The lichen flora of southeast Alaska has been explored for over 100 years, but remains poorly known. In the first survey of its kind from the region, we report 766 taxa of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Klondike Gold Rush National Historic Park. Coming from a park only 53 km² in size, this represents one of the largest numbers of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi per unit area ever reported and the largest number ever reported from any United States National Park of any size. One lichen genus, four lichen species and one species of lichenicolous fungus are described as new to science: Steineropsis alaskana gen. et sp. nov. (Peltigerales), Coccotrema hahriae and Pertusaria mccroryae (both Pertusariales), Stereocaulon klondikense (Lecanorales) and Corticifraga scrobiculatae (Lecanoromycetes incertae sedis). The new combinations Coccotrema minutum and Nesolechia fusca are made and Parmelia elongata is reduced to synonymy under Hypogymnia duplicata. Seventy-five taxa could not be assigned a species name at this time and represent a pool of critical and/or potentially undescribed taxa. Thirty-four taxa are new or confirmed for North America, including seventeen lichen taxa, one species of saprophytic Dothideomycetes, and sixteen species of lichenicolous fungi. Five taxa of eastern North American distribution are reported for the west for the first time. A total of 196 taxa are new for Alaska. We report the presence of novel secondary chemical compounds in Bryoria, Cladonia, Hypogymnia and Pertusaria. Based on a Chao analysis of single and two-time occurrences we estimate we have captured not more than 83% of the macrolichen and 64% of the microlichen flora, with the total flora likely exceeding 1000 taxa. We provide an overview of the lichen inventories with highest species number worldwide and discuss the Klondike in the context of broader patterns in lichen richness. Global models of climate change in the coming century are unanimous in predicting greater temperature increases at higher latitudes than at low latitudes. We hope that our data will lead to a reconsideration of the potential extent of biodiversity at high latitudes.

Entodon is taxonomically revised for East Asia. All taxa previously considered to occur in this region were studied. Among the morphological observations, special attention is paid to peristome structure by means of the scanning electron microscope. Thirty-three species are recognized for East Asia. Nineteen new synonyms are proposed at the specific level. A key to the identification of the species is provided, and for each species synonymy, illustrations, descriptions, habitat, distribution and representative specimens examined are given.

The species in Lobaria sect. Lobaria are circumscribed based on secondary metabolites and the morphology of vegetative propagules such as isidia and soredia. Lobaria pulmonaria typically forms soredia, which distinguish it from the other species of this section. However, in L. pulmonaria soredia may develop into isidioid soredia that can be confused with isidia. In Macaronesia, this difficulty gave rise to controversial discussion about the taxonomic status of L. pulmonaria var. meridionalis, which forms cylindrical diaspores. In the present study, a three loci approach (ITS, RPB2 and EF-1α) was used to investigate the taxonomic status of L. pulmonaria var. meridionalis based on a phylogeny of Macaronesian taxa of the L. pulmonaria group. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that L. pulmonaria v. meridionalis is a distinct taxon, which is here proposed at the rank of species: Lobaria macaronesica Cornejo & Scheidegger sp. nov. The new species is genetically distinct from the Asian L. meridionalis, the cosmopolitan L. pulmonaria and the Macaronesian L. immixta.

Karyological observations were made on 35 species belonging to 15 genera of Lejeuneaceae (Jungermanniopsida, Marchantiophyta) from China and Singapore. The chromosome numbers of 26 species representing five genera (Colura, Lepidolejeunea, Lopholejeunea, Schiffneriolejeunea, and Tuyamaella) are reported for the first time. The karyotype of an additional 13 species are presented. The length and width of the largest chromosomes and the smallest ones are provided. For Lejeuneaceae, four sets of chromosomes n  =  8, n  =  9, n  =  10 and n  =  16 have been reported. However, no classification based on the karyological data present here, could be derived.

