The inventory of taxa for the Cacti of Eastern Brazil area is updated and various extensions of geographical range noted. 24 additional species are now recognized for the region.

The lectotypification of the name Bryophyllum prolifera Bowie ex Hook., basionym of Kalanchoe prolifera (Bowie ex Hook.) Raym.-Hamet, with a specimen (Hort. Kew, 1857, Madagascar, s.c. s.n. (K K000232802) held at the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) is clarified. Previous efforts to typify the name have not been effective. This Madagascan species has been introduced to most tropical parts of the world where it often became naturalised.

A new species of Opuntia, O. preciadoae Scheinvar, Olalde, Gallegos & J.Morales is described. It is distributed in Coniferous and Quercus Forest of some northern states of Mexico where few opuntias live.

Cultivars established in the three nothogenera ×Graptophytum Gossot, ×Graptoveria Gossot, and ×Pachyveria Haage & Schmidt (Crassulaceae) have entered specialist and general horticulture, and are increasingly and widely cultivated, especially in mild-climate parts of the world. However, uncertainty has existed regarding the place of valid publication and authorship of two of these nothogenus names ×Graptophytum Gossot and ×Graptoveria Gossot. We show that both names were validly published in a littleknown book, Liste des Plantes Grasses sauf Cactées du Jardin Botanique des Cèdres, which was published by J. Marnier-Lapostolle in 1949. Both names should be attributed to [Pierre] Gossot. ×Pachyveria was validly published by Haage & Schmidt in 1926. Notes are included on the author attribution ‘Haage & Schmidt’.

The most commonly cultivated member of the Crassulaceae in southern Africa is a hybrid between representatives of the genera Graptopetalum Rose and Echeveria DC., in the nothogenus ×Graptoveria Gossot. However, to date there has been doubt as to the name that should be applied to this hybrid. Plants form distinct stems that are unable to retain the rosettes in an erect position, so becoming pendent, or creeping when grown on flat ground. The leaves of this ×Graptoveria are borne in dense, apical rosettes, have an obovate-spathulate shape, and are sometimes obscurely keeled. They are light glaucous-grey and pink-infused in full sun, and the margin is a lighter, whitish blue colour. The flowers are light yellow, with the central section of the petals longitudinally light greenish infused. The combination of these characters clearly separates this hybrid from any Crassulaceae taxa indigenous to southern Africa. The parentage of the hybrid has been postulated as E. elegans Rose and G. paraguayense (N.E.Br.) E.Walther. This hybrid is exceedingly common in southern African horticulture; however, it has not become invasive after many decades of cultivation, and shows no signs of becoming problematical. The history and nomenclature applicable to the hybrid are clarified, and the cultivar name ×Graptoveria ‘Fantome’ Aubé ex Gideon F.Sm. & Bischofb. is established for it.

The nothogeneric name ×Gonimara Gideon F.Sm. & Molteno is established for the hybrid between Gonialoe variegata (L.) Boatwr. & J.C.Manning [= Aloe variegata L.] and Kumara plicatilis (L.) G.D.Rowley [= Aloe plicatilis (L.) Burm.f.]. We do not treat Tulista Raf. as including Gonialoe (Baker) Boatwr. & J.C.Manning. The nothogeneric name ×Kumalista G.D.Rowley, in which ×K. corderoyi (A.Berger) G.D.Rowley was included, is therefore a synonym of ×Gonimara, and ×K. corderoyi, the only nothospecies known in ×Gonimara, is a synonym of ×G. corderoyi (A.Berger) Gideon F.Sm. & Molteno. We also provide notes on, and clarify the typification of, the name Aloe variegata, the basionym of Gonialoe variegata.

The response of two species of Petrosedum Grulich and one species of Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) to fires that affected central continental Portugal in the summer of 2017 is described and discussed. The species studied, P. forsterianum (Sm.) Grulich, P. sediforme (Jacq.) Grulich, and S. album L., are all low-growing sub-shrublets with weak root systems, brittle stems and branches, and produce copious amounts of seeds. The distribution ranges of these three species overlap, at least to some degree, but they tend to occupy different niches across the ranges and habitats where they are found naturally. All three species tend to avoid fire by growing in places virtually devoid of vegetation. Notes are provided on the ecology of these, and other, species of Crassulaceae in Portugal.

The history of the ex-segregates of the genus Parodia Spegazzini s.l. (Cactaceae), since 1819 has been reviewed. A rather conservative approach is adopted to sum up the large number of the proposed names within 62 natural species. For each accepted species, a complete synonymy is given down to the subspecies level (varieties are included only in the case of basionyms). An enlarged description is taken from the field data, along with etymology, information about distribution, biome, ecological region and habitat, maps and, where necessary, an update on the conservation status expressed by the IUCN assessors.

The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of the genus Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae) is reviewed, with special reference to the southern African representatives of the genus. Three subgenera are recognised: Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe, K. subg. Bryophyllum (Salisb.) Koorders, the basionym of which is Bryophyllum Salisb., and K. subg. Kitchingia (Baker) Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo, the basionym of which is Kitchingia Baker. Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia is here typified. Kalanchoe subg. Calophygia Desc. is not upheld.

