Byraxorites Jeannel, 1962: 387, 389; Newton & Chandler, 1989: 42; Asenjo et al., 2019: 60.

Type species: Byraxorites alticola Jeannel, 1962

Tegument pubescent. Head with pair of tentorial pits, lacking median frontal fovea and infraocular carinae, and ventrally with medial elevation limited on both sides by pair of longitudinal sutures. Pronotum lacking any foveae, carinae or transverse row of contiguous basal impressions, with dark spot instead of median antebasal fovea. Elytra with 3 basal foveae; sutural stria entire; discal stria very short, extended from outer basal fovea; humeri well-marked; subhumeral fovea and lateral sulcus lacking. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) longer than tergite 2 (V), with pair of discal carinae; presence of mediobasal and basolateral foveae not investigated (not visible on dry specimen). Prosternum with pair of paranotal carinae and pair of anteroprosternal foveae. Mesometaventrite with median mesoventral, pair of lateral mesoventral and pair of mesocoxal foveae; lacking transverse lateral suture delimiting meso- and metaventrite. Abdominal sternite 2 (IV) with pair of mediobasal and pair of basolateral foveae. Male secondary sexual characters localized on head, antennae, mesotibiae, metaventrite, and abdominal sternite 6 (VIII); abdominal sternite 7 (IX) not exposed, but aedeagus dorsally possibly fused with it.

Comments: We had at our disposal only the holotype of the single species of this genus, so we didn't investigate some characters visible only by pursuing semi-destructive preparations. Byraxorites is most likely an element of the Neotropical fauna, but with our current level of knowledge of Neotropical Brachyglutini we are unable to hypothesize its precise relationships with other genera of this realm.

Jeannel expressed his opinion on the relationships of the genus in a contradictory way. He placed Byraxorites in his phyletic lineage Bryaxina, which according to his key (Jeannel, 1962: 386) is characterized by the pronotum with lateral foveae well separated from rounded and deep antebasal fovea. However, according to the key to genera of this phyletic lineage and the description of Byraxorites, these foveae are missing (Jeannel, 1962: 387, 389), which is in accordance with our observations. The aedeagal structure of the only representative of this genus that is illustrated by Jeannel strongly differs from what we observed. For example, on Jeannel's illustration the aedeagus has two symmetrical parameres with each bearing an apical bristle, while the aedeagus that is provided has only one paramere bearing three distinct apical bristles (Figs 1-2). Although we cannot exclude that the aedeagus was originally furnished with two parameres, we did not find a second paramere in Jeannel's preparation, nor observed any traces of possible attachment of this second paramere to the basal bulb. Therefore, until the appearance of new material on this genus, we consider that Byraxorites aedeagus has only one setiferous paramere.

The genus includes only Byraxorites alticola Jeannel, 1962 (Fig. 85).

Byraxorites alticola Jeannel, 1962: 389-390, figs 131 (head and antennae of male), 132 (maxillary palpus), 133 (male antenna), 134 (aedeagus); Franz, 1996: 110; Newton & Chandler, 1989: 42; Asenjo et al., 2019: 60.

