A new species of Cyanus Miller, C. diospolitanus Bancheva & S. Stoyanov (Asteraceae, Centaureinae), from Tundzha hilly country floristic region in Elhovo municipality, southeastern Bulgaria, is described and illustrated. It belongs to Cyanus sect. Napuliferi (Stefanoff & T. Georgiev) Bancheva & Raimondo, and taxonomically its closest relative is C. pseudoaxillaris (Stefanoff & T. Georgiev) Holub, a rare local endemic for the Thracian Plain, Bulgaria. The new species is currently known from four localities in the Derventski Hills (Yambol Province), growing at the periphery of dry, stony meadows in thermophilous oak forests and brushwood. The chromosome number is 2n  =  22, and SEM analysis of the pollen grains is described and illustrated.

Psychotria perotensis Castillo-Campos, belonging to subgenus Heteropsychotria Steyermark (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae), is described and illustrated as a new species from the region of La Cortadura, Coatepec, on the eastern slopes of the volcano Cofre de Perote, Veracruz, Mexico. This species is related to P. phanerandra (Standley & Steyermark) Lorence and P. galeottiana (M. Martens) C. M. Taylor & Lorence; however, it differs from these species in its larger leaves and inflorescence.

Salvia sericeotomentosa Rechinger f. (Lamiaceae) was first collected by A. Eig and M. Zohary in 1932 and was described in 1952 by K. H. Rechinger, but since that time it has not been collected again from its type locality. Among specimens collected from the Amanos Mountains near Hatay Province, Turkey, in 2006, the taxon was rediscovered on the basis of two different populations growing at low altitudes. These populations provide the type for the new variety S. sericeotomentosa var. hatayica Celep & Doğan, which differs from the typical variety by having densely sericeous-tomentose and short glandular-pilose inflorescences. A full description of the new variety is also provided, as well as its conservation assessment.

Some names in Chinese Saussurea DC. (Asteraceae, Cardueae) are reviewed. Saussurea tunglingensis F. H. Chen is accepted as the taxonomically correct name, having priority over S. sclerolepis Nakai & Kitagawa. Saussurea haoi Y. Ling ex Y. L. Chen & S. Yun Liang shares the same type with S. bella Y. Ling, so S. haoi is an illegitimate name. Saussurea hopeiensis F. H. Chen described from Hopei [Hebei] is subsumed as a synonym of the more widely distributed S. mongolica (Franchet) Franchet. Saussurea chowana F. H. Chen known only from its type locality in Hopei [Hebei] is treated as a synonym of the broadly distributed S. parviflora (Poiret) DC. Saussurea lanatocephala F. H. Chen known only from Jilin is synonymized to S. triangulata Trautvetter & C. A. Meyer. The names S. nematolepis Y. Ling and S. cochleariifolia Y. L. Chen & S. Yun Liang are lectotypified.

A new species of Gesneriaceae (tribe Gloxinieae) is described from Ecuador and Peru in South America. Pearcea pileifolia J. L. Clark & L. E. Skog is vegetatively distinctive from all other species of Pearcea Regel by its oblong leaf blades with crenate to serrate margins and markedly anisophyllous, opposite leaves with the smaller leaf in a pair reduced to a scalelike appendage. Observations of the bivalved fruit dehiscence and the resulting appearance of winged appendages in P. pileifolia and other congeners are discussed.

Preparation of an account of Melaleuca L. (Myrtaceae) for Flora of Australia resulted in the recognition of nine new species and three subspecies of Melaleuca. The following are newly described from Australia: from Queensland: M. hemisticta S. T. Blake ex Craven, M. lazaridis Craven, M. montis-zamiae Craven, M. phratra Craven, M. pyramidalis Craven, M. quercina Craven, M. viminalis (Solander ex Gaertner) Byrne subsp. rhododendron Craven, M. williamsii Craven subsp. fletcheri Craven; from New South Wales: M. megalongensis Craven & S. M. Douglas, M. serpentina Craven, M. williamsii subsp. synoriensis Craven; and from Queensland and New South Wales: M. sabrina Craven. The recently described Callistemon wimmerensis Marriott & G. W. Carr is transferred to Melaleuca as M. wimmerensis (Marriott & G. W. Carr) Craven.

