Southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), and other phytophagous stink bug species continue to plague producers of row crops (e.g., cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L.] and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]) in Texas and the remainder of the Cotton Belt in the southeastern United States. Developing effective management tactics for N. viridula requires a thorough understanding of factors contributing to continued production of field pest populations. Uncultivated plant species in the absence of cultivated crops are key factors known to support N. viridula. This report identifies 17 new host plant associations (from nine plant families) for N. viridula in Central Texas; 12 of these associations were previously unidentified altogether in Central Texas while five plant species associations were identified in other regions of North America and the world. Also, reproductive status data of adults in the new associations aid in identifying new plant species capable of harboring reproductive adults. The new plant species associated with N. viridula should be monitored for developing populations that might eventually, or simultaneously, infest cultivated crops.

Southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), plagues cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and other row crops annually after successfully overwintering in the Cotton Belt of the southeastern United States. A physiological marker — black-spotted condition — alluding to overwintering status, or preparation for overwintering, was previously reported in the female reproductive system, and a similar marker was found in southern green stink bug adults collected in Central Texas. This report expands the latter finding through clearer identification and discussion regarding the potential origin of the marker. Additionally, the seasonal occurrence of the black-spotted condition is identified relative to associated host plant species. In five plant species, the condition was observed primarily during late season, with frequencies ranging from 3.0–10.0% of samples possessing the blackspotted condition. This report sheds new insight into biology and ecology and presents a tool to aid producers in making decisions for implementing management tactics to control southern green stink bug in Central Texas. Additional research, however, is needed to elucidate the exact cause and true implications of the blackspotted condition in southern green stink bug adults in Central Texas.

In cooperation with the Texas Department of Agriculture, red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, were surveyed in the summers of 2013–2015. New records for red imported fire ants were for Hardeman, Jim Hogg, Knox, Menard, Sterling, Stonewall, and Sutton counties. The formicid bycatch collected during this survey yielded 67 species from 22 genera in 6 subfamilies. Four new state species records were Brachymyrmex patagonicus Mayr, Pheidole bureni Wilson, Pheidole pelor Wilson, and Solenopsis carolinensis Forel according to the most recent treatment of Texas myrmecofauna.

Turfgrasses grown for sod production, golf courses, recreational areas, and home lawns are frequently damaged by destructive insect pests that substantially reduce turfgrass quality. White grubs, the larval stage of scarab beetles, cause damage as they feed on grass roots. This is particularly problematic in areas of the southern and southwestern United States where turfgrass may already be impacted by drought stress. That white grubs are subterranean makes monitoring abundance time-consuming and damaging to the turfgrass; monitoring beetle flights can be an effective alternative. Black-light traps were used to monitor scarab beetles at seven turfgrass locations in Texas during 2015. In total, 23,345 scarab beetles were collected in weekly samples that were sorted to genus. Phyllophoga spp. was most abundant, followed by Serica spp., Hybosorus spp., Cyclocephala spp., Tomarus spp., and Ataenius spp. Beetle diversity and abundance varied by date and location, with many species having multiple peaks in flight intensity. Monitoring scarab beetle flights could reduce insecticide application by allowing turfgrass managers to time preventive applications targeting eggs and immature white grubs as opposed to repeatedly applying curative insecticides based on multiple peaks in abundance.

Entomopathogenic nematodes in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are ubiquitous soil-dwelling obligate parasites of arthropods and are used commercially to suppress soil-dwelling insect pests in agricultural fields. Little is known about diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes in Oklahoma, which is home to 11 ecoregions, nine annual precipitation zones ranging from east to west, and seven soil orders. This study aimed to characterize entomopathogenic nematode communities inhabiting pastureland from different mean annual precipitation zones in Oklahoma. Soil physical parameters and weather data were used to characterize eight pastureland habitats. Soil samples were collected and native entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated using a common bioassay technique. Entomopathogenic nematodes were identified by PCR amplification of individual nuclear ribosomal its regions and sequencing. Six species of Steinernema in the Steinernematidae were isolated, including S. feltiae, S. texanum, S. glaseri., S. carpocapsae, and S. riobrave, and one population of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in the Heterorhabditidae was recovered. Higher diversity and abundances of entomopathogenic nematodes were found in areas with higher precipitation levels. This study represents the first documentation of these species in OK and indicates a positive correlation between increased entomopathogenic nematodes prevalence as well as diversity and the increase in annual precipitation.