Type material (1 ex.): NORTHERN CHILE: Región Arica y Paranicota: Arica prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Byraxorites alticola here fixed); labels verbatim: “Holotype (red label) / Chile - Tarapaca; Paranicota; 4400 m; 7.12.46 / Coll.; Kuschel / Byraxorites; alticola (handwritten by Jeannel) / Byraxorites; alticola Jeannel ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Description: Habitus as in Fig. 85. Body 2 mm long, dark brown (including appendages) with black abdomen; pubescence long, decumbent and very sparse. Head wider than long, in male so modified anteriorly that vertexal foveae can not be seen; eyes moderately protruding, about as long as tempora; tempora weakly convex. Maxillary palpi small with last palpomere elongate. Pronotum about as wide as long and slightly narrower than head; disc convex, its surface smooth and shiny with only some punctures; anterior portion of lateral margins distinctly convergent and sinuate; posterior portion of lateral margins slightly convergent. Elytra together wider than long, with protruding humeri; disc smooth and shiny; basal foveae big; discal carinae extended to about one-third of elytral length. Abdomen smooth, with some minute punctures; first tergite with short and sparse setal brush between divergent basal carinae, the latter carinae extended to about one-third of paratergal length and separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 86-91; antennal tubercles with pair of long and thick tufts of adherent setae angled towards each other; frons deeply depressed centrally, this depression (Fig. 91) margined anteriorly by bilobed diaphragm and bearing at center two thin upwardly directed curved setal tufts that are interlocked apically; frontoclypeus with two flat tufts of translucent setae projecting anteriorly and angled toward each other. Antennae (Figs 7-8) with scape longer than wide, the latter slightly concave on anterior surface; pedicel longer than wide, compressed and twisted proximally, basal third of medial margin deeply incised; antennomere III small, wider than long, antennomeres IV-IX with toothed lateral margin bearing long setae; antennomere IV about as wide as long; antennomere V wider than long; antennomere VI longer than wide; antennomeres VII-VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX distinctly wider than long; antennomere X slightly wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, longer than IX-X combined. Metaventrite shallowly impressed medially on posterior two-thirds, with thin medial carina. Mesotibiae (Fig. 17) with mesal margin deeply hollowed in proximal third and apically prolonged as robust spine. Aedeagus (Figs 1-2) 0.60 mm long; dorsal plate sub-ovoidal, surmounted by plate on dorsal portion of which lies another plate posteriorly elongated and pointed at both apices (Fig. 2). Paramere relatively long and thin with three long apical setae; copulatory pieces consisting of three stout sclerites in apical portion, and a long mediobasal sclerite bearing small spines near middle and apical portions. Female: Unknown.

Collecting data: The holotype of Byraxorites alticola was collected in December at about 4400 m. Franz (1996: 110) mentions 4 specimens (1 male and 3 females) of this species collected on 11 October 1968, along the road from Arica to Putre at around 4000 m, sifting under cushions of Laretia spp. along with numerous specimens of the carabid beetle Trechisibius setulosus Mateu & Negre, 1972. In the NHMW collections we were able to examine the remains of 4 specimens collected by Franz in Arica (Plateau near Putre) and identified by him as Byraxorites alticola. These specimens and their aedeagal preparations are unfortunately severely damaged, nevertheless their aedeagi seem indeed similar to that of B. alticola.

Distribution: The species is known only from the province of Arica (Region of Arica y Paranicota); we plotted on the map both the type locality and the second location reported by Franz (1996) [see previous paragraph (Fig. 202 fucsia stars)].

Comments: According to Jeannel (1962: 390) the species has been described from a single male collected on Mount Paranicota, which should have been deposited in the collection of the MNHS. However, this taxon is not listed in the catalog of the MHNS holotypes of insects (Camousseight, 1980). In the collection of the MNHN we found a specimen identified as B. alticola by Jeannel and labelled as from “Paranicota”. Although this specimen does not bear any type labels and has the aedeagus with only one paramere instead of two (see comments for Braxorites), it perfectly fits Jeannel's description in every other aspect and we consider that there is no reason to doubt that it is indeed the holotype of Byraxorites alticola.

Jeannel (1962: 390) noted that this species, linked to high altitudes, is found well beyond the latitude of 32° S, which seems to represent the extreme limit of the Chilean area occupied by Pselaphids and in particular by members of Achilia. This led him to hypothesize that Byraxorites was more closely related to Brachyglutini of the Bryaxina phyletic series, which are native to “Inabresia” (a term coined by Jeannel for the still undivided Gondwana including the Brazilian area, Africa, Madagascar, and India and Malaysia), rather than to Achilia (see Jeannel, 1942: 164).

The male of Byraxorites alticola is easily distinguished from that of the other species of Chilean Brachyglutini by the lack of the pronotal antebasal foveae, and by the shape of the head (Figs 86-91), of the antennae (Figs 7-8), of the mesotibiae (Fig. 17) and of the aedeagus (Figs 1-2).

Achillidia Jeannel, 1962: 391; Newton & Chandler, 1989: 42; Asenjo et al., 2019: 57.

