Yang, J., 2018. Landslide damage from extreme rainstorm geological accumulation layers within plain river basins. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

To provide the basis of an early warning and detection for landslide disasters and to provide decision support for local governments in disaster prevention and mitigation, this research studied landslide damage assessment from the geological accumulation layer in a plain river basin under conditions of an extreme rainstorm. Based on an analysis of the relationship between landslide geology and rainfall and a damage model of landslides under conditions of extreme rainfall, the landslide damage assessment described in this article used the SINMAP model. The layer of geological accumulation in the Wenchuan–Diexi River section in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River was the study area. Spatial distribution characteristics and the main factors inducing a landslide disaster were studied, and a danger-evaluation model for landslides in that region was established for landslide assessment research and for applying that research. Based on the SINMAP model, the effects of different extreme rainstorm events on the stability of regional slopes were analyzed. The results of a stability evaluation for landslides show that the area has an unstable zone of 4339.8 km², which accounts for 64.49% of the total area. The unstable area in this evaluation was basically consistent with the distribution of an existing landslide, which shows that the model can adequately evaluate slope stability and landslide potential from the layer of geological accumulation in this area.

Yao, L. and Zhang, H., 2018. Design and realization of the water resources carrying capacity evaluation model for marine climate cities. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

To improve the living environment of marine climate cities and the carrying level of water resources under maritime climate conditions, a water resources balance scheduling and cycle control-based evaluation model was proposed. The water balance model of marine climate cities was constructed using Gauss-Newton iteration and the volume square root particle filter method. According to the importance of density function, the confidence interval of the water resources carrying capacity level was analyzed, and the optimal allocation of the water resources carrying capacity based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm was made. Using the reduction coefficient of water resources retention to mechanically control the carrying capacity, the water resources carrying capacity evaluation of a marine climate city was achieved. In the embedded environment, software development and design of the water resources carrying capacity evaluation model were performed. The software system of the water resources carrying capacity evaluation model includes the water resources flow evaluation system, water resources mechanical evaluation system, and program compiler, connector, debugger, and other subsystems. Under the control of the kernel decompression program, the executable code was generated by the mechanical evaluation program compiled to realize the software development and model optimization design of the water resources carrying capacity evaluation model. The simulation results showed that this evaluation method presented good forecasting performance of the water resources carrying capacity of marine climate cities and that this improved the monitoring and judgment ability of climate in the adjacent areas. By combining climate regulation and artificial intervention, the maritime climate conditions and the cycle control level of water resources can be improved, which promotes a good application value in climate regulation.

Song, J.; Xie, H., and Feng, Y., 2018. Correlation analysis method for ocean monitoring big data in a cloud environment. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

The current correlation analysis method for ocean monitoring big data is time consuming, and stability is poor. A new method is proposed to overcome these problems. The ocean monitoring big data were divided into eight categories and analyzed individually, and then ocean monitoring data model, data model, ocean coast big data model, and ocean monitoring data sets were analyzed and calculated according to the spatial correlation function to determine the ocean monitoring big data spatial correlation coefficient and collect spatial correlation of ocean monitoring big data characteristic elements. Experimental results showed that the proposed method improved the speed and stability of the correlation analysis of ocean monitoring big data, and advanced the classification accuracy of ocean monitoring data by about 30%.

Ji, Q. and Kun, L., 2018. Numerical simulation solutions for wind-induced vibration of ship rearview mirrors caused by airflow noise in shallow seas. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

The fluid–solid coupling method was used for numerical simulation of the problem of wind-induced vibration of an exterior rearview mirror caused by airflow. The finite element model was established. The fluid–solid coupling method was used to consider the process of interaction between fluid and solid. The dynamic characteristics of the rearview mirror under the coupling condition at different speeds were calculated. Experimental results show that when the vortex shedding frequency is close to the natural frequency of the rearview mirror structure, a strong vibration in the rearview mirror can result. This numerical simulation can simulate the actual situation.

Zhao, Y.; Zhang, D.; Du, X., and Xiong, B. 2018. Simulation on variability of marine geotechnical parameters based on data reconstruction. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

A data reconstruction method for the variability of marine geotechnical parameters is proposed in this paper. By changing the variogram, the spatial variability of the random field of the geotechnical parameters is quantitatively described, and the random field of the geotechnical parameters is discretized. According to the multidimensional and efficient numerical quadrature theory, the mean of the response specific function is calculated. By means of the fast Fourier transform numerical probability analysis method and the maximum entropy distribution, the total probability distribution of the response quantity is solved, which is used to quantitatively estimate the variability of marine geotechnical parameters. Simulation and practical data show that this method has the advantages of high accuracy and high computational efficiency.

Mustafa, F.-B. and Bwadi, B.E., 2018. Determination of optimal freshwater prawn farming site locations using GIS and multicriteria evaluation. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Site suitability selection is an essential condition for attaining maximum use of any land resources. Inadequate information about factors that influence the production of giant freshwater prawn has contributed to the low production in many regions. This study was to determine the best giant freshwater prawn farming site using the multicriteria evaluation (MCE) and GIS methods in the Negeri Sembilan state of Peninsular Malaysia. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) pairwise comparison matrix was used to determine the weights for the physicochemical factors of water, soil, and infrastructure used in the analysis. The factor maps were generated through the data stored in the ArcGIS 10.1 environment. The present land-use map of the area was created from the shape-file map of the prawn farming areas. The results revealed that 18% of the area presently being used was most suitable areas, 49% was moderately suitable, and 33% was not suitable. The potential area for prawn farming is 441,421.56 ha; of which, only 441.80 ha (1%) have been under farming. The results of model verification showed that the suitability map was 100% consistent with the current farms in the study area when compared. GIS and AHP methodologies were found to be effective for site suitability selection for prawn farming. The results of the study can be useful for decision making about prawn farming in the study area.