Effects of frequency of prescribed burning on invertebrate abundance, diversity, and biomass were investigated in a shortgrass prairie encroached by mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa Torr., at Cross Bar Management Area in Potter County, TX. Invertebrates were collected from three burn treatments (frequencies of 2–3, 4–6, and 8–12 years) by using pitfall traps in 2007 and 2008. Analysis of variance was used to compare abundance, diversity, and biomass at the order and family levels using fire frequency, season, and year as main effects. In general, the season and year had more effect on abundance, diversity, and biomass than did burn frequency. These patterns are consistent with the idea that weather has more impact than fire on invertebrate biomass in shortgrass prairie. Longer-term monitoring of the effects of fire frequency is necessary to better elucidate long-term effects of burning on invertebrate communities in mesquite-encroached shortgrass prairie.

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is the most important economic agricultural pest of the American continent. In Colombia, one of its main plant hosts is cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), including those that are genetically modified (Bacillus thuringiensis-expressing (Bt) cotton). To understand the sublethal effects on the demographic parameters of adults, complete life tables were constructed when larvae fed on one of four cotton cultivars: Cry1Ac (NuOpal RR, Bt cotton), Cry1Ac Cry2Ab (DP141 B2RF, Bt cotton), non-Bt (Delta Opal RR), and non-Bt (Oro Blanco). As much as 3% larval survivorship was obtained from Cry1Ac Cry2Ab cotton, 35% in Cry1Ac, compared with 58% in Oro Blanco and 53% in Delta Opal RR. The net reproductive rate (Ro) in Cry1Ac Cry2Ab was 82 and 64 times less than what was obtained from Oro Blanco and Delta Opal RR. The Ro of Cry1Ac was three and two times less than in Oro Blanco and Delta Opal RR. Doubling time (Dt) was 4.4 and 4.2 times longer in Cry1Ac Cry2Ab than in Oro Blanco and Delta Opal RR. No significant differences in Dt were found among Cry1Ac and the non-Bt cultivars. The antibiosis effect of Bt cottons had a strong impact on the demography of S. frugiperda adults. The results complement our understanding of susceptibility to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab proteins in strains of the pest from different areas of Colombia, and the resulting effects on populations of fall armyworm.

Potential of organic compounds to control Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman, on honey bee, Apis mellifera L. colonies was evaluated at Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, México (28°26′53″N, 106°49′46″W). Treatments were 1.16, 1.33, and 1.50 ml of oregano pure oil (carvacrol 60%); a mixture of oregano oil (7, 8, and 9% carvacrol) with canola oil (v/v); and as a biological control agent, native strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (10⁸ CFU/g). The efficacy of organic compounds and biological agents was compared with that of amitraz (1%) to eliminate mites from infested colonies of honey bees. In two assays, amitraz was significantly (P < 0.01) the most effective acaricide, with a mean efficacy of 97% in eliminating V. destructor from infested honey bee colonies. However, the most effective organic compound after amitraz in killing V. destructor was 1.16 and 1.5 ml of oregano pure oil, with efficacies of 57 to 74% (P < 0.01). Results suggested that oregano pure oil should be considered a viable alternative to synthetic acaricides for controlling V. destructor in honey bee colonies. The amount of carvacrol in honey produced by bees treated with oregano essential oil did not exceed the taste detection threshold of 0.1 ppm, and therefore, did not pose a risk of taste modification of natural honey.

Many varieties of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy have medicinal and insecticidal activity. This study evaluated biological activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Bougainvillea glabra var. “Variegata” at concentrations of 1,000, 750, 500, 250, and 125 ppm against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with n = 25 with three replications under laboratory conditions. Methanolic extract at 13% from dried leaves from a nursery affected the susceptible larval stage of fall armyworm. Number killed ranged from 60 to 85%. The weights of larvae and pupae in all treatments were less than the check. All pupae were malformed and no adults emerged. We concluded that Bougainvillea glabra Variegata has potential to use as a bioinsecticide to control of larvae of insect pests because more than 50% of fall aryworm larvae were killed by all treatments.

