An updated checklist of the liverworts (Marchantiophyta) and hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) of Taiwan is presented. Based on published records, the present checklist includes 512 species of liverworts belonging to 116 genera in 52 families and 19 species of hornworts belonging to six genera in three families. Lejeuneaceae with 121 spp. in 24 genera is the largest family, containing ca. 23% of the total number of species. Genera with more than ten species are Frullanici (49 spp.), Cololejeunea (41 spp.), Plagiochila (36 spp.), Radula (26 spp.), Lejeunea (25 spp.), Bazzania (18 spp.), Scapania (18 spp.), Solenostoma (17 spp.), Riccardia (15 spp.), Porella (12 spp.) and Heteroscyphus (11 spp.). Twenty-five taxa are hitherto known only from Taiwan. Forty-seven formerly recorded species are dubious and excluded from this checklist. Chiloscyphus engelii R.L. Zhu & M.J. Lai nom. nov. as well as Folioceros verruculosus (J. Haseg.) R.L. Zhu & M.J. Lai comb. nova, Lejeunea barbata (Herzog) R.L. Zhu & M.J. Lai, comb. nova and Lejeunea luzonensis (Steph.) R.L. Zhu & M.J. Lai, comb. nova are proposed. Cololejeunea peraffinis fo. corticola (Benedix ex Herzog) S.H. Lin is treated as a new synonym of Cololejeunea peraffinis (Schiffn.) Schiffn.

Leopoldia ghoschtchiensis Jafari & Maassoumi sp. nova (Hyacinthaceae) is described from Iran. Keys to and a brief synopsis of the eleven species here recognized in Leopoldia, Muscari and Pseudomuscari (or Muscari s. lato) in Iran is provided.

Stachys vuralii Yıldız, Dirmenci & Akçiçek (Lamiaceae), a new species of the section Eriostomum is described from north Anatolia, Turkey. Detailed illustrations and taxonomic comments are provided along with a table listing the differential characters to the closely related S. byzantina and S. thirkei. Delimitations towards S. byzantina and S. thirkei and existence of putative hybrids are discussed. A phylogenetic analysis using ITS of nuclear ribosomal DNA confirmed the status of S. vuralii as a distinct species. The geographical location of S. vuralii is also presented.

This study provides preliminary evidence of morphometric variation within and among species of the Antirrhinum section Streptosepalum (Plantaginaceae) that allows further development of hypotheses concerning species boundaries. Multivariate statistical analyses of the measurements of ten morphological characters suggest that the Antirrhinum occurring on the serpentine outcrops in the province of Trás-os-Montes, NE Portugal, is a species different from A. braun-blanquetii and A. meonanthum. Its ecological preferences are also different. Antirrhinum rothmaleri (Pinto da Silva) Amich, Bernardos & García-Barriuso comb. & stat. nov. is described and illustrated. Notes on its distribution, ecology, karyology, and taxonomic relationships are presented. The diagnostic differences among A. rothmaleri, A. braun-blanquetii and A. meonanthum are provided.

Chirita ningmingensis Yan Liu & W.H. Wu, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar to C. baishouensis but differs in the peduncle and pedicel glandular-pubescent, bracts broadly lanceolate, the corolla 3–3.5 cm long, outside glandular-pubescent, filaments ca. 6 mm long, anthers glabrous, staminodes 3, the pistil glandular-pubescent, stigma cordiform, and apex retuse.

Fargesia huizensis M.S. Sun, Y.M. Yang & H.Q. Yang (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species from central Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It resembles F. fungosa, and is known only from the Huize County in Yunnan.

Convolvulus x turcicus C. Aykurt & Sümbül, a new natural hybrid between C. holosericeus subsp. holosericeus and C. compactus from central Anatolia, Turkey, is described and illustrated. The morphological characteristics of C. x turcicus are compared with those of its parents. The pollen characteristics of C. x turcicus and its parents were examined by means of light microscopy and SEM.

The natural hybrid Ophrys × capoliverii lamonico, Forbicioni & Frangini, hybr. not. nov. (O. fusca subsp. lucifera × O. speculum) from the Elba Island (Toscana region, central Italy) is described. The flowers have intermediate characters between the putative parents (sepal and petal dimensions, petal colour and hairiness of the lip marginal zone). The new nothospecies is close to O. fusca subsp. lucifera in the ovate basal leaves, green-yellowish colour of the sepals and 2-lobed central lobe of the lip, while it is similar to O. speculum in the number of basal leaves (6–7), sub-patent position of lateral sepals and petals, red-brownish colour of the lip marginal zone and hairiness of the speculum. Four characters are distinctive in the hybrid: maximum ratio lip length/ width (1.8), and speculum shape (entire), colour (black-bluish and orange-yellowish in the marginal zone) and colour pattern (two central grey-bluish parallel lines.

Aspidistra liboensis S.Z. He & J.Y. Wu sp. nova (Apiaceae), is described, illustrated, and compared with the morphologically similar species, and a diagnostic key is provided. The new species resembles A. longipetala but differs from it by having a long petiole (16–22 cm vs. 6–11 cm), a broadly campanulate perianth (vs. suburceolate) with at least 2 appendages at the inner base of lobe, and an enlarged stigma (2.5– 3.2 cm vs. 1–1.2 cm in diameter), with at least 16 adaxial grooves with purple papillate margins.

A new species, Hedyotis xinyiensis X. Guo & R.J. Wang (Rubiaceae), from the west of the Guangdong province, China, is described and illustrated. It belongs to Hedyotis sect. Diplophragma due to its septicidal dehiscence of mature capsules. The morphological characters that distinguish it from the two similar species, H. consanguinea and H. matthewii, are listed in a table. The ultrastructure of pollen grains, seeds, and leaf epidermis was examined by SEM.