Chen, H.; Peng, Z.; Zeng, W., and Wu, J., 2018. Salt movement during soil freezing events in Inner Mongolia, China. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

About 100 million ha of land in China suffers from soil salinization, mostly in the north where the soil is seasonally frozen. Although the freezing process is regarded as a major cause of severe salinization in spring, the process and mechanism of salt movement during soil freezing is still largely unknown. Soil salt content was observed at five sampling points in the Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia, China, during three winters from 2009 to 2012. Results showed that, on average, salt content of the frozen layer (0–100 cm) decreased by about 10.7% during the freezing period from early November to late February. Specifically, the salt content of the 0–10-cm layer increased by 14.6%, while salt content of the 10–30, 30–50, 50–70, and 70–100-cm layers decreased by 4.9%, 6.0%, 12.7%, and 12.9%, respectively. Salt moved out of the 0–100-cm soils only during early stages of freezing from early to late November, which should be ascribed to salt leaching because massive irrigation was applied in late October. If the rate of salt leaching was set to zero, total salt content of the 0–100-cm soils should have increased by 6.5% during the freezing period. During freezing, salt under the unfrozen soils moved toward the freezing front and was engulfed into the frozen soils as the freezing front penetrated deeper. However, in frozen soils relatively far from the freezing front, salt tended to move downward, and desalinization occurred. Therefore, in this study, salt in the 0–30-cm layer started to move downward when the freezing depth was 40 cm or deeper starting in late December, and the desalinization zone extended to the 0–70-cm soils later, when the freezing front was deeper than 80 cm.

Xie, J., 2018. Modeling analysis of interactive development between China's marine equipment manufacturing and coastal producer services. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

In this paper, an interactive development model of China's marine equipment manufacturing industry and coastal producer services is presented. The comprehensive development index system of the two major industries is established, and the development characteristics and the interactive development system are summarized. Through the measurement model, the interactive development of the two major industries is analyzed. The example analysis shows that the measurement model is highly effective, and there are regional differences in the interactive development of the two major industries.

Zhu, W.; Wang, E.; Hou, Y.; Xian, L., and Ashraf, M.A., 2018. Hybrid filtering optimization method for denoising contaminated spot images at near-sea-surface intervals. In: Ashraf, M.A., and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

The presence of noise affects the visual effect of images near the sea surface and reduces the quality of the images. Thus, denoising of the contaminated spot image near the sea surface is required. The current filtering method uses a noise image as mixed model, and uses wavelet transform to denoise a spot image. However, there is a problem of missing details of images near the sea surface. Therefore, a hybrid filtering optimization method of contaminated spot image denoising is proposed. First, the feature extraction of the spot image near the sea surface is carried out, and the contaminated spot image is detected by hybrid filtering. Then the denoising of the contaminated spot image is completed according to the image detection result. Experiments show that the proposed method is practical.

Zhao, J.; Tan, Z.; Gao, Q.; Xu, Y.; Jiang, S.; Liu, J.; Tan, K., and Ashraf, M.A., 2018. Rapid determination of mercury speciation in marine products by molecular spectrometry. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

A method is developed for the determination of content of inorganic mercury, methylmercury, ethylmercury, and phenylmercury in marine products by molecular spectroscopy with microliquid extraction. Ultrasonic extraction pretreatment is performed, C₁₈ column and rotary evaporator are used for concentrating eluent, and liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (UV) digestion molecular spectrometry is used for analysis. Detection conditions of various forms of mercury compounds are optimized, and the content and UV digestion conditions of each component in the mobile phase are compared through experiments. The standard recovery rate of experimental samples is generally in the range of 90–106%; measured results are satisfactory, and have less interference, which provides reliable technical support for speciation analysis of mercury in marine products.

Saedudin, R.R.; Kasim, S.; Mahdin, H.; Sutoyo, E.; Riyadi Yanto, I.-T.; Hassan, R., and Ismail, M.A., 2018. A Relative Tolerance Relation of Rough Set (RTRS) for potential fish yields in Indonesia. In: Ashraf, M.A., and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

