A detailed study of the larval and pupal stages of a bilateral gynandromorph obtained from a hybrid cross between Citheronia regalis (Fabr.) and C. splendens (Druce) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is presented. Color illustrations and metric data document male splendens characteristics on one side and female regalis characteristics on the other side of the last instar larva. Differences in color, shape, and setal positions on the head capsule and the anal plate are documented. A video study of the larval gynandromorph is presented from a hyperlink within this publication. The pupa shows evidence of male and female genitalia, however, no asymmetry was observed among the sclerites of the antennae or of the wings. Images of the adult gynandromorph are included.

A quadrilateral mosaic gynandromorph is recorded for the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina nerina (Fabricius, 1775) (Nymphalidae) in Australia. A description of this butterfly specimen is given and the causes and frequencies of different gynandromorphic patterns are briefly discussed.

A new species of oecophorid is described for Chile. It is assigned to the genus UtiliaClarke, 1978, based on the external characters and the genitalia of the imago. The imago and the diagnostic characters of male and female genitalia are illustrated.

Data on Zygaenidae from the Caribbean island of Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, are provided. Three species are treated: Monalita calibana (Kaye, 1923), Stylura lamonti Tarmann & Cock, new species, and Seryda kairi Tarmann & Cock, new species.

The life history of Heraclides garleppi lecerfi (Papilionidae: Papilioninae) is described from the Brownsberg Nature Reserve, Suriname. The hostplant is Ticorea foetida Aubl. (Rutaceae), endemic to the Guiana Shield. The 5th instar larva is distinguished by its white-based, orange subdorsal and lateral tubercles. H. g. lecerfi is not a chance hybrid, but a proper taxon. Possible reasons for its rarity are a patchy occurrence of the host plant, of which the preferred habitat is the understory of terra firme forest on lateritic rock, microhabitat, egg predation by mites and an unidentified, presumably tachinid, larval parasitoid.

Pollination is an important plant-animal interaction, and moths (Lepidoptera) are frequent flower visitors. With 11,000 moth species in North America, this group of organisms has potential to largely influence the plant communities they exist in. To date, most pollination research has focused on diurnal (day active) pollinators. However, nocturnal plant visitors, such as moths, may represent a significant and underreported portion of plant-animal interactions. Understanding the role of nocturnal pollinators in ecological communities is important for informing conservation practices as well as making predictions for how plant-insect interaction networks may shift in response to environmental changes, which may be especially important in disturbed habitats like urban gardens. We aimed to address this gap in our understanding by surveying moth-plant interactions in urban environments. We collected 260 moths over a two-year period, 68% of which were carrying pollen. By family—88% of Erebidae species, 89% of Noctuid species, and 92% of Geometrid species were pollen carriers. We conclude that moths frequently interact with a diversity flowers in urban gardens.

Migration and overwintering of Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in south-eastern Australia is reviewed. Overwintering, non-reproductive aggregations of Monarchs were first reported in the 1930s and 1940s from near Sydney, New South Wales and Adelaide, South Australia but scientific studies on overwintering and migration did not occur until the 1960s–1980s. During the early 1960s, overwintering populations ranged from 15,000–40,000 individuals at sites SW of Sydney. In the late 1970s overwintering populations in the Sydney area comprised only 400–3,500 individuals, a decline of > 90%. By 1984, 21 sites harboring autumn or winter populations had been reported from the Sydney area, the Hunter Valley (∼ 100 km NNW of Sydney) and the Mt Lofty Ranges near Adelaide. Overwintering sites in New South Wales appear to be populated by autumn migrants originating from higher elevation areas to the SW and W of Sydney, the Hunter Valley and lower mid-north coast. Migration and reproductive dormancy in late summer and autumn Monarchs are induced by cool (< 18 °C), overcast conditions post-eclosion. All overwintering sites are characterized by the presence of Milkweed (Gomphocarpus fruticosus L. (R. Br.)). Additional overwintering sites are reported from New South Wales (8), South Australia (1), and for the first time in Victoria (2) and on Flinders Island (Tasmania) (1), providing a total of 33 sites in SE Australia currently or historically known to harbor clustering or overwintering populations of Monarch butterflies. Populations reported at the new sites ranged from <100 – >2,000, suggesting no further radical decline in Monarch numbers since the late 1970s. Observations on the phenology, size and behavior of transient (2013) and overwintering (2017) populations of Monarchs at a new site 275 km N of Sydney, New South Wales, are reported. Overnight clustering of Monarchs on Milkweed host plants (G. fruticosus) at this site is documented. The annual status, size and phenology of Monarch populations at overwintering sites in south-eastern Australia is unknown and must be a priority for future research and monitoring. The non-native status of the Monarch and the Milkweeds it uses, has in the past not favored concern and conservation of this iconic species in Australia.

Field surveys of butteflies were conducted during 14 months in a Guatemalan dry forest, which yielded 103 species in 79 genera from 18 subfamilies of six families, with Cyanophrys miserabilis (Clench, 1946) (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) as a new country record. A seasonal pattern was shown in which species richness reached a peak at the end of the rainy season and declined greatly in the dry season. Species composition also differed significantly between the two seasons. This is the first quantitative study on the butterfly phenology of a Guatemalan dry forest, which will provide a scientific baseline for future entomological and ecological research and for biodiversity conservation in these forests

In the present article the life history and biology of the pierid butterfly Catasticta philothea (Felder & Felder) from the Eastern Cordillera near Bogotá, Colombia is presented. The larval stages from egg to fifth instar larva and pupa of Catasticta philothea are described as well as larval and adult habits and habitat. The female of this species is also illustrated and described for the first time. The article terminates with a discussion of food plant data for the Catasticta group. What is unusual about the biology of Catasticta philothea is that this is the first time in which the larval food plant for this genus is confirmed as not being a mistletoe, but a tree belonging to the family Melastomataceae. In the course of the study, a number of experiments and observations were carried out in an attempt to determine why this should be the case, but with inconclusive results.