Use of genetically modified hybrids of maize, Zea mays L., is a pest management tool with special significance when a pest such as sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), becomes less responsive to conventional control methods. Resistance of genetically modified maize hybrids ‘AgrisureTM 3000 GT’ and ‘Agrisure® VipteraTM 3111’ were evaluated against stalk borers and compared with conventional hybrids with or without insecticide. During evaluation, few borers were found, especially during the first year (2012), but, in most cases, stalk damage by larvae was less in AgrisureTM 3000 GT and Agrisure® VipteraTM 3111 than in their conventional isolines. Insecticide did not prevent damage by the pest and even treated conventional maize was damaged. Use of AgrisureTM 3000 GT and Agrisure® VipteraTM 3111 hybrids can be a management tool to prevent damage by sugarcane borer in maize.

Four methods for propagation of Granulovirus phthorimaea on Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) larvae were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The methods were: immersion of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., tuber; application by cotton swab to larvae; larval immersion and aspersion with viral suspension (homogenized water with one to 15 infected larvae). The objectives were to develop a method adapted to in vivo production of the virus and to determine susceptibility of P. operculella to the virus. Larval immersion was significant at 5, 10, and 15 days after evaluation, killing 55.0, 77.5, and 87.5%, respectively, of second and third instars. LC₅₀ was estimated based on the number of first-instar larvae per liter of water (0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15). LCs were 7.8, 3.7, and 2.0 larvae per liter of water at 2, 5, and 8 days, respectively, and varied according to the time data were collected.

DNA barcoding regions have been used for identifying organisms and delimiting species. Our research focused on butterflies belonging to the Enantia jethys species complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Mexico, specifically to resolve the taxonomic problem of the number of species in the group. We used the standard segment of approximately 650 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Our study is the first to use DNA sequences to examine phylogenetic relationships of this complex species. Three phylogenetic inference methods used were parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. Twospecies delimitation methods also were used: generalized mixed Yule-coalescent and Poisson tree process (bPTP). We used all the analyses to obtain 155 COI sequences and a persistent clade with four monophyletic groups: three corresponding to Enantia albania (Bates), Enantia jethys (Boisduval), and Enantia mazai Llorente, and a fourth corresponding to a new potential cryptic species, which must be described.

Two new Nearctic species of Erioptera Meigen crane flies were discovered in Michigan. Erioptera gracila Taber and Erioptera robusta Taber are closely related to Erioptera chlorophylloides Alexander, but the three species can be distinguished from one another by the gonapophyses and dististyles of the male terminalia. Adult females and juveniles of the two new species are unknown.

This study determined the presence of Bartonella species in sucking lice from hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord, at San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Louse specimens were processed for morphological identification and evaluated for Bartonella DNA. A single sucking louse species was found and identified as Hoplopleura hirsuta Ferris. DNA was extracted from 20 adults, and a 379-bp fragment of Bartonella citrate synthase (gltA) gene was amplified. Six lice (30%) were positive for Bartonella DNA, and all sequences found belonged to Bartonella vinsonii Brenner et al. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a member of B. vinsonii complex associated with sucking lice.

Una de las estrategias para el manejo del Huanglongbing en México es disminuir las poblaciones del insecto vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama mediante su manejo en áreas regionales de control (ARCOs) y reducir el riesgo de dispersión de Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. La resistencia a insecticidas y las prácticas inadecuadas al realizar su aplicación son factores que disminuyen su efectividad. Se estimó la presión de selección ejercida en las ARCOs de Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, por insecticidas de diferentes grupos toxicológicos (GT) utilizados para el control de D. citri en aplicaciones regionales supervisadas (ARS) en 2013, 2014, y 2015, y en aplicaciones locales no supervisadas (ALNS) en 2015. Además, se determinaron los factores operacionales y ambientales con impacto en la efectividad del aceite parafínico de petróleo. En agosto 2015 se evaluó la efectividad biológica de clorpirifos aceite parafínico en cuatro parcelas, y en marzo 2016 la aplicación sola de aceite parafínico en 20 parcelas. Los insecticidas pertenecientes a los GT aceites minerales, organofosforados heterocíclicos S-etil y espinosinas ejercieron la mayor presión de selección absoluta y relativa en las ARCOs evaluadas. La mortalidad promedio de ninfas de D. citri por la aplicación de clorpirifos aceite parafínico (71%), fue mayor a la obtenida con la aplicación sola del aceite (39%). La dosis y velocidad aplicación fueron los factores que influyeron en la efectividad del aceite parafínico de petróleo.