The sea is essential to life on earth, including regulating the climate, producing oxygen, providing medicines, providing habitats for marine animals, and feeding millions of people. It must be ensured that the sea continues to meet the needs of life without sacrificing the people of future generations. The sea regulates the planet's climate and is a significant source of nutrients. The sea becomes an essential part of global commerce, while the contents of the ocean become the solution of human energy needs today and the future. The wealth and potential of the sea as a source of energy for humans today and the future needs to be mapped and described to provide a picture of marine potential to all concerned. As part of the government, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries is responsible for the process of formulating, determining, and implementing policies in the field of marine and fisheries based on the results of mapping and extracting information from existing conditions. The results of this information can be used to predict the marine potential in a marine area. This prediction process can be developed using data-mining techniques such as applying the association rule by looking at the relationship between the quantity of fish based on the plankton abundance index. However, this association rules data-mining techniques that require complete data, which are data sets with no missing values to generate interesting rules for detection systems. The problem is often that required marine data are not available or that marine data are available, but they contain incomplete data. To address this problem, this paper introduces a Relative Tolerance Relation of Rough Set (RTRS). Novelty RTRS differs from previous rough approaches that use tolerance relationships, nonsymmetric equation relationships, and limited tolerance relationships. The RTRS approach is based on a limited tolerance relationship considering the relative precision between two objects; therefore, this is the first job to use relative precision. In addition, this paper presents the mathematical approach of the RTRS and compares it with other existing approaches using the marine real dataset to classify the marine potential level of the region. The results show that the proposed approach is better than the existing approach in terms of accuracy.

Zhou, S.; Zhang, Y., and Yang, X., 2018. Modeling for the evaluation of marine economic development trends in Nansha free trade areas under the background of The Belt and Road policy. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

After the The Belt and Road policy is proposed, the marine economy of Nansha free trade area (FTA) has been an unprecedented development, but the evaluation of the economic development trend is inaccurate. Aiming at the problems, an evaluation model for marine economic development trend in the Nansha FTA is proposed. With the background of The Belt and Road policy, the development opportunity is analyzed, and the model of economic development trend is established through coordination degree. The example analysis of Zhongshan shows that the model presented in this paper accurately evaluates the marine economic development trend in Nansha FTA under The Belt and Road background.

Shu, J. and Wu, Y., 2018. Method of access control model establishment for marine information cloud platforms based on Docker virtualization technology. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Aiming at the problem that the current access control model is inefficient and computationally intensive for marine information access control in cloud platforms, a method of access control model establishment of marine information cloud platforms based on Docker is proposed. Information entropy theory is used to implement the violation operation, and the security theorem of the access control model is given in the form of security entropy. Docker container virtualization technology and an attribute-based ciphertext access control scheme are used to jointly control the user cross-domain and cross-level access, and ensure consistency in the control of illegal access to realize establishment of the marine information cloud platform access control model. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can improve the control efficiency while ensuring the security of access.

Biqing, L.; Xiaomei, Y., and Shiyong, Z., 2018. An Internet of Things–based simulation study on Lijiang River water environment monitoring. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

The Internet of Things platform for environmental monitoring of the Lijiang River water, based on the representational state-transfer structure, is proposed in response to problems, such as an insufficient monitoring site, high complexity, and poor extendibility. The sensor node and node-state data were abstracted into resources, whose characteristics of concision, high efficiency, and loose coupling could satisfy the requirements of Lijiang River water-environment monitoring. The Alibaba cloud Elastic Compute Service server was adopted to establish the developmental environment for user management, GIS, real-time data display, and historical data inquiry with the help of a Laravel structure and a lightweight jQuery front-end framework. This platform could satisfy the requirements of fishery and animal industries, scientific research institutes, and governmental sectors, and enable the sharing of monitoring data on the Lijiang River water environment. According to the simulation results, the proposed technologies have not only realized remote data acquisition and transmission of water resource monitoring in real time with high reliability but also improved the economic efficiency of the entire network's energy loss.

Huang, H., 2018. Research on intelligent measurement methods of land area inundated by seawater in coastal cities under rainy season conditions. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

At present, intelligent measurement methods for accurately measuring land area submerged by seawater with GIS is difficult. Therefore, this article proposes a kind of intelligent measuring method for land area submerged by seawater in a coastal city based on improved Zernike moment within a rainy season environment. Based on Gauss projections, our research used the arithmetic mean method and the Pauta criterion to build the measurement model, and then used the edge detection operator to detect the land edge that was submerged by seawater, through a gray-weighted operation, which provided calculations of the basic parameters of the land submerged by the sea through interlayer interpolation and the arc tangent extrapolation methods. Experimental result shows that the method proposed in this article has a high degree of measurement accuracy.

Rahman, S.A.; Abdullah, N.A.; Chowdhury, A.J.K., and Yunus, K., 2018. Fish scales as a bioindicator of potential marine pollutants and carcinogens in Asian sea bass and red tilapia within the coastal waters of Pahang, Malaysia. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Fish scales are inedible and hence thrown away as industrial waste, which is one of the major sources of pollution in the natural environment. The concept of a sustainable ecosystem, along with the growth of developing countries in the tropics, has made it essential to devise schemes to turn waste products into viable biotechnology materials. This study looked into potential biomaterial safety by investigating the levels of heavy metals and accumulation of potential carcinogens from the marine environment in scales of two brackish water fishes: red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer). The closed acid digestion method was used to measure the levels of lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Mean concentrations obtained indicated that L. calcarifer scales contained higher levels of the heavy metals, and it was observed that essential metals accumulated at higher concentrations compared to nonessential heavy metals in both fishes. Significant relationships (p < 0.001) were found between fish type and heavy metal accumulation for all metals assessed except for lead. Nevertheless, the metal concentrations were still lower than the national and international standard maximum permissible limits for human consumption. Thus, it can be concluded that fish scale waste could be treated as wealth in biotechnological industries for the reduction of toxic materials from waste effluents.