Type species: Bryaxis bituberculata Reitter, 1885

According to Jeannel (1962: 386) this genus belongs to the phyletic series of Achilia, characterized by the pronotum with the lateral antebasal foveae distinctly separated from the rounded and deep median antebasal fovea, and by the aedeagus with parameres each bearing one seta on their lateral margin and never at the apex. Within this phyletic series, Achillidia should differs from the other genera by the parameres of the aedeagus being narrow and elongate, the pronotum with a big median antebasal fovea, the elytra with 3 basal foveae, abdominal tergite 1 (IV) being longer than tergite 2 (V) and possessing long and oblique basal carinae, and the presence of sexual features on abdominal tergite 1 (IV) in males (Jeannel, 1962: 390).

We have examined the lectotype and paralectotypes of Achillidia bituberculata, and the comparison with many species of different species groups of Achilia led us to the conclusion that the characters used by Jeannel to distinguish this genus from Achilia are not convincing, in particular the shape of the aedeagal parameres, the size of the pronotal median antebasal fovea, and the length of abdominal tergite 1 (IV) with respect to tergite 2 (V) is very similar, if not identical to that of many species of Achilia. Remaining is the presence of two tubercles on abdominal tergite 1 (IV) of the males to distinguish Achillidia from Achilia. However, the latter character is a secondary sexually dimorphic feature, which is a category of characters we think should not be used to separate the two genera. Therefore, we consider that Achillidia Jeannel, 1962 is as synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890 (syn. nov.), and the name Achillidia bituberculata must become Achilia bituberculata (Reitter, 1885) (comb. nov.).

Among the other species examined, three others are similar to A. bituberculata with respect to the conformation of the aedeagus and to the presence of male secondary sexual characters on the abdominal tergite 1 (IV). These are A. pseudangularis Franz, 1996 and A. quinteroi Franz, 1996, according to Franz belonging to the A. angularis group, and A. cipolla sp. nov. described below.

These four taxa all possess the following common features: dense decumbent pubescence consisting of long yellowish setae over entire body, especially on abdominal tergites, combined with shorter sub-erect setae especially on antennomeres and palpomeres; head modified in male, slightly wider than long, with two small vertexal foveae about at level of anterior eye margins and separated from eyes; eyes slightly longer than temples, the latter short and weakly convex; pronotum wider than long, wider than head, with disc weakly convex and possessing some punctures; median antebasal fovea about as wide as lateral foveae; anterior portion of lateral pronotal margins distinctly convergent and sinuate anteriorly; posterior portion of lateral pronotal margins slightly convergent; basal pronotal margin bordered with row of shallow impressions; elytra together wider than long, with protruding humeri; elytral disc with few punctures; elytra with four basal foveae, outer one large, and two more medial foveae smaller and merged together in some specimens; sutural stria entire; elytral discal stria extended to about elytral mid-length; abdomen smooth, with some minute punctures; abdominal tergite 1 (IV) with short and sparse setal brush between subparallel basal striae, the latter striae extended to about one-third of paratergal length.

In order to keep the text more concise, these features are not repeated in the following four species descriptions. In our opinion Achilia nigrita Jeannel, 1962, known only from females, seems to be belong to this group (Sabella et al., 2024: 155-156) and, consequently, we will also treat it in this section.

Bryaxis bituberculata Reitter, 1885: 325, 330.

Achillidia bituberculata, Jeannel, 1962: 391, figs 135 (habitus of male), 136 (aedeagus); Newton & Chandler, 1989: 42; Asenjo et al., 2019: 57.

