brown patches on distal half on first and at apex and decreasing in size and intensity on second to fourth. Midleg femur white with greyish brown subbasally, medially (darkest patch), and apically; tibia dark greyish brown with white postbasally and subapically, spurs white with light greyish brown dorsally; tarsomeres as on foreleg. Hindleg femur white with light greyish brown, slightly darker medially; tibia white with scattered light greyish brown and dark greyish brown patches at bases of spurs, that of median spurs smaller, spurs white; tarsomeres white with patches of dark greyish brown decreasing in size and intensity on first to third. Forewing length: 6.0-7.0 mm (holotype: 7.0 mm) (wingspan: 12.5-15.0 mm). Wing vestiture as shown, with markings greyish brown, blackish brown, and sometimes grey with slight green tinge, with some scales raised, with blackish brown scaling between markings sometimes more prevalent. Abdomen with tympanal organs much reduced, without tympanic drums (bullae tympani); vestiture dorsally greyish brown with white as broad band laterally and apically on tergite I, as broad apical band on tergite II, and as thin marginal band apically on tergites III-VII, ultimate scales over genitalia dirty white, preceded by blackish brown; laterally with small apical blackish brown spot on segments IV-VI; ventrally white, with greyish brown underneath genitalia. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown (Fig. 91).

Male genitalia (n=2) (Fig. 135). Uncus short, with quadrangular base, slightly wider than long, second section (‘neck’) poorly sclerotized, indistinct, distal section (‘head’) longest, about as long as first two sections, spiny. Subscaphium of medium width, shaped like mirror image of ‘J’ in side view, with narrow base gently enlarging to about 4X basal width near middle and then parallel-margined, reaching shortly before apex of uncus. Tegumen medium sized, narrowing to half basal width, with median ridge from base to apex, with strongly sclerotized lateral and basal margins, the latter more widely sclerotized and medially concave, bare along basal margin and medially to mid-length. Pseudognathos lightly sclerotized, forming narrow elongate triangles ending at base of subscaphium. Transtilla with fat lateral arms triangular, slightly upcurved, not medially connected. Valva narrow, narrowing from base to 1/3 basal width at rounded apex, with dorsal margin more thickly sclerotized until before slightly upturned apex, medially with more thickly sclerotized band from below transtilla to ventral margin at 4/5 of length set toward base with thin fibula at right angle reaching ventral margin, recurved and without setae, sclerotized median band at 2/3 also with series of stiff, medioanteriorly curving setae, ventral margin set with extra-long setae on basal half. Juxta elongate, quadrangular, with broadly convex basal margin. Vinculum very narrow, only slightly enlarging toward dorsum; saccus a narrowly rounded bulge directed at right angle dorsally. Phallus straight, less than 2/3 length of valva, without distinct coecum penis, basal half sclerotized only ventrally, then forming complete tube; vesica with one ridged, straight and pointed cornutus about 1/3 length of phallus shaft.

Female (n=18) (Fig. 70): Antenna filiform with ciliation about 1/3 width of flagellomeres. Forewing length: 6.5-8.5 mm (wingspan: 14.0-19.0 mm). Abdomen dorsally sometimes with blackish brown medially within paler greyish brown base on tergites I and III-V.

Female genitalia (n=2) (Fig. 181). Papillae anales short, about 5X wider than long, gently narrowing ventrally; sclerotized basal margin narrow, longer ventrad of base of apophyses and reaching ventral margin; posterior apophyses strong, slightly longer than width of papillae anales, with distinct enlargement ventrally at 1/4. Segment VIII short, with tergum narrowing by 1/3 to base of apophyses, then widening ventrally, with setae of medium length along apical margin mediodorsally and at apicoventral angles; sternal plate covering width of segment, more thickly sclerotized medially at base, dorsad of ostium bursae, with single unsclerotized spot (setal socket?, glandular pore?) medially and subbasally; anterior apophyses about 10% longer than posterior apophyses, strong, with distinct dorsal enlargement at 1/4. Ductus bursae long and of medium girth, with colliculum short, about 5% whole length of ductus bursae, following constriction sporting inception of ductus seminalis, rest of ductus bursae lightly spinulose. Corpus bursae circular and short, about 1/3 length of ductus bursae, lightly spinulose.

Biology: A note associated with a specimen labelled ‘147’ in the CDRS mentions that the caterpillar feeds on Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae), a genus with 14 species, including endemics, on the Galápagos (Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015). Moths have been collected from January until June in habitats generally above 220 m in elevation, up to about 1000 m, although the CDRS specimen labelled ‘147’ mentioned above refers to specimens having been collected on the grounds of the CDRS, which are located in the littoral and arid zones, not much above 20 m in elevation.

Distribution: This is a Galápagos endemic so far found on Isabela, Santa Cruz, and Santiago.

Remarks: The reduction of the tympanal organs is an uncommon feature among Pyraloidea in general.