Streptanthus glandulosus Hooker subsp. josephinensis Al-Shehbaz & M. Mayer (Brassicaceae) is described as new. The new combinations S. glandulosus subsp. niger (Greene) Al-Shehbaz, M. Mayer & D. W. Taylor, S. glandulosus subsp. sonomensis (Kruckeberg) M. Mayer & D. W. Taylor, and S. vimineus (Greene) Al-Shehbaz & D. W. Taylor, as well as a new status for S. glandulosus subsp. albidus (Greene) Al-Shehbaz, M. Mayer & D. W. Taylor and S. glandulous subsp. hoffmanii (Kruckeberg) M. Mayer & D. W. Taylor, are proposed. A key to the eight subspecies of S. glandulosus is presented. Mesoreanthus fallax Greene and S. sparsiflorus Rollins are reduced to synonymy of S. vimineus and S. platycarpus A. Gray, respectively. The names M. vimineus Greene and S. niger Greene are lectotypified. The IUCN status of S. glandulosus subsp. josephinensis is given as Critically Endangered (CE).

A new species, Habranthus medinae L. O. Alvarado & García-Mendoza (Amaryllidaceae, Hippeastreae), from the state of Puebla, Mexico, is described. The new species is similar to H. tubispathus (L'Héritier) Traub, but can be distinguished by the larger size of the floral structures and its brown anthers. A key to the Mexican species of Habranthus Herbert is provided.

A new pteridophyte species, Polystichum manickamianum Benniamin, Fraser-Jenkins & Irudayaraj, is described and illustrated from the Agasthiar Hills, South Western Ghats, South India. It is a member of Polystichum Roth sect. Macropolystichum Daigobo (Dryopteridaceae) and is distinguished from its nearest relatives by its relatively short, wide fronds with large, ovate-rhombic, crenate, dark green pinnules with submarginal sori, sparsely hairy upper stipe, rachis, and costae, and by the absence of subapical proliferous bulbils on the rachis. It is endemic to Tamil Nadu, South India, and is considered to be Critically Endangered (CR) based on IUCN Red List criteria. A key is provided to South Indian Polystichum, and some problematic related names are discussed. A lectotype is designated for Aspidium tacticopterum Kunze. Polystichum kunthianum B. K. Nayar & Geevarghese is newly synonymized into P. subinerme (Kunze) Fraser-Jenkins.

Juncus paludosus E. L. Bridges & Orzell is described and illustrated as a new species from peninsular Florida, U.S.A., occurring primarily in hardwood and cypress swamps and adjacent ditches and marshes. Although closest in diagnostic characters to J. megacephalus M. A. Curtis, it has been confused with J. polycephalus Michaux of section Iridifolii Snogerup & Kirschner based on its overall size, gross morphology, and floral characteristics. Differences between J. paludosus and other closely related species of section Ozophyllum Dumortier are discussed, and a key is provided to the group within section Ozophyllum that includes J. paludosus.

Six new species and two varieties of Cuphea P. Browne (Lythraceae) are described from Brazilian collections. Cuphea lucens T. B. Cavalcanti & S. A. Graham from Minas Gerais is described in sect. Melvilla Koehne subsect. Pachycalyx Koehne where it is similar to C. cylindracea S. A. Graham but lacks the prominently descending floral tube spur of that species. Cuphea alatosperma T. B. Cavalcanti & S. A. Graham from the Amazon, with inflated-winged seeds, and C. anamariae T. B. Cavalcanti & S. A. Graham, a novelty from white sands in Minas Gerais, belong to sect. Euandra Koehne subsections Platypterus Koehne and Hilariella Koehne, respectively. Cuphea exilis T. B. Cavalcanti & S. A. Graham, C. filiformis T. B. Cavalcanti & S. A. Graham, and C. rupestris T. B. Cavalcanti & S. A. Graham, new species with linear-lanceolate leaves and a woody xylopodium (not confirmed in C. exilis), are members of sect. Euandra subsect. Oidemation Koehne, as are the newly recognized variety C. spermacoce A. St.-Hilaire var. arguta T. B. Cavalcanti & S. A. Graham and the new combination C. spermacoce var. erectifolia (Koehne) T. B. Cavalcanti & S. A. Graham. Lectotypes are selected for C. erectifolia Koehne and two forms of the species. A key to the varieties of C. spermacoce is provided.