Type material (5 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Los Ríos: Valdivia prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (Lectotype of Achilia bituberculata here designated); labels verbatim: “Lectotype (red label) / TYPE (red label) / Chile / Museum Paris 1917; coll. Raffray / A.; bituberculata; det. A. Raffray / Achillidia; bituberculata (handwritten by Jeannel) / Achillidia; bituberculata (Reitter, 1885) =; Achilia bituberculata (Reitter, 1885, Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.) / Achilia; bituberculata (Reitt.) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”. – MNHN; 4 ♂ (Paralectotypes of Achilia bituberculata here designated); labels verbatim: “/ Paralectotype (red label) / Chile / Museum Paris 1917; coll. Raffray / A.; bituberculata; det. A. Raffray / Achilia; bituberculata (Reitt.) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Additional material examined (58 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Los Ríos: Valdivia prov.: PCVB; 1 ♂; Panguipulli. – Región Bío Bío: Concepción prov.: MSNG; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀; Escuadron, TC-239; 17.IX.1989; T. Cekalovic. – MNSG; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; Escuadron (ex charca), TC-243; 12.X.1989; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG; 1 ♂; same data. – MSNG; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀; Puente Pelun, TC-358; 21.II.1993; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data. – MHNG; 1 ♂; El Manzano, TC-492; 12.X.1996, ex Chusquea quila; T. Cekalovic. – MSNG; 4 ♂ and 6 ♀; Fundo El Manzano, TC-503; 17.XI.1996; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 4 ♀; same data. – PCVB; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; El Manzano; 06.I.1988; T. Cekalovic. – FMNH; 11 ♂ and 6 ♀; Patagual, TC-369; 29.XI.1993; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀; same data.

Description: Body 1.5-1.6 mm long, brown or blackish, with elytra reddish; antennae, legs and palpi reddish or yellowish; some specimens paler. Antennae similar in both sexes; scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomeres III-VII distinctly longer than wide; antennomere VIII slightly longer than wide; antennomere IX slightly wider than long; antennomere X longer and wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, about as long as VIII-X combined. Pronotum wider than long, and wider than head. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) about twice longer than tergite 2 (V); basal striae separated at base by about half tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 92-95; posterior part convex, smooth; anterior part depressed in middle with anterior sides convergent, wide and swollen also laterally; frontal lobe relatively wide and flat, separated from frons by shallow narrow transverse sulcus. Protrochanters long, bearing some long setae (Fig. 19); femora enlarged, especially profemora; mesotibiae (Fig. 13) with mesal margin apically prolonged as long recurved spine. Metaventrite possessing for almost entire length large semi-oval medial depression with margins raised and protruding, especially posteriorly. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) (Figs 96-97) projecting on each side near anterior margins large tubercle bearing apical pointed tuft of short setae; first paratergites slightly paler and more densely pubescent. Aedeagus (Fig. 6) 0.265-0.275 mm long; dorsal plate ovoidal, narrowed apically; dorsal longitudinal struts divergent. Parameres stout with long seta at apical third of lateral margin; apical portion slightly recurved posteriorly, bearing short medioventral seta. Copulatory pieces consisting of median sclerite connected mesally to apically pointed slender medial sclerite and laterally to recurved and apically pointed stouter lateral sclerites.

Female: Similar to male except head, protrochanters, femora, mesotibiae, metaventrite, abdominal tergite 1 (IV), and paratergites unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from October to February. No other data available.

Distribution: The species is known only from Los Ríos (Valdivia province) and Bío Bío (Concepción province) Regions in Southern Chile (Fig. 203, squares edged in blue).

Comments: Reitter (1885: 330) described this species based on five specimens collected in Valdivia, and did not specify whether they were males or females. Jeannel (1962: 392) redescribed A. bituberculata and mentioned 4 males and 1 female collected in Valdivia that were housed in the MNHN collection. In Raffray's collection in the MNHN we found indeed 5 males identified as A. bituberculata by both Raffray and Jeannel, with the first male of this series bearing a “TYPE” red label. Although these 5 specimens are labelled as from “Chili” without further indication, we consider that there is no reason to doubt that they belong to the series used by Reitter to describe this species. The male bearing the red label “TYPE”, which corresponds perfectly to Reitter's original description, is therefore designated here as lectotype of Achilia bituberculata, and the remaining 4 males as paralectotypes.

The males of Achilia bituberculata are easily distinguished from those of the other species of Achilia by the shape of abdominal tergite 1 (IV), which is about twice as long as tergite 2 (V) and projecting on each side as a large tubercle bearing a short, apically pointed tuft of setae (Figs 96-97). The morphology of the head (Figs 92-95) and aedeagus (Fig. 6) are also diagnostic.

Achilia pseudangularis Franz, 1996: 118 fig. 68 (aedeagus); Kurbatov, Cuccodoro & Sabella, 2021: 155.

