Recent surveys in southern Florida, USA, Brazil and Argentina, for biological control agents to assist in the control of the invasive Brazilian peppertree, have discovered several previously unknown species of plant mining Lepidoptera of the family Gracillariidae. Morphological descriptions with summaries of their biology for the following four new species and one new genus are presented: Caloptilia schinusifolia Davis and Wheeler, from Brazil and possibly Argentina; Eucosmophora schinusivora Davis and Wheeler, from Argentina and Brazil; Leurocephala schinusae Davis and Mc Kay, new genus and species, from Argentina and Brazil; and Marmara habecki Davis, new species, from Florida, USA. The larvae of all four species exhibit a hypermetamorphic development consisting of early instar sapfeeding and later instar tissue feeding stages typical for members of Gracillariidae. Larvae of M. habecki were also observed to possess an additional nonfeeding, transitional instar prior to the final instar as is typical for the genus (Wagner et al. 2000). Larvae of the new genus Leurocephala were discovered to undergo an intermediate, nearly apodal tissue feeding stage between the sapfeeding and final tissue feeding instars. Unique specimens representing an additional three species of Gracillariidae also have been reared from this tree in Argentina or Brazil, but these could not be identified because of inadequate material. COI barcodes were obtained for Marmara habecki, M. smilacisella, and an undescribed Marmara from Brazil. Each species was separated by a minimum barcode divergence of > 4.5% (Fig. 111).

Between the years 2001 and 2002 four species of Saturniidae were added to the fauna of the Andaman Islands. Antheraea (Antheraea) insularis was raised from a subspecies to a full species (Brechlin & Kitching 2001) and three new species, A. (Antheraea) meisteri, A. (Antheraeopsis) rudloffi and A. (Antheraea) cernyi were described by Brechlin (2001). With these additions the total number of saturniids known from these islands rose from six to ten. While the pre-imagines and the larval food plants of six of these species were discovered and studied since the 1990s (Veenakumari et al. 1992, 1996, 2005; Prashanth Mohanraj et al.1993, 1998; Prashanth Mohanraj & Veenakumari 2002), we describe and figure some pre-imaginal stages of the three recently described saturniid species (A. meisteri, A. insularis and A. rudloffi), report on the natural host plants of A. meisteri and A. rudloffi, and describe the female of A. meisteri.

Eucosma pulveratana (Walsingham) is reviewed along with its closest congeners, E. suadana Heinrich, E. mirosignata Heinrich, E. consobrinana Heinrich and E. aeana McDunnough. Eight new species are described that are similar to E. pulveratana in forewing pattern and genitalia: E. coconana, E. costastriata, E. floridensis, E. mojaveana, E. navajoensis, E. parapulveratana, E. seamansi, and E. sepiana. Eucosma aeana is recognized as a junior synonym of E. suadana. Adults and genitalia of each species are illustrated.

The Giant Swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Papilionidae), has been reported in New York State for nearly 150 years. In recent years there has been an unexplained increase in P. cresphontes occurrences along the northeastern periphery of its geographical range. This study examined historical records to describe the movement of P. cresphontes populations into New York State and adjacent Ontario. Climate data and field studies were used to identify environmental factors that may influence the range expansion, which was found to correspond with an absence of September frosts beginning in 2001. Field studies indicated that some P. cresphontes larvae were capable of withstanding multiple frosts and descended to pupate normally into late October in the range expansion area. Although the larvae may have adapted to endure cooler temperatures to some degree, the effects of warming temperatures on other factors such as natural enemies and larval host plant quality in autumn may influence the spread of P. cresphontes populations at least as much as larval frost tolerance.

The altitudinal distribution of those Papilioninae species that occur in both eastern and western parts of the Himalayan range is compared. Ten species were found to ascend with the latitude, one descends as latitude increases and fourteen are almost unaffected by latitude. The presence of a suitable larval host plant appears to be one of the decisive factors governing altitudinal distribution of these species. In four Papilioninae species, the same subspecies has exclusively colonized entirely different habitats in different parts of the Himalaya.