Zheng, H.; Xiao-yu, S.; Xuan, G.; Ju, L., and Ying, Y.-C., 2018. Analysis of the flow field in the process of rotorcraft taking off and landing on the platforms of ships. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Rotorcraft has been widely used with its characteristics of high adaptability, wide availability, and fast response. Currently, the variety of developments of rotorcraft enable it to occupy a position that cannot be replaced in military and civilian fields, but it still faces some urgent problems. Currently, the reliability of landing at an offshore platform is a research field that has drawn much attention. Different from land, the motion between the ship's deck and the aircraft is relative because of the waves in the sea. At the same time, when the sea air flows over the ship's deck, a spoiler can be generated, so as to affect the rotorcraft. The spoiler's interaction will produce two vortexes, which generates some uncertainty force on the main rotor and other parts, making the reliability of taking off and landing rotorcraft greatly reduced. No one has an effective solution for this problem. The rapid development of computational fluid dynamics in recent years has realized the necessity to resolve the problem and has been applied on a large number of engineering problems. We used the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques lattice Boltzmann method to solve the problem of the dynamic rotor aircraft's movements during the change of the flow field. By comparing different methods of calculation, the advantage of lattice Boltzmann method on solving the issue is explored, and then exploration of the feasibility and reliability of the lattice Boltzmann method is validated. Finally, different cases are analyzed and calculated according to the practical problems of different working conditions. By comparing the results, the rotorcraft flow field's variation in the landing process is summarized, which can provide technical support for rotorcraft's taking off and landing. The theoretical groundwork for the further application of CFD technology in the field of rotorcraft can also be provided.

Zhang, S.; Sun, L.; Liu, Y.; Wu, Q., and Xu, K., 2018. Security performance evaluation of minehunting equipment in the cloud computing environment. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

For sea minehunting with a complex structure, index selection by the conventional evaluation method is not reasonable; it has strong subjectivity, resulting in distortion of evaluation results. Therefore, the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis is used to carry out the safety performance evaluation of sea minehunting equipment. By using the method of qualitative analysis, the evaluation index system of the safety performance of minehunting equipment can be established; expert experience and knowledge are transformed into the comparison of important degrees of each index to get the quantitative characterization of the important degrees. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is used to obtain the comprehensive evaluation result of the safety performance of minehunting equipment. The results show that the method can accurately reflect the state of minehunting equipment performance.

Zhang, Z.; Li, W., and Ashraf, M.A., 2018. Allelopathic effects of various aquatic plants in eutrophic water areas. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

At present, the decontamination efficiency of using two stage biochemical treatment of eutrophic water is low. In this paper, six kinds of aquatic plants were planted in eutrophic water to observe their effects on eutrophication waters. The inhibitory effects of different plants on algae's chlorophyll a, COD, TN, and TP were studied; the relative growth rate represented the stability of suppression was calculated for different plant inhibitory rates and in the OECD chemical test criteria. The results showed that the inhibitory rate of Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisnerianatans on the concentration of algae's chlorophyll a increased with the passage of time and that the growth of Myriophyllum spicatum, Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria, and Ceratophyllumdemensum was good, which proved that they could adapt to the sewage environment of the eutrophic waters and had a good decontamination capacity for COD, TN, TP, etc.

Li, H., 2018. Evaluation method of underwater unmanned vehicle sailing efficiency under wave action. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

When traditional methods are used to evaluate the sailing effectiveness of an unmanned underwater vehicle, the evaluation model is too simplified, and the effect of the surface wave is not considered. The evaluation results are in error. A method for evaluating the sailing effectiveness of an unmanned underwater vehicle under wave action is proposed. The weights of the evaluation indexes are determined, and the importance of each index is described. Through the construction of the evaluation sample matrix, the grey group of the unmanned underwater vehicle is determined, and the comprehensive evaluation value E is obtained to judge the sailing efficiency of the unmanned underwater vehicle under the wave action. The experimental results show that the method can accurately evaluate the sailing efficiency of unmanned underwater vehicle under wave action.

Jalal, K.-C.-A.; Alifah, F.-K.; Faizul, H.-N.-N.; Mamun, A.-A.; Kader, M.-A., and Ashraf, M.-A., 2018. Diversity and community composition of fishes in Pusu River (Gombak, Malaysia). In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

The Pusu River has been receiving increased pollution loads because of a significant amount of land-clearing activities for development projects. A total of 113 numbers of fishes belonging to six species under six families were recorded from Pusu River throughout the study period (November 2014–March 2015). The most dominant species were Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (38.9%) followed by Oreochromis mossambica (36.28%) under families Cyprinidae and Cichlidae, respectively. Similarly, the species Hypostomus plecostomus (10.62%), Channa striatus (6.19%), Notopterus notopterus (4.42%), Pristolepis fasciata (3.54%) under the family Loricariidae, Channidae, Notopteridae, and Pristolepididae were constituted of the total fish catch, respectively. A greater abundance (56.64%) of fish community was observed at station 3 compared to the other stations. This is a deeper pool area located near the rainforest area with less turbid water compared to the other stations. Second highest abundance (14.16%) was observed at station 2, while station 6 has shown the lowest abundance (2.65%). Overall Shannon diversity value (H′ = 1.399) indicates that Sg. Pusu, Gombak, is not highly diverse with the tropical fish species. The study suggests that a long-term continuous monitoring of water quality and fish diversity is needed to study for sustainable development of fishes in this fascinating tropical river (Sg.) Pusu.