El psílido asiático de los cítricos (PAC; Diaphorina citri) es la plaga más importante que afecta a la lima mexicanao (Citrus aurantifolia) en el trópico seco de México y es el vector de la enfermedad del Huanglongbing. Su control se basa en el uso de insecticidas sintéticos. La búsqueda de alternativas sustentables y eficaces es una prioridad en el manejo del PAC. En este estudio, se evaluó el efecto de diferentes tipos de aceites y extractos de plantas en el control de ninfas del PAC en el estado de Colima, México. Las pruebas fueron conducidas en árboles de lima mexicana y plantas de vivero infestadas con la plaga. Se realizó una aplicación foliar de cada tratamiento sobre brotes vegetativos de 5 a 7 días de edad. Las evaluaciones del número de ninfas vivas se hicieron antes y después de la aplicación de los aceites y los extractos de plantas. En la primera prueba, el aceite parafínico (99% de residuos no sulfonados) a concentraciones de 1, 2, y 3%, redujeron la población del PAC entre un 77 a 98% en comparación con el testigo sin control. En las otras pruebas, los diferentes aceites (parafínicos, de cocina y de cítricos) mostraron una baja infestación del PAC con relación al testigo. También, los extractos de neem, ajo y cebolla mostraron una reducción significativa de ninfas después de la aplicación. El aceite de semilla de Jatropha curcas tuvo una buena efectividad en el control del insecto. No se observaron signos de fitotoxicidad en los árboles tratados con cualquiera de los aceites durante el invierno, pero si los hubo durante el verano, principalmente con los aceites de cocina. Estos resultados demuestran que los aceites y extractos vegetales pueden ser incluidos en un programa de control del PAC en lima mexicana para reducir el uso de insecticidas sintéticos (organofosforados), los cuales están teniendo problemas de resistencia de D. citri.

Las semillas de Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack se utilizan en México para producir las plantas hospederas del psílido asiático de los cítricos (PAC) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama y su parasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterston). Debido a su corta viabilidad (≤6 semanas), se siembran recién recolectadas (diciembre a febrero); por lo que nueve meses después hay abundancia de plantas nuevas (45 cm de altura), pero posteriormente va disminuyendo su disponibilidad. Esta escasez es resuelta a través de su reúso, aunque las plantas que se reúsan más de seis ocasiones producen menos ninfas del PAC. Con el propósito de conservar la viabilidad de la semilla y producir plantas nuevas a lo largo del año, se cuantificó el porcentaje de germinación de acuerdo a nueve tratamientos de conservación, además de evaluar su utilidad como sustrato biológico en la cría de T. radiata. Después de 21 meses, el tratamiento “39.8% de peso seco de semilla almacenada a 5°C” registró el porcentaje de germinación más alto (53 ± 10%). La germinación en el laboratorio e invernadero se correlacionaron 79%, y las plantas procedentes de semilla conservada registraron la misma altura, longitud ecuatorial del follaje, parasitoides producidos y proporción sexual, que plantas originadas de semilla nueva. Estos resultados podrían permitir la siembra mensual de semilla para obtener plantas de manera constante.

Tamarixia triozae (Burks) es un ectoparasitoide de ninfas del psílido de la papa, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), con niveles de parasitismo en el campo hasta del 85% que además se alimenta sobre su hospedero, lo que contribuye a ser un potencial agente de control biológico. Con el fin de determinar los requerimientos térmicos y las temperaturas efectivas para el desarrollo de T. triozae se estimaron los grados días de desarrollo (GDD) que se requieren para completar el ciclo de vida del parasitoide. Se utilizaron huevos de menos de 5 horas de edad y se colocaron a temperaturas constantes de 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, y 35°C (± 1°C, 70 ± 10% HR, y 12:12 L:O h), se observó su desarrollo hasta la emergencia de adultos. El ciclo de vida del parasitoide requirió de 243.9 GDD, un umbral de temperatura inferior (UTI) de 4.8° y a 35°C no se completó el ciclo de vida siendo este el umbral de temperatura superior (UTS).