Two new combinations are proposed in Syringa L. (Oleaceae) based on examination of specimens, population sampling, and character analysis: S. tomentella Bureau & Franchet subsp. yunnanensis (Franchet) Jin Y. Chen & D. Y. Hong, and S. tomentella subsp. sweginzowii (Koehne & Lingelsheim) Jin Y. Chen & D. Y. Hong. Syringa wilsonii C. K. Schneider is treated as a synonym of S. tomentella subsp. sweginzowii. The lectotype of S. sweginzowii Koehne & Lingelsheim is designated.

Ilex guaramacalensis Cuello & Aymard (Aquifoliaceae), a new species from the Andean forests and páramos of Guaramacal massif in Venezuela, is described and illustrated, and its morphological relationships with allied species are discussed. Ilex guaramacalensis is morphologically similar to I. kunthiana Triana from the high mountains of Costa Rica and Panama, the Coastal Cordillera, and the Andes of Venezuela to Peru, but the new species differs by the shape of its young branchlets, leaves, pedicels, and petals; the higher number of secondary veins; the shorter inflorescences; and the 4-merous flowers. Information about the floristic composition and habitat characteristics for the new species is also provided.

Draba simmonsii Elven & Al-Shehbaz (Brassicaceae), a new species from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is described and illustrated. Its taxonomic history, distribution, habitats, and distinguishing characters from the closely related D. micropetala Hooker and D. pauciflora R. Brown are discussed. The IUCN status of the new species is determined as Least Concern (LC). Draba simmonsii is based on D. alpina L. var. gracilescens Simmons, which is lectotypified.

The Jiuding Ridge (Sichuan, China) has been explored during the past several years by a team from Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and three undescribed species of Corydalis DC. (Fumariaceae) have been revealed and are apparently endemic to this mountain. The new species were observed in forest (C. capitata X. F. Gao, Lidén & Y. W. Wang), alpine scree (C. aeaeae X. F. Gao, Lidén & Y. W. Wang), and alpine rocky limestone areas (C. schistostigma X. F. Gao, Lidén, Y. W. Wang & Y. L. Peng). The two first species have their closest relatives in the Wolong-Balangshan District (Wenchuan, Sichuan). Corydalis aeaeae differs from C. panda Lidén & Y. W. Wang in its small size, few-flowered racemes, and broadly obtuse outer petals with low, short crests. Corydalis capitata differs from the C. flexuosa Franchet complex in the capitate racemes, small flowers with deeply serrate petals, and the peculiar, thin, strictly erect lateral branches. Corydalis schistostigma is unique in the C. curviflora Maximowicz ex Hemsley group, in the deeply cleft stigma and very forward-projecting crests to the inner petals, and possibly has its affinities more to the north and northwest in the Hengduan Mountains.

Since the early 20th century, the taxonomic identity of Musa nagensium Prain (Musaceae) has been uncertain to most botanists. The aim of this paper is to clarify the taxonomic history of M. nagensium. A new variety, M. nagensium var. hongii Häkkinen, is described and illustrated here. This rare variety of M. nagensium was found only in a small area in northwestern Yunnan, China, near the Burmese border. This study is based on observed morphological characteristics in the field and from specimens in various herbaria, and is supported by the existing literature on the Musaceae. A key to M. nagensium and related taxa is provided.

Linaria iranica Hamdi & Assadi (Scrophulariaceae) is a new species from Kerman Province, Iran. It belongs to Linaria Miller sect. Versicolores (Bentham) Wettstein, and its closest relative is L. tenuis Sprengel. Linaria iranica differs from L. tenuis in the smaller corollas (7–8 mm vs. 12–17 mm), longer spurs relative to the remaining corolla, smaller capsules (3–3.2 mm vs. 3.5–6 mm), and the ornamentation of seed surfaces.