Tao, L. and Sun, Z., 2018. Designing wireless transmission systems for the dynamic information communication of marine vessels. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

To solve the present problem of high transmission costs in the wireless information transmission system of dynamic communication of marine vessels, a new design method is presented based on a single-chip microcomputer. The data acquisition and wireless transmission system is designed based on the STC89C52 single-chip microcomputers and wireless transmission module. The system comprises a single-chip microcomputer, three-terminal voltage stabilizing power supply, collecting circuits, display circuits, storage circuits, and serial port output circuits. The system programming adopts the modular design method, and the software design mainly includes the software design of wireless transmission data acquisition and the receiving software design of the wireless information transmission system of dynamic communication of marine vessels. The experiment results show that the proposed method is simple and decreases the transmission cost, the transmission error probability, and the network packet loss probability.

Zeng, J. and Wan, R., 2018. Multilevel layout planning of port space designs in marine transportation systems. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

In the marine transportation system, the port occupies an important position. The rational allocation of port space plays a role in promoting the speed of logistics and economic growth. The traditional port layout planning usually results in low utilization of space and limits the speed of logistics and economic growth. To solve these problems, multilevel layout planning is proposed in this paper. By introducing the theory of spatial multilevel arrangement, the layout planning of a port is carried out, and the optimal arrangement of the multilevel layout is analyzed. Through the calculation of the port economy, the optimal arrangement is obtained. The validity of multilevel layout planning is proved by an example.

Liu, F.; Gao, X., and Wu, Y., 2018. Sensitive data leakage prevention for ship communications under cloud computing platforms. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Aimed at the problems of low data concealment rate and slow encryption speed in the current sensitive data leakage prevention method for ship communications, a new leakage prevention method under a cloud computing platform is put forward. First, the ship communication network was treated with k anonymization, and the sensitive data loss of the ship communication node cluster was calculated. Second, the sensitive data loss of anonymization in the whole-ship communication network was obtained by accumulating the sensitive data loss of the anonymous cluster of ship communication nodes, and then the loss rate of the sensitive data of ship communications was calculated. Finally, the elliptic encryption mechanism was adopted to achieve the encryption. It was found that with this method, the average concealment rate of sensitive data of ship communications is about 80%, and the average speed of sensitive data encryption for ship communications is up to 33 MB/s. The experiment proves that with good concealment performance, this method can prevent sensitive data leakage and improve the concealment rate and encryption speed.

Zainal Abidin, Z.A.; Chowdhury, A.J.K.; Abdul Malek, N., and Zainuddin, Z., 2018. Diversity, antimicrobial capabilities, and biosynthetic potential of mangrove actinomycetes from coastal waters in Pahang, Malaysia. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Actinomycetes are biotechnologically important for their unparalleled capability to produce various bioactive secondary metabolites. The diversity and antimicrobial capabilities were investigated for actinomycetes, which were previously isolated from mangrove sediment of the Pahang mangrove forest. The biosynthetic potential using type I polyketide synthase (PKS-I) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes and the morphological characteristics of actinomycetes were also determined. Representative isolates were selected from five sampling locations in the Kuantan mangrove forest. Antimicrobial activities of crude ethyl acetate extract of these actinomycetes against five test microorganisms—Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus—were evaluated using the disc diffusion method. Actinomycetes were identified using the 16S rRNA gene sequence, and culture characteristics of selected actinomycetes were determined by inoculating the strains onto a set of agar media, namely, starch–yeast extract agar, inorganic salt–starch agar, starch–casein agar, and nutrient agar. Screening of the biosynthetic potential of these actinomycetes was achieved through polymerase chain reaction amplification of PKS-I and NRPS genes. Most isolates exhibited moderate to good antimicrobial activities toward B. subtilis and S. aureus, and a few inhibited C. albicans and E. coli. Streptomyces sp. K1-01 and Streptomyces sp. K2-03 showed antimicrobial activity against all test organisms, suggesting a broad-spectrum nature of the compounds they produced. Mangrove actinomycetes enumerated in this study demonstrated a high level of diversity, and they were distributed among nine genera. Streptomyces and Micromonospora were the most predominant genera observed, alongside Micrococcus, Gordonia, Nocardia, Dietzia, Pseudonocardia, Saccharopolyspora, and Verrucosispora. However, there is no direct correlation between antimicrobial capability and presence of PKS-I and NRPS in actinomycetes. Cultural characterization of selected actinomycetes revealed two interesting isolates—Micromonospora sp. K3-13, producing blue diffusible pigment, and Streptomyces sp. K2-03, producing purple diffusible pigment. This study demonstrated the potential of mangrove sediment as a new resource for highly diverse actinomycetes with biosynthetic capabilities. Detection of PKS-I and NRPS in these actinomycetes helps to establish a focus group that can be applied for future study of the natural product, particularly in antibiotic production.

Shi, H.; Yu, Y., and Wang, Y., 2018. Early warning method for sea typhoons using remote-sensing imagery based on improved support vector machines (SVMs). In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Because traditional risk warning methods using early mass analysis of remote-sensing images have low efficiency, a typhoon warning method based on analysis of remote sensing imagery using improved support vector machines (SVMs) is proposed. The remote-sensing image data of the typhoon area are reconstructed by a wavelet transform and multiscale analysis algorithm. A redundant collective algorithm is then used to eliminate the redundant attributes, and the degree of support theory is used to reduce the algorithm and establish an efficient typhoon warning model. The experimental results show that this algorithm combined with remote-sensing imagery can effectively predict a typhoon disaster. The speed of this warning method is 22% faster than the traditional method.