El psílido del tomate, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), es una plaga de importancia primaria en los cultivos de papa y tomate en Estados Unidos, México, Centro y Sud América, debido a que causa desórdenes fisiológicos y enfermedades fitoplásmicas, y bacterianas. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de determinar las densidades de la plaga y la incidencia del permanente del tomate (PT), Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, bajo producción del tomate a cielo abierto y en casa sombra, con y sin control con insecticidas. Se identificó a través de PCR que el agente causal fue Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum. Las densidades del psílido del tomate y la incidencia del PT fueron significativamente menores en casas sombras que en la producción del tomate a cielo abierto. Se observó una relación estrecha entre las densidades del insecto, la incidencia del PT y el rendimiento comercial de tomate, de tal manera que al incrementarse las poblaciones del insecto se observó un incremento del PT (2% en casa sombra / 44% a cielo abierto), y a su vez una reducción del rendimiento comercial del tomate hasta de 39%.

Se evaluó la mortalidad causada por 24 aislamientos nativos de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner provenientes de suelo de Yucatán contra los lepidópteros Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), y Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Los bioensayos preliminares contra larvas neonatas comparados con las cepas HD-1, GM-7, IB-7, e IB-62 permitieron seleccionaron 8 cepas nativas para la determinación de las CL₅₀. En la comparación de medias de las CL₅₀ se encontró a la cepa GM-IB-92 significativamente más tóxica contra T. ni y de toxicidad similar contra S. exigua en comparación con HD-1 y GM-7. Sin embargo, ninguna de las cepas nativas mostró toxicidad mayor a las cepas de referencia HD-1, GM-7, IB-7, e IB-62 contra H. zea. Dos formulaciones de la cepa GM-IB-92, preparadas con polímeros biodegradables y protectores de la luz ultra violeta fueron probadas y comparadas contra Dipel® 2X, donde presentó mayor actividad tóxica F2–5 contra T. ni. Las formulaciones preparadas mantuvieron su actividad tóxica por al menos 90 días de almacenamiento a 25–30°C. Los formulados preparados presentaron menor reducción en la actividad insecticida, del 4–13% que el extracto sin formular que mostró 54–88% después de la irradiación con luz uv por 72 horas.

Aedes aegypti may be considered the most dangerous animal to the human being due to the number and severity of the diseases it transmits. We evaluated the relative toxicity of spinosad against eggs, larvae, pupae, and females of the New Orleans strain of this species. Initially, we estimated the concentrations that caused between 0 and 100% mortality, and then intermediate concentrations that covered this range were included. Five replications were carried out and each replication included an untreated control. The percentage of egg hatching inhibition (eggs) and percentage mortality (larvae, pupa, and adult female) was recorded after 24 hours of exposure. The LC₅₀ for eggs was 28.9 mg liter^-1, the data modeled a straight line (R² = 0.9747) and the highest percentage of egg hatching inhibition was 70%. The LC₅₀ for each instar larvae was: 1 = 0.009 mg liter^-1, 2 = 0.017 mg liter^-1, 3 = 0.08 mg liter^-1, and 4 = 0.12 mg liter^-1. In the same order, the LC₉₅ values were 0.064, 0.14, 0.28, and 0.62 mg liter^-1, respectively. Both at the LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ levels, there were not significant differences between the third and the fourth instars. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ against the pupal stage were 30.4 and 475.1 mg liter^-1. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values for females were 0.005 and 0.04 mg cm^-2. It is concluded that spinosad is toxic to all biological stages of A. aegypti.