Plagiothecium shevockii S. He (Plagiotheciaceae) is described and illustrated as a new moss species from Taiwan. It resembles P. paleaceum (Mitten) A. Jaeger in having similar orbicular leaves, but differs by its much stronger double costae, and its slenderly acute and denticulate leaf apices that have a group of differentiated, hyaline, thin-walled cells often bearing rhizoids.

Galactia watsoniana W. C. Holmes & Singhurst (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), endemic to the southern part of the Balcones Escarpment of central Texas, is described as new. The new species is distinguished from G. volubilis (L.) Britton, its apparent nearest relative, by its solitary and larger flowers (17–22 mm vs. 6–12 mm), strigillose trichomes on plant surfaces, presence of a narrow white border on the leaflet margins, and ovate leaflets with reticulated abaxial surfaces.

Prockia oaxacana J. Jiménez Ramírez & Cruz Durán (Salicaceae), a new species from the Mixtec region in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, is described and illustrated. It appears similar to P. krusei J. Jiménez Ramírez & Cruz Durán, but differs in being a polygamo-dioecious plant with exfoliating bark, stipules with marginal glands, flowers with petals, unilocular ovary, parietal placentation, and smaller sepals, berry, and seeds. A dichotomous key to distinguish this new species of Prockia P. Browne ex L. is also included.

Marsdenia magallanesiana Juárez-Jaimes, a new species from the state of Jalisco, Mexico, is described and illustrated here; it is compared with M. edulis S. Watson and M. callosa Juárez-Jaimes & W. D. Stevens, which are the morphologically most similar species to it. The three species grow in separate areas of the tropical deciduous forest of the Pacific slopes of Mexico. However, the new species is distinguished by the absence of a fleshy callus on the corolla sinus lobes, its corona lobes suborbicular with margins not thickened, and its style appendage subconic with a short, slightly divided apex.

Arthrostylidium berryi Judziewicz & Davidse (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Arthrostylidiinae), a new species from riversides, seasonally flooded white sand shrublands, and granitic lajas in lowland Venezuela and adjacent Colombia, is described and illustrated. It is easily distinguished from its South American congeners in Arthrostylidium Ruprecht by its strongly reflexed leaf blades and long (4–10 cm) spikelets with numerous (nine to 15) florets.

A new species of Leucheria Lagasca (Asteraceae, Mutisieae), L. graui Katinas, M. C. Tellería & Crisci, with glutinous habit and yellow corollas is described and illustrated. This would be the only species within Leucheria with yellow corollas. The pollen of the new species is also described and illustrated; it belongs to the Oxyphyllum Philippi pollen type and has similar characteristics to other species of Leucheria. The new species appears to be morphologically close to L. apiifolia Philippi, which belongs to the relatively primitive L. glacialis (Poeppig ex Lessing) Reiche evolutionary line of dry environments.

A new monotypic genus of Loranthaceae, Pusillanthus Kuijt, is described and illustrated from Venezuela, based on Phthirusa trichodes Rizzini. It contrasts with other genera of small-flowered Neotropical Loranthaceae in combining an umbellate capitulum, tetramery, bisexual flowers with nearly sessile anthers, the absence of epicortical roots, and the presence of a conspicuous indument. The other genera have racemic or spike-like inflorescences (rarely solitary, axillary flowers). Species in the genus Struthanthus may represent the closest relatives, differing in their versatile anthers, 6-merous flowers, epicortical roots, and (except a single, unrelated Bolivian species) lack of indument; however, that genus is believed to be paraphyletic.

The new combination, Piptochaetium depressum (Steudel) C. Peña, is proposed for the Poaceae (Stipeae) based on lemma shape and ornamentation that clearly distinguishes Chilean plants. A key is provided to distinguish six species in Chile, with a morphological description and SEM images for the new combination.