Zhang, M.; Sun, Z.; Sun, J.; Suo, A., and Ashraf, M.A., 2018. Evaluation method for effective coastal repair in Moon Bay, Yingkou, China. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

To evaluate the effect of coastal beach engineering, coastal geomorphic changes before and after repairs were monitored. A comprehensive coast repair index (CCRI), beach repair index (BRI), and tidal flat repair index (TRI) were established to evaluate the effects of coastal reparation. All three indices were calculated and graphed based on GIS. This study's coast (Moon Bay, Yingkou, China) was divided into 12 units to apply evaluation methods for the effect of coastal repair engineering. Results show this evaluation method can effectively determine the overall results of coastal repair engineering in Moon Bay. The CCRI was above 0.70 in middle units 6, 7, 8, and 9, while a range of 0.60–0.699 was calculated for west units 1, 2, 3, and 5. The value dropped below 0.60 in east units 10, 11,12, and 4. The BRI and TRI showed the same trends.

Jichao, Z. and Jinxin, G., 2018. Investigating the durability and seismic performance of reinforced concrete piers within marine environments. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Since the current reinforced concrete pier construction cycle is long and of poor quality, a method for studying the durability and seismic performance of reinforced concrete piers based on FRP anticorrosion reinforcement is proposed. First, the characteristics of reinforced concrete piers were analyzed, and the mechanics of reinforced concrete materials and the plastic hinge length of reinforced concrete were calculated. Then, FRP anticorrosion reinforcement was used to calculate the limit state of durability, environmental effect, resistance of durability, reinforcement design of reinforced concrete piers, and other aspects to complete the study of seismic performance and durability of piers. The experimental results show that this method can effectively improve the durability and seismic performance of piers and prolong the durability of reinforced concrete piers by up to 20%.

Xiao, H. and Wei, M., 2018. An early warning method for sea typhoon detection based on remote sensing imagery. In: Ashraf, M.A., and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

At present, a GIS-based early warning method for sea typhoons cannot judge the specific route of a typhoon. In this paper, a warning method for sea typhoons based on remote sensing imagery is proposed. First, the characteristics of influence on typhoon and grid operation, the typhoon forecast, micro-meteorological monitoring device information, and the safety of an early warning route model are established to determine the general path of a sea typhoon. Then, with the ID3 algorithm, the typhoon information is extracted and classified. Through the averaging method, selection criteria of typhoon attributes in a decision tree are optimized, and typhoon information is established to complete the research of a sea typhoon warning method. Experiments show that the proposed method is highly accurate for typhoon early warning, and the warning information for typhoons is comprehensive and has high application value.

Mohamamad, A. and Jalal, K.-C.A., 2018. Macrobenthic diversity and community composition in the Pahang estuary, Malaysia. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

The Pahang estuary is known to be one of the most productive natural ecosystems in Malaysia and provides food for a variety of organisms. Unfortunately, many species are increasingly threatened there because of declining conditions in natural aquatic ecosystems. Macrobenthic community composition has been extensively used to determine the quality of the aquatic environment for a long time. The Pahang estuary is undergoing poor conditions in water quality and riverbank vegetation because of sand dredging and other human activities. These activities prove the greatest threats to habitat loss, degradation of water quality, and declining indigenous fish population. Based on the above perspectives, a study was conducted on microbenthic diversity and community along with benthic organisms in the Pahang estuary, Malaysia. The study was divided into three zones. Zone 1 was identified as low in diversity of the microbenthic community in Pahang estuary with the diversity index (H′) of 0.35; only polychaete worms and bivalves were identified from this area. Polychaete represented by Neries sp. bivalve class was represented by Yoldia sp. in this zone. For Zone 2, the number and types of benthic communities were low because of human disturbance, but they still exist because of detritus that acts as food and habitat provided by the mangrove. This area was identified as a lowest diversity index of macrobenthos (polychaete, bivalves, and gastropods) with the value of 0.31. The diversity index for Zone 3 was highest among all three zones, with the diversity index of 0.38 along with three classes of macrobenthos, which were polychaete, bivalves, and gastropods. Polychaete was represented by Neries sp., bivalves by Yoldia sp., and gastropods by Nassarius sp., respectively. The lower diversity of the macrobenthic community reveals the alarming conditions of the Kuala Pahang because of massive human disturbances along the Pahang estuary. Long-term monitoring for species diversity is necessary for the sustainable development of aquatic resources in this fascinating tropical estuary.