Quassia arnhemensis Craven & Dunlop is described and illustrated from the Northern Territory, Australia. Within the Simaroubaceae, this new species is considered best placed in Quassia L., necessitating an expanded circumscription of that genus to accommodate plants with eligulate staminal filaments.

A new species of Viola L. from Guangdong Province, China, V. guangzhouensis A. Q. Dong, J. S. Zhou & F. W. Xing, is described and illustrated here. The new taxon represents a fifth species in Viola sect. Diffusae (W. Becker) Ching J. Wang, and a taxonomic key to distinguish these taxa in China is included. Viola guangzhouensis is distinct from the sympatric V. diffusa Gingins by having obviously aerial stems, brownish purple stolons, and a bearded anterior petal. The new species is a narrow endemic, collected only from Dalingshan in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, and is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

Una nueva especie, Stylosanthes quintanarooensis Gama & Dávila (Leguminosae, tribu Dalbergieae, dentro del clado Pterocarpus), del estado de Quintana Roo (sureste de México), se describe e ilustra. Se presentan datos sobre su hábitat y distribución geográfica. Con base en caracteres morfológicos y moleculares, esta especie se compara con S. calcicola Small, S. macrocarpa S. F. Blake y S. mexicana Taubert, las cuales se consideran como las especies más relacionadas.

Two new species of Cucurbitaceae, tribe Cucurbiteae, with trifoliolate leaves are described from Costa Rica, one each in Cayaponia Silva Manso and Cionosicys Grisebach. Cayaponia hammelii Grayum, with large, pendent staminate flowers, ranges from Costa Rica to Pacific Ecuador, while the exceptionally large-fruited Cionosicys guabubu Grayum & J. A. González is restricted to Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and central Panama. Both of these new species have sometimes been misidentified as Cayaponia granatensis Cogniaux, a species with trilobate leaves that is dubiously present in Mesoamerica. The distinction between Cayaponia and the similar Cionosicys is discussed in some detail, and a key is provided for all species of Cionosicys with validly published names.

The new species Hoya persicinicoronaria S. Y. He & P. T. Li (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) is described and illustrated from Hainan, China. The morphology of the related species H. pottsii Traill and H. liangii Tsiang are compared to the new species, which differs in its indumentum, leaf arrangement, leaflet pattern, leaf shape, apex, and size, calyx shape, and corolla color.

Recientes estudios de Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) del sur y oeste de México permitió el descubrimiento de un nuevo taxón que se describe e ilustra como Gonolobus spiranthus Juárez-Jaimes, W. D. Stevens & Lozada-Pérez. Se caracteriza por tener un ginostegio conspicuamente estipitado, una corola tubular de más de 12 mm de largo e inflada en la base, los lóbulos de la corola fuertemente espiralados, y apéndices dorsales de las anteras triangular-sagitados y carnosos. La ausencia de un anillo faucial en la corola la incluye en el subgénero Pseudolachnostoma Woodson.

Se describe Lacmellea abbreviata J. F. Morales (Apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae), una nueva especie endémica de Región del Chocó, Colombia. Este nuevo taxón se encuentra relacionado con L. panamensis (Woodson) Markgraf, de la que difiere por la forma de sus hojas (ovadas a ovado-elípticas vs. elípticas a angostamente elípticas), inflorescencias con menos flores (1 ó 2 vs. 4 a 12), y corolas con los lóbulos más pequeños (3.5–4 mm vs. 6–11 mm). Se incluye una ilustración, datos de distribución, especímenes examinados y se discuten las especies más relacionadas.

A new species, Taxiphyllum townsendii Ochyra & Ireland (Hypnaceae, Musci), is described from Sri Lanka. The species was earlier known under the name Plagiothecium ceylonense Brotherus ex Dixon, but this name was not validly published and therefore a new name is needed. Taxiphyllum townsendii is similar in many ways to the common eastern North American species, T. deplanatum (Bruch & Schimper ex Sullivant) M. Fleischer, but differs by its larger, often oblong-lanceolate leaves that are abruptly or gradually short- or long-acuminate; much longer and narrower mid-leaf cells; short-rectangular, very broad basal leaf cells that form a distinct 1- to 2-seriate strip at the leaf insertion; and a prominent angular group of large quadrate to short-rectangular cells that extend up the margins by four to 10 cells. Taxiphyllum subretusum (Thwaites & Mitten) O'Shea is transferred to the genus Phyllodon Schimper as P. subretusus (Thwaites & Mitten) Ochyra & Ireland and the name is lectotypified. The validity of the name Entodon isopterygioides (Dixon) Dixon is discussed and this name is considered to be validly published.