Se estudia e ilustra la estructura coriónica de cuatro especies de dos géneros de la subfamilia Coliadinae: Colias (C. dimera, C. erate, y C. eurytheme) y Zerene (Z. c. cesonia). Se reexaminan y comparan descripciones previas de C. dimera, C. eurytheme y Z. c. cesonia, con nuevos materiales provenientes de México y Colombia. Además, por primera vez se describe el corion de C. erate y la microrretícula en tres de las cuatro especies; que se pensaba ausente en ambos géneros, por su carencia en C. dimera. Con el uso del microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB), se efectuaron tomas fotográficas de cuatro regiones coriónicas (micropilar, perimicropilar o apical, ecuador, y base); éstas se describen, ilustran, y comparan tabularmente. Las tomas en el MEB permiten analizar y resolver que C. dimera presenta caracteres de géneros menos derivados dentro de los Coliadinae, mientras que en C. eurytheme se expresan caracteres encontrados en géneros más derivados. Sin embargo, caracteres reticulares del área basal, cantidad de ejes y su doble grosor respecto a las costillas colocan a C. dimera como una especie derivada dentro del grupo. Ambas condiciones exponen a C. dimera siendo una especie con un mosaico de caracteres coriónicos ancestrales y derivados.

Se efectúa una reseña histórica del género Moschoneura Butler, destacando algunos problemas taxonómicos que imperan en este género. Se diagnostica con base en aspectos morfológicos del habitus, la maza antenal, los genitales masculinos y aspectos distribucionales (ecológicos y geográficos). Al examinar a las especies de M. pinthous, M. ithomia y M. ela se distingue el hábitat de preferencia de la última. Se ilustran los sulci y los genitales masculinos de dos especies del género (M. pinthous monica y M. ela winhardi ssp. nov.). Se grafica la distribución de las localidades tipo de los taxones de Moschoneura en el área andina. Al describir a M. ela winhardi ssp. nov. se hace una comparación con M. e. xanthella y se sintetizan datos de su hábitat y hábitos.

Las trampas de luz CDC son una alternativa para el monitoreo de flebotomineos de importancia médica. Sin embargo, los resultados son variables entre especies, afectando la eficiencia de una trampa estándar. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el color de luz como atrayente para capturar a Lutzomyia cruciata (Coquillet) con trampas CDC. La respuesta relativa de hembras silvestres de Lu. cruciata a colores de luz fue evaluada en pruebas de laboratorio y el color de luz LED usado como atrayente en trampas CDC en pruebas de campo. Las pruebas de laboratorio no mostraron diferencias en la atracción relativa de Lu. cruciata hacia los diferentes colores de luz evaluados y el control (amarillo), con excepción de la luz roja que fue menos atractiva. El número de individuos de Lu. cruciata capturados con trampas CDC sin modificar fue similar al capturado en trampas cebadas con luz azul, el tratamiento con mayor número de capturas. Al comparar el efecto combinado del estímulo de luz con una mezcla de olor, una cantidad similar de capturas fue observada entre la luz azul y una luz estándar no modificada (con o sin mezcla de olor). Estos resultados sugieren que la luz azul es un importante atrayente luminoso para Lu. cruciata, que podría tener potencial para incrementar la eficiencia de la trampa CDC en la captura de esta especie.

Research on vector-borne diseases on the Great Plains has a rich and dynamic publication history. The aim of this study was to assess the publication trends in Oklahoma between 1965 and 2015 with a view to identifying knowledge gaps on which to focus future research initiatives. Using Web of Science (Thompson Reuters) and Pubmed (National Center for Biotechnology Information) in EndNote, a total of 747 publications was identified that involved Oklahoma-based researchers, samples, or data obtained since 1965. Eighty-two percent (n = 615) of the published studies focused on ticks and tick-borne diseases. Most of the studies involving specific tick species (n = 282) focused on the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), (51.1%), with anaplasmosis the primary disease system studied. Until 1989, most vector-borne disease research focused on ecology and control. The trend shifted almost complementarily since the 1990s with as much as 80% of research focused on clinical- or laboratory-based studies. This study found a rich diversity of research on vector-borne diseases in Oklahoma during the past 5 decades, most of which need greater attention. At least 30 universities in Oklahoma that provide 2-year associate degrees to underserved populations provide excellent possibilities from which to address important questions regarding vector-borne diseases.

Se registra por primera vez a Neocatolaccus tylodermae (Ashmead) como parasitoide del barrenador de las ramas de aguacate (Copturus aguacatae Kissinger) en Nayarit, México.