Gang, L.; Xiao-jun, Z., and Jian-xun, C., 2018. The dynamic response of an experimental floating tunnel with different cross sections under explosive impact. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Using three floating tunnel section forms as the research objects (rectangular, circular, and elliptical), analysis of explosion shock wave response was determined. By using the finite element software LS-DYNA, the speed of a comparative study of three cross sections of pipe displacement, as well as acceleration, impact pressure, and structure stress, draw the following conclusions: (1) three sections of floating tunnel longitudinal horizontal displacement peak showed a W distribution, with a maximum displacement of less than 0.3 m and a vertical displacement that is smaller than the horizontal displacement; (2) peak velocity along the tunnel longitudinal distribution is in an inverted V shape, with the peak velocity of the elliptical section less than that of the rectangular and circular sections and a minimum value greater than the blasting safety regulation (GB6722-2014) limits; (3) the horizontal peak acceleration is greater than the vertical acceleration, with maximum and minimum oval, rectangular, circular, and rectangular peak acceleration exceeding the limit a human body can bear; and (4) in all three cross sections, the impact stress and the structural stress peak were less than 10 MPa. This is not enough to induce the structure into brittle failure, but a similar hydraulic structure allows a pressure peak.

Li, Z.-W. and Cui, L.T., 2018. Phytoplankton community response to coastal engineering construction in the Caofeidian Sea, China. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

To explore the response process of phytoplankton communities to coastal construction in the Caofeidian Sea (China), data on phytoplankton composition, abundance, and biodiversity were analyzed by contrastive and similarity analyses for 2003 (preconstruction), 2007 (midconstruction), 2009 (late construction), 2012 (2 years after the end of construction), and 2014 (4 years after the end of construction). The results showed that the phytoplankton community in the Caofeidian Sea mainly consisted of Bacillariophyta before the start of coastal engineering but that both Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta became the main body of the phytoplankton community after construction. After completion of the coastal engineering project, phytoplankton species, abundance, and biodiversity proved to be 36.36, 65.52, and 64.00% lower than before the construction, respectively. Before and after the construction of coastal engineering, the phytoplankton diversity showed the trend of rich (2003) → better (2007) → general (2009) → better (2012) → better (2014). The phytoplankton community structure in the Caofeidian Sea showed a transition of the dominant species, which demonstrated the following trend from preconstruction to postconstruction: Paralia sulcata → Pseudo-nitzschia pungens → Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and Noctiluca scintillans → Eucampia zodiacus and Noctiluca scintillans.

Shi, K.; Li, Z.; Yang, S.; He, S., and Zhang, H., 2018. A control method of demand response resources for economic dispatch based on temporal and spatial characters. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

With the development of modern communication technology, advanced metering infrastructure, and phasor measurement unit, demand response (DR) has been applied in the modern power system. The DR resources have participated in the interaction regulations of the grid, especially in economic dispatch (ED). As well as the evolution of the electric power market and residential devices categories, ED with DR resource participating has become more different. This paper has focused on developing a control method for ED that combines several market participants, multitime scales of ED and multilevel ED architecture. The loads of major residential users' appliances are divided into four categories: (1) fixed loads, (2) regulatable loads, (3) deferrable loads, and (4) interruptible loads based on which coordinated strategy is developed. This paper has presented how to conduct a DR plan with multiple market participants and how to coordinate different types of residential loads participating ED. This paper has also investigated how the market participants set their decision models and how their DR profits are allocated. The simulations have been conducted on a MATLAB platform and verified that through the proposed control method, the scheduling centers have reduced dispatch cost. Load aggregators and residential users have gained their own profits as well.

Li, W.; Liu, W.; Wang, L., and Wen, J., 2018. Competitiveness evaluation of Shanghai ports based on niche theory. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

As a distributing center of the trade and transportation network, ports play an important role in the development of the national economy. However, many ports have common economic backgrounds, and competitions such as price wars have intensified, which inhibits the sustainable development of ports. With this background, the niche theory of ports was constructed based on the biological niche theory, and basic competitive strategies for ports also are put forward using the trend and position of niche theory and the niche overlap theory. Five main ports in the Yangtze River Delta are chosen as research objects. Then the competition relationships among the five ports are analyzed in detail. Based on that, a development strategy for Shanghai Ports is put forward.

Yan, F. and Wang, Y., 2018. Remediation of marine pollution by microorganisms in the comprehensive management of coastal zones. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Degradation characteristics of marine pollutants were studied in this paper. A microbial degradation agent for degradation of pollutants was developed and applied to a coastal bioremediation experiment. At the same time, the degradation of marine pollutants in intertidal and subtidal zones was investigated. The degradation rate of total alkane and total aromatic hydrocarbon was analyzed to evaluate the degradation effect. The results showed that the degrading bacteria group DC10 could degrade most of the alkanes and aromatics, and the degradation was significant in bioremediation experiments on a polluted coastal beach.

Yao, H.; Yang, Y.; Fu, X., and Mi, C., 2018. An adaptive sliding-window strategy for outlier detection in wireless sensor networks for smart port construction. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

With the rapid expansion of wireless sensor network in smart ports, the outlier detection in data streams produced by sensor has attracted a wide range of attention to meet the challenge of network security, fault diagnosis, and intrusion detection. In this paper, the focus is on the adaptive optimization strategy for sliding window–based outlier detection method, which has been involved in a few of the existing relevant literatures. A novel adaptive sliding-window method is introduced to dynamically optimize the sample set of data streams based on the local continuous fluctuations of data. The local outlier factor is calculated for data within the composite neighborhood in the sliding window to estimate its local ability to be an outlier. Then, data with the ability to be a continuously high outlier is detected as an outlier. Finally, the scalability, computational complexity and outlier-detection effect of the proposed method have been analyzed based on synthetic and real datasets. All results show that the proposed approach has superior outlier-detection performance compared with the fixed sliding window–based method.