The name Prunus ×incam Ingram ex R. Olsen & Whittemore is validated here. Introduced as a cultivated variety in 1947, Ingram's name Prunus ×incam has been in use as a nomen nudum in horticultural literature and the nursery trade for artificial crosses involving the parent taxa P. incisa Thunberg × P. campanulata Maximowicz. Prunus ×incam is an early flowering tree with two or three flowers in each persistent involucre, spreading sepals, and pink, deeply emarginate petals. Ingram's original introduction, the cultivated variety ‘Okamé,’ is the most widely grown form.

A new species, Alyssum misirdalianum Orcan & Binzet (Brassicaceae), is described from southern Anatolia, Turkey. The new species is restricted to southern Anatolia, in the southern part of Mersin Province. The morphological characters (oblanceolate leaves, obovate and glabrous petals, and ovate siliculae, 6–7 × 3–4.5 mm) support its placement in Alyssum L. sect. Gamosepalum (Haussknecht) Dudley, and the species appears to be most closely related to A. corningii Dudley.

During routine identification of material of the genus Stylogyne A. DC. (Myrsinaceae), two new Brazilian species, S. dusenii Ricketson & Pipoly from the state of Paraná and S. racemiflora Ricketson & Pipoly from the state of Amazonas, are described and illustrated and their phylogenetic relationships are discussed.

Two new species of Lachemilla (Focke) Rydberg (Rosaceae) from the Andes of Ecuador and Colombia are described and illustrated. Lachemilla llanganatensis Romoleroux, from Ecuador, is characterized by its loosely ascending habit, sparsely short-hispid indumentum, presence of entire basal leaves, and ascending to spreading, verticillate stem leaves. The flowers are grouped in cymes of three to six flowers, with spreading sepals and episepals, and the hypanthia are often sparsely hirsute. Lachemilla kieftiana Romoleroux, from Colombia, is distinguished by its stoloniferous habit and basal leaves in rosettes with subreniform to 3-lobed, sericeous blades. The flowers are grouped in cymes of three to 10 flowers, subsessile, floral bracts free, with ascending sepals and episepals, and the hypanthia are mostly sericeous.

Catolesia D. J. N. Hind is an endemic, previously monotypic genus (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae) from the campos rupestres of Bahia, Brazil. A second species for the genus, C. huperzioides Roque, H. Robinson & A. A. Conceição, is recognized and described here. It is distinguished from C. mentiens D. J. N. Hind principally by the well-organized terminal synflorescence composed of (7)8 to 12 capitula, of which one is central and larger, its shorter leaves (4–5 mm vs. 7–19 mm in C. mentiens), its white corolla (vs. pink), and the pappus (a brief crown to 0.1 mm vs. mostly absent). Catolesia huperzioides is known only from the municipality of Mucugê and is probably endemic to the Chapada Diamantina Region of Bahia, Brazil.

Eleocharis gonzaleziae D. J. Rosen, a new species from the high plateau of northern Mexico, is described from the state of Durango and illustrated. Taxonomic notes on the new species are provided, including a comparison to a morphologically similar species, E. bolanderi A. Gray.

Ruellia saccata Schmidt-Lebuhn & E. Tripp, a new species of Acanthaceae from Beni, Bolivia, with a highly distinctive corolla morphology, is described as new to science. The novelty resembles and is related to R. brevifolia (Pohl) C. Ezcurra, but differs in the presence of a pronounced corolla pouch, a longer corolla with a narrower orifice, and a spreading to procumbent habit. Its differences from and similarities to other species in the genus are also discussed, and an updated key to the red-flowered Bolivian species of Ruellia L. is presented.