Type material (1 aedeagus): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Aysén: Coyhaique prov.: NHMW; 1 aedeagus (holotype of A. pseudangularis); label verbatim “♂/ Holotype (red label) / Umg. Coihiaique; Chile; leg. Franz / Achillia; pseudangularis m. (handwritten by Franz) / HOLOTYPUS; Achilia; pseudangularis; Franz, 1996 (red label) / Achilia pseudangularis Franz, 1996; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Additional material examined (25 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Bío Bío: Concepción prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂ (identified as A. bifrons); Periquillo; 24.X.1992. – MSNG; 3 ♂ and 2 ♀; Periquillo, TC-541b; 01.IV.1997; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG; 2 ♂ and 2 ♀; same data. – MSNG; 1 ♂; same locality; TC-485; 16.IX.1996; T. Cekalovic. – MSNG; 1 ♀; same locality; TC-516; 30.I.1997; T. Cekalovic. – MSNG; 6 ♂ and 1 ♀; Camino a Hualqui, 17.X.1992; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data. – Ñuble prov.: MHNG; 2 ♂; near Recinto, about 60 km E Chillan, station 7a; 400-450 m; 12.XII.1990; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; forest litter.

Description: Body 1.5-1.6 mm long, brown or blackish, with elytra reddish; antennae, legs and palpi reddish or yellowish; some specimens paler. Antennae (Fig. 10) similar in both sexes; scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III longer than wide; antennomere IV about as long as wide; antennomere V slightly longer than wide; antennomeres VI and VII about as long as wide; antennomere VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long and wider than VIII; antennomere X wider than long, wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, about as long as VIII-X combined. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) about as long as tergite 2 (V); basal striae separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 98-101; posterior part weakly convex, smooth and barely punctate, separated from anterior part by large transverse sulcus widening further at middle; anterior margins convergent. Mesotrochanters (Fig. 21) with posterior margin prolonged as spine; femora slightly enlarged; protibiae (Fig. 11) subapically notched at mesal angle and bearing two long setae; mesotibiae (Fig. 15) with mesal margin apically prolonged as short spine. Metaventrite with large semi-oval medial depression (larger than in A. bituberculata) extending about two-thirds its length. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) (Figs 102-103) projecting on each side as large smooth glabrous tubercle near posterior margin; first and second paratergites with mesal margin slightly raised and bearing posteriorly tufts of long setae. Aedeagus (Fig. 5) 0.25-0.26 mm long; dorsal plate ovoidal; dorsal longitudinal struts divergent. Parameres stout with long seta at distal third of lateral margin. Parameres with apical portion recurved posteriorly, prolonged laterally as spine, and bearing short ventral medial seta. Copulatory pieces on each side consisting of apically pointed long medial sclerite and two shorter lateral spines that recurve laterally.

Female: Similar to male except head, mesotrochanters, femora, protibiae, mesotibiae, metaventrite, and abdominal tergite 1 (IV) unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from October to April. No other data available.

Distribution: The species is known only from Aysén (Coyhaique province) and Bío Bío (Concepción province) Regions (Fig. 203 green squares).

Comments: This species was described by Franz (1996: 118) based on a single male collected in Coyhaique. In Franz's collection housed in the NHMW we found 1 undissected female pinned together with a quite well-preserved preparation of an aedeagus perfectly matching the aedeagus of Achilia pseudangularis illustrated by Franz (1996: 139, Fig. 68). We believe that the aedeagus in this preparation must be considered as the holotype of Achilia pseudangularis Franz, 1996. However, the female pinned with the aforementioned preparation of aedeagus apparently is a member of Achilia praeclara (Reitter, 1885).

The males of this species are similar to those of the other species of Achilia possessing tubercles on abdominal tergite 1 (IV) (i.e. A. bituberculata, A. quinteroi and A. cipolla sp. nov.). Among these, A. pseudangularis uniquely shares with A. quinteroi Franz, 1996 abdominal tergite 1 (IV) being approximately as long as tergite 2 (V) (in the other two species abdominal tergite 1 is about twice as long as the second). The male of A. pseudangularis differs from that of A. quinteroi in the morphology of the head (cf. Figs 98-101 and 104-107) and of the aedeagus (cf. Figs 4 and 5). The females of the two species are very similar and difficult to separate.