Sun, L.; Liu, W.; Zhang, H.; Wu, M., and Xu, H., 2018. Cruise route simulation designs for South Asia. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

With the increase in the popularity of cruise ships in recent years, several schemes and procedures have been developed for various related activities. While considering the attraction of tourist resources on the coastline and service competitiveness of port, this paper details the principal approaches to devising plans for cruise routes. First, each port is ranked according to its attractiveness under four indices, namely, marine services, customs clearance services, transport services, and tourism services. Second, with the aim of creating asymmetric links and the shortest path, a planning model is formulated to select and rank the ports of call. The aim of the model is to calculate the optimal revenue per voyage in light of the available time window and the duration of the voyage. The traversal and the randomised algorithms are used to calculate routes for small- and large-scale port collections, respectively. Furthermore, an empirical analysis of routes in South Asia is provided. The work in this study can aid in route planning in the future.

Wang, L. and Qin, J., 2018. Flow curve optimization design for offshore backfilling plough fenders. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Offshore backfilling ploughs are used to backfill when laying pipelines in seabed trenches, and fenders primarily consist of an offshore backfilling plough. Research on the flow curve of the fenders is essential to decrease the working resistance of the plough during backfilling. In this work, uniflow fluid–structure interaction is developed to investigate the joint forces of the fenders under different flow curves with different working condition. An onshore field study was carried out to validate the reliability of the curve. In terms of the force of the fender, the simulation results for the fender agree with the onshore field results within a certain range of trend. To analysis of the resulting data, a better flow curve for offshore backfilling plough fenders was found.

Yue, Q.; Liu, F.; Diao, Y., and Liu, Y., 2018. Research and application of a big data-driven intelligent reservoir management system. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

In view of multisource information integration difficulties, the lack of real-time data acquisition capability, and the low level of management intelligence in current reservoir management, the intelligent monitoring node of a remote internet of things is applied for real-time acquisition of reservoir operation data and the establishment of a four-layer browser and server system framework. An intelligent reservoir management system with flexible configuration and strong scalability is developed based on the dynamic big data drive concept. The system achieves highly efficient application of the internet of things and cloud computing technology in the reservoir management field; fully considers the high demand of the massive monitoring data on the management system; integrates reservoir health and the operation of big data analysis; can conduct accurate monitoring, diagnosis, analysis, forecasting, and management optimization of the reservoir operation condition' and achieves real-time output through charts. The system's user can get a quick access to multisource data sharing and decision support services via LED display and computer and intelligent mobile terminals. The demonstration project application shows that the system has integrated application of massive data and practical, scalable, and user-friendly features, which can provide comprehensive and efficient information technology support for the intelligent management of reservoir operation and has broad application prospects.

Li, L.; Lei, L., and Han, D., 2018. Regional green innovation efficiency in high-end manufacturing. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

Using regional panel data of the high-end manufacturing industry in China from 2011 to 2015, the authors use projection tracking and a stochastic frontier model to analyze regional green innovation efficiency and influencing factors. Research shows that the innovation efficiency national average in high-end manufacturing is between 0.7 and 0.8 and that regional green innovation efficiency is polarized, presenting as high in the east and low in the west. Both of these measures illustrate some room for green innovation improvement. The number of research and development institutions and industry agglomeration have a significant positive influence on green innovation, while government funding plays a supporting role. Environmental regulation, market maturity, and degree of openness to the outside world have some negative effects on green innovation, with environmental regulation having significant effects. This paper provides evidence for the improvement of green innovation efficiency in the high-end manufacturing industry in China.

An, P., 2018. Path optimization method of autonomous intelligent obstacle avoidance for multi-joint submarine robot. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia.

A multi-joint submarine robot could not avoid obstacles in real time under the complex environment of the seafloor. To address this problem, a method for path optimization of autonomous intelligent obstacle avoidance by the multi-joint submarine robot was proposed. First, a kinematic analysis of the multi-joint submarine robot was carried out. The joint space interpolation algorithm was used for trajectory planning of its robotic arm. The partial identification samples at the starting point and the target point part were set. A similarity matrix was used for assigning unlabeled samples, and all labeled samples were given to a support vector machine. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the parameters of the support vector machines. The experimental result shows that the proposed method realizes the requirement of autonomous intelligent real-time obstacle avoidance and the path is the shortest.

Hu, H., 2018. Model and algorithm for the large material distribution problem in maritime transportation.

The ocean shipping industry has a monopoly on transportation of large volumes of cargo, which is an important factor in most situations. This paper presents an innovative maritime transportation model and algorithm to address the large material distribution problem in emergency situations. The ship routing problem is one of the most popular variations of the standard vehicle routing problem (VRP). The split delivery VRP with open routes is considered in this paper with the application to the distribution of relief-related materials. It is assumed that fleets start from one depot but are not obligated to return to the same depot, that the demands of customers can be fulfilled by more than one ship, and that the travel speed on each route is variable. The objective of the model is to minimize the total travel time, and the travel speed is defined as a continuously decreasing function with respect to time. A fuzzy clustering technique is applied to determine the value of decrease parameters in the decreasing function based on geo-information. A hybrid genetic algorithm is designed to solve the model, where the Dijkstra algorithm is integrated into the process of the solution construction. Numerical simulations have been conducted, and the results demonstrate the applicability of the relief-demand distribution model and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.