Se tratan las especies de Lonchocarpus Kunth sect. Obtusifolii (Bentham) M. Sousa (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae) para Mesoamérica. De las 12 especies reconocidas, cinco son nuevas para la ciencia, L. canoensis M. Sousa, L. foveolatus M. Sousa, L. paucinervius M. Sousa, L. sylvicola M. Sousa y L. velizii M. Sousa, se describen e ilustran. Las especies mesoamericanas de la sección se contrastan en una clave. Se lectotipifica la ser. Obtusifolii Bentham con L. rugosus Bentham, se hace una nueva combinación y la serie se eleva de rango a sección. La sect. Obtusifolii se caracteriza y diferencia de la sect. Densiflori Bentham. De cada uno de los taxones tratados se hizo una valoración del grado de conservación (IUCN).

Eight new species of Lauraceae from Andean South America and Panama are described and illustrated. Two belong to the genus Cinnamomum Schaeffer, C. lanigerum van der Werff and C. formicarium van der Werff & Lorea-Hernández, both from Ecuador; one species belongs to Ocotea Aublet, O. pacifica van der Werff, from Ecuador and Colombia; and five belong to Pleurothyrium Nees, P. bilocellatum van der Werff, P. cordatum van der Werff, and P. obscurinerve van der Werff from Ecuador, P. pascoense van der Werff from Peru, and P. triflorum van der Werff from Panama.

A new species of Sorocea A. Saint-Hilaire, S. carautana M. D. M. Vianna, Carrijo & Romaniuc (Moraceae s. str.), was discovered in the hills of southern Rio de Janeiro in the vicinity of Paraty. The new species resembles S. hilarii Gaudichaud by the similar shape of the leaves, but is clearly distinguished by its longer pistillate pedicel. This new species is endemic to the Atlantic Forest and is threatened due to its restricted geographic area of occurrence.

A new species, Chelonopsis praecox Weckerle & F. Huber (Lamiaceae, Lamioideae) from southwest China, is described and illustrated, and its relationship to morphologically similar species is discussed. Chelonopsis praecox differs from the other species of the genus by its characteristic to bear flowers and fruits in springtime and early summer, before the development of leaves during the summer rainy season, while all other Chelonopsis species flower during summer or autumn. Prominent distinguishing morphological features are found in the stem bark, leaf size and indumentum, and inflorescences. So far, the species is only known from the northern part of the Shuiluo Valley in southwest Sichuan; additional collections are necessary to clarify its full distributional range.

Chiritopsis W. T. Wang (Gesneriaceae) is endemic to China, where the genus consists of 10 species and three varieties. In the course of our floristic investigation of karst caves in Guangxi in 2005, the new species C. jingxiensis Yan Liu, W. B. Xu & H. S. Gao was discovered in a karst cave from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China, and the new taxon is described and illustrated here. This new species is similar to C. mollifolia D. Fang & W. T. Wang in its leaf shape, corolla, and staminodes, but it can be distinguished by its smaller leaves, the lax, 1-branched cymes with one to three flowers, and the capsule that is twice as long as the calyx.

A new species from Guangxi Province, Impatiens cornutisepala S. X. Yu, Y. L. Chen & H. N. Qin, is described for the Balsaminaceae in China. It is similar to I. dicentra Franchet ex Hooker f. in the 1-flowered peduncle and the lobes of the lateral united petals that are terminated by a long filamentous bristle. However, the new species differs from the latter in its narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate leaf blade, the smaller lateral sepals with entire margins and a prominent green cornute appendage dorsally, the spur of the lower sepal that is entire at the tip, and its differing leaf epidermis micromorphology. The micromorphology of seeds and pollen under SEM is presented.

A new species of Epimedium L. (Berberidaceae), E. shennongjiaensis Yan J. Zhang & J. Q. Li, is described and illustrated from the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province, China. The new species is distinctive and assigned to series Davidianae Stearn of section Diphyllon (Komarov) Stearn because of its large flowers and petals with expanded lamina and elongated spurs. Based on corolla characteristics, it is similar to E. epsteinii Stearn but is distinguished by its compact rhizomes, narrowly ovate and acuminate inner sepals (1.5–1.9 × 0.7–0.9 cm), and petals slightly shorter or nearly as long as the inner sepals with straight spurs (1.5–1.7 cm).