Lobelia lithophila Senterre & Castillo-Campos (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) is described as a new species from the lowland tropical evergreen rainforest of the region of Uxpanapa, in southern Veracruz, Mexico. This species is only known from the type locality and probably represents a microendemic. The species described is most closely related to L. orientalis Rzedowski & Calderón, another local endemic from Querétaro, Mexico. Both taxa combine the herbaceous life form with leaves more or less in a rosette at ground level and a completely superior ovary, and are from specialized habitats. The new species is easily distinguished by its longer leaf blade and smaller petiole, and by its reduced leaf pubescence. Its habitat is also unusual, as it is restricted to limestone rocks in the understory of lowland tropical rainforest. Lobelia lithophila belongs to subsection Leiospermae E. Wimmer within the section Lobelia, subgenus Lobelia L.

A new name, Cardamine pseudowasabi H. Shin & Y. D. Kim (Brassicaceae), is proposed for Wasabia koreana Nakai because the transfer of the epithet to Cardamine L. would create a later homonym.

Simira walteri Silva Neto & Callado (Rubiaceae, Simireae) is described and illustrated. It grows in the Atlantic Forest region in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to an altitude of 600 m. The new species resembles S. viridiflora (Allemão & Saldanha) Steyermark, which also occurs in the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. Simira walteri mainly differs in having elliptic leaves with apices acute to slightly acuminate, base acute, tufted pocket-domatia, and a single row of colleters on the internal stipule base.

Reynosia vivesiana Trejo (Rhamnaceae) is a previously unrecognized species of woody shrub. It is known from a dry forest in southwestern Puerto Rico, where it has been recorded only in a small area in the Guánica Forest Reserve. The plant was treated for more than seven decades as R. guama Urban, a related species from the Virgin Islands. The new R. vivesiana is separated from R. guama and the other two species of Reynosia Grisebach from Puerto Rico by its glabrous twigs, petioles, and stipels, and by its smaller fruits (ca. 9 mm long), among other features. The segregation of R. vivesiana from R. guama heightens the importance of both species from a conservation standpoint. Based on IUCN Red List criteria, R. vivesiana can be defined as Critically Endangered (CR) and consequently needs legal protection.

The lectotype is designated for Myriophyllum oguraense Miki, a species described from Japan in 1934. This taxon is listed as an endangered species in Japan. Among Asian taxa, M. oguraense is distinguished by its monoecious habit and glaucous leaves.

Ouratea acicularis R. Chacon & K. Yamamoto (Ochnaceae), a new species from the recently created Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins, Jalapão region, Brazil, is described. Ouratea acicularis appears to be most closely allied to O. oleifolia (A. Saint-Hilaire) Engler. Both species share a pubescent indumentum on the young branches, leaf surfaces, inflorescence axes, and outer surface of the flower buds, as well as revolute leaves and acute flower buds. Ouratea acicularis is unique in the genus in its aciculate leaf blade, at least 4 times narrower than in O. oleifolia, with a strongly revolute margin that conceals the abaxial leaf surface except for the midrib, as well as its inconspicuous secondary venation and narrower flower buds. Anatomically, O. acicularis differs from other previously studied species of Ouratea Aublet in that the cells of the adaxial epidermis have an hourglass-shaped lumen, pluricellular forked hairs fused at the base, an unusually large cap of fibers and sclereids above the collateral vascular bundles, and in the predominantly 2-layered chlorenchyma. The stems of O. acicularis are noteworthy for the conspicuous secretory cavities of the cortex and secondary xylem, in which fibers and vessel members predominate.

Agropyron panormitanum Parlatore var. heterophyllum Bornmüller ex Melderis (Poaceae, Triticeae) is transferred to the genus Roegneria K. Koch based on its ploidy and genome. The taxon was described from Lebanon and is recognized at species rank as the new combination R. heterophylla (Bornmüller ex Melderis) C. Yen, J. L. Yang & B. R. Baum. The taxon is hexaploid, with the StStStStYY genome, and therefore its taxonomic relationship is better reflected and assessed within the genus Roegneria, a genus with genomic constitution StStYY or StStStStYY. Furthermore, it should be treated as a new species rather than as a variety because the two have separate and independent gene pools as demonstrated by crossing experiments.