The hitherto poorly-knownMicranthocereus aureispinus Ritter (Cactaceae) is reinstated as a species following its rediscovery in fertile condition within a protected area. It should not be regarded as a synonym of M. albicephalus (Buining & Brederoo) Ritter and may have a closer relationship with M. violaciflorus Buining. M. oliveirae P.J. Braun (2015) is a synonym of M. aureispinus.

The name Aloe zombitsiensis Rauh & Teissier has priority over Aloe sakarahensis Lavranos & M. Teissier. Aloe sakarahensis Lavranos & M. Teissier subsp. pallida (Rauh & Mangelsdorff) Lavranos & M. Teissier is transferred to Aloe zombitsiensis as a new combination.

Columnar cacti may present different mating systems that vary according to distinct factors, and the studies of these systems are essential to preserve cactus species. Bolivia is the fourth country with most diversity of Cactaceae, still scarce information about the reproductive biology of the endemic cactus species is known. Therefore, we assessed the pollination type, pollination syndrome and flower visitors of the endemic columnar cacti Harrisia tetracantha and Neoraimondia herzogiana. We hypothesize that they would present cross and self-pollination as strategies to ensure reproduction in the bioclimatic variable dry inter-Andean valleys.

A number of species of South African Aizoaceae / Mesembryanthemaceae have become naturalised in both continental Portugal and its islands. One such species, Lampranthus glaucus (L.) N.E.Br., was once recorded as indigenous to the Algarve province in southern Portugal (as Mesembryanthemum brachyphyllum Welw.), and historically also recorded from further north in the country, near the coastal city of Porto. As one consequence it was eventually recorded as an exotic species in Europe, in the first edition of Flora europaea, and as a misidentification in the second edition of this work. We clarify the identity of this material, with notes on other exotic aizooid species recorded for Portugal.

An overview is provided of the contributions of Friedrich Welwitsch (1806–1872), to the development of horticulture in Portugal while he was stationed in this country (1839–1853), with special reference to succulent plants. Welwitsch is best known for his collecting and floristic work in Angola in south-tropical Africa, but he also significantly contributed to the enhancement of general gardening in Portugal, his adopted country. Some of the material he collected in Angola as living propagules made their way into cultivation in Portugal. Information is also provided on two forgotten Portuguese personalities commemorated in the names of two genera Welwitsch described: one, Bento António Alves, was a nurseryman, and the other, Joaquim Januário de Saldanha Machado, a succulent plant grower. The two little-known genus names are Alvesia Welw. (Leguminosae) and Machadoa Welw. ex Benth. & Hook. (Passifloraceae). Notes are provided on Welwitsch's interest in succulent plants in general.

The nomenclature associated with the name Aloe greenii is reviewed. The name was validly published in 1875 by William Robinson, and five years later, in 1880, the same binomial was republished by John G. Baker for what is today interpreted as a maculate aloe endemic to eastern southern Africa. The name A. greenii Baker is therefore a later homonym of A. greenii Rob. However, the descriptive statement included in the protologue of A. greenii Rob. is inadequate to confidently restrict the use of this name to any known species, and its application remains unresolved. A replacement name, A. viridiana Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo, is here published for material thus far known as A. greenii Baker.

Two epithets in Sansevieria were not formed in accordance with the ICN requirements. The name Sansevieria itumea is corrected to Sansevieria itumei, and the (proposed) name Sansevieria wanguia is corrected to Sansevieria wanguiae.

The homotypic nomenclature of the name Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae), a Madagascan species widely naturalised in mild-climate parts of the world, is clarified. Four years before Lamarck in 1786 published the basionym, Cotyledon pinnata, of Persoon's combination, Linnaeus [filius], in 1782, published the name Crassula pinnata L.f. We show that the name Crassula pinnata, which is sometimes incorrectly cited as the basionym of Persoon's combination, is of unresolved application.

As part of ongoing studies in the genus Astroloba Uitewaal (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae), the typification of the name A. herrei Uitewaal is clarified. The name is typified with an illustration included in the protologue of the name, as the previously designated lectotype is not extant.

A small, shrubby representative of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae) that is in cultivation in South Africa is described as a cultivar, K. ‘Margrit's Magic’ Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo. The likely parentage (K. manginii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier and K. pubescens Baker) of the cultivar, although speculative, is discussed. Unlike some similar cultivars, K. ‘Margrit's Magic’ does extremely well terrestrially, in virtually any soil type, even heavy clays. The cultivar is very cold-hardy and has striking foliage and flowers. Plants are multibranched, with the branches remaining erect to somewhat leaning. The coin- to heart-shaped leaves of this cultivar are borne sub-densely dispersed along the stems and branches. They are bright green with a reddish margin, which becomes more pronounced in full sun. The flowers are uniformly crimson red. The combination of these characters clearly separates this cultivar from other Kalanchoe cultivars.

Crassula anso-lerouxiae, a new Crassula species, is described from the Succulent Karoo region between Worcester and Robertson. The linear obovate leaves in oblique pairs are not unlike C. cotyledonis, however, here the resemblance ends. C. anso-lerouxiae is distinguished by its much branched decumbent clustered growth of leaves covered in stiff recurved white trichomes, the margin obtuse and indistinct.

Monanthes laxiflora (Crassulaceae), often documented from only six of the Canary Islands (La Palma, Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, and Fuerteventura), also occurs on El Hierro; specimen and photographic records are presented here.