While a great deal of research has illustrated the importance of late-successional forests for maintaining biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest of North America, over 76% of the forests in the region are less than 100 years old. To preserve landscape-level biodiversity, forest managers are increasingly interested in how young stands can be manipulated to favor late-successional species. We sought to understand how stand-level gradients in canopy structure, particularly those affected by thinning, relate to dominant forest floor bryophyte and lichen species composition and abundance. We sampled forest floor lichen and bryophytes ten years after alternative thinning treatments at two sites in western Oregon. Relationships of forest floor communities to canopy structure were site-specific. At the first site, moss and lichen abundance had small-scale geographic patterns and mosses were negatively associated with epiphytic cyanolichen species richness, however, we found no strong associations between forest floor communities and stand structural characteristics. At the second site, lichens, particularly Cladonia, was negatively associated with canopy cover and was most in thinned plots. Bryophyte abundance was positively associated with Tsuga basal area. This relationship was stronger in the thinned stands, which had a different community composition than those left unthinned. Overall, the forest floor communities were fairly homogeneous at both sites and relationships with stand structural variables were subtle, indicating that thinning did not have a strong impact.

An analysis of liverwort diversity in Rio de Janeiro state has been done, with the objective to elucidate the richness and floristic composition of the different formations of the Atlantic Forest, and the influence of the altitudinal gradient on the liverworts. For this, data from literature, herbarium, floristic inventories and data bank of the state's flora were combined. The liverwort flora is composed of 360 taxa distributed among 102 genera and 31 families, emphasizing the importance of the remaining part of Rio de Janeiro's tropical rainforest for the conservation of the liverwort diversity in Brazil. In the state's remaining tropical rainforests 50% of the liverwort flora of the country and 72% of that of the Atlantic Forest are found. The flora is not uniform, presenting differences in species richness and floristic composition in different formations of the state's Atlantic Forest, in addition to a floristic gradient along the altitudinal gradient. The Montane formation has higher species richness (238), number of exclusive taxa (63) and endemics (27), followed by the Upper Montane formation (173, 58 and 21, respectively). Lejeuneaceae stands out as the richest family in all formations, whereas other families are exclusive to certain formations. As is true for mosses, several liverworts appear as diagnostic features of altitudinal belts in Atlantic Forest, corroborating the use of bryophytes as indicators of altitudinal zonation in tropical rainforests.

Thirteen species of Polytrichaceae belonging to seven genera are hereby reported from Brazil: Atrichum androgynum, Itatiella ulei, Notoligotrichum minimum, Oligotrichum canaliculatum, O. denudatum, O. riedelianum, Pogonatum campylocarpum, P. pensilvanicum, P. perichaetiale subsp. oligodus, Polytrichadelphus pseudopolytrichum, Polytrichum angustifolium, P. commune and P. juniperinum. Polytrichadelphus organensis and Polytrichum reflexifolium are placed in synonymy with Polytrichum juniperinum, Polytrichum brasiliense with P. angustifolium and P. subremotifolium with P. commune. Keys, descriptions and illustrations are presented for all species.

Photoperiod duration has been shown to induce reproduction in angiosperms and liverworts. In general, moss gametangial production has been considered non-respondent to photoperiod, yet has been insufficiently tested. Here, we tested the response of gametangial formation to day length cues in California populations of Pohlia nutans using controlled light levels and variable day length treatments. Surprisingly, we found that gametangia induction in these P. nutans populations responded to changes in day lengths (long-day to short-day) rather than constant short- or long-day photoperiod regimes, as has been previously reported in a few moss species. We discuss our results with respect to photoperiod induction of gametangia in mosses.

New combinations are proposed for three Neotropical moss species following the transfer of Barbula uncinicoma to Gertrudiella and of Cyrto-hypnum sharpii to Pelekium. Furthermore Gertrudia validinervis is considered a synonym of G. uncinicoma and its variety serratopungens (Herzog) is maintained within the latter as Gertrudiella uncinicoma var. serratopungens (Herzog) G. Suárez & M. Schiavone. Pelekium sharpii, a Central American species is recorded for the first time for South America from Bolivia and Argentina.