Achilia quinteroi Franz, 1996: 118, fig. 69 (aedeagus); Kurbatov, Cuccodoro & Sabella, 2021: 156.

Type material (2 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Valparaíso: Valparaíso prov.: MNHW; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Achilia quinteroi); labels verbatim: “Holotypus (red label) / Bosque de Quintero; Prov. Santiago de Chile; lg. H. Franz 1963 / Achillia; quinteroi m. (handwritten by Franz) / HOLOTYPUS, Achilia; quinteroi; Franz, 1996 (red label) / Achilia quinteroi ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.” – NHMW; 1 ♂ (paratype of Achilia quinteroi); labels verbatim: “♂ / Bosque de Quintero; Prov. Santiago de Chile; lg. H. Franz 1963 / Achillia; quinteroi m. (handwritten by Franz); PARATYPUS / Achilia quinteroi ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Additional material examined (114 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Valparaíso: San Antonio prov: NMHN; 1 ♂; Algarrobo; G. Kuschel. – Quillota prov.: FMNH (FMHD #2002-026); 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; La Campana National Park (sector Ocoa), vic. Quebrada Bruitera; 32° 55.89'S 71° 05.10'W; 415 m; 30.XI.2002; M. Thayer, A. Newton, A. Solodovnikov & M. J. Clarke 1047; sclerophyll woodland w/ Jubaea chilensis palms Trichoceraeus cacti; berlese, flood debris at small stream. – FMNH (FMHD #85-889); 1 ♀; La Campana National Park, Olmue; 02.XII.1984; S. & J. Peck P# 85-4; hygrophilous forest, berlese. – MHNG; 2 ♂ and 4 ♀; same data. – FMNH; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data. – Petorca prov.: MNHN; 1 ♀; Zapallar; 20.III.1957. – Región Coquimbo: Choapa prov: FMNH; 1 ♂; Ñague, Los Vilos; V-VI.1960; L. Peña. – NHMW; 12 ♂ and 81 ♀; Bosque de Canelo, North of Los Vilos; H. Franz. – MHNG; 2 ♂ and 4 ♀; same data. – Elqui prov: FMNH (FMHD #96-207); 1 ♀; La Vega vicinity; 33° 02.71'S 71° 01.63'W; 15.XII.1996; 940 m; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1014; sclerophyll forest with Eucalyptus; berlese, damp litter in dry stream bed.

Description: Body 1.45-1.6 mm long, brown or blackish, with elytra reddish; antennae, legs and palpi reddish or yellowish; some specimens paler. Antennae (Fig. 9) similar in both sexes; scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III longer than wide; antennomere IV wider than long; antennomere V slightly longer than wide; antennomeres VI and VII about as long as wide; antennomere VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long, wider than VIII; antennomere X wider than long, longer and wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, about as long as VIII-X combined. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) about as long as tergite 2 (V); basal striae separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 104-107; posterior part weakly convex, smooth, and barely punctate; anterior part flat in middle; anterior sides convergent. Protrochanters (Fig. 20) long, bearing few long setae; mesotrochanters (Fig. 22) with posterior margin prolonged as spine; femora slightly enlarged; mesotibiae (Fig. 14) with mesal margin apically prolonged as short spine. Metaventrite possessing a large semi-oval medial depression for about two-thirds its length with posterior margins raised and protruding. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) (Figs 108-109) projecting on each side near posterior margin as a large tubercle with a short apical tuft of very short setae. Aedeagus (Fig. 4) 0.23-0.25 mm long; dorsal plate ovoidal. Copulatory pieces similar to those of A. pseudangularis, but stouter.

Female: Similar to male except head, mesotrochanters, femora, protibiae, mesotibiae, metaventrite, and abdominal tergite 1 (IV) unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected during almost the whole year from November to June, both in xerophilous woods and in humid forests at elevations ranging from 400 to about 950 m. All specimens for which there is data on the collection method came from sifted samples.

Distribution: The species was collected in two Regions (Valparaíso and Coquimbo) of Central Chile (Fig. 203 triangles edged in blue). Bosque de Quintero is really located in the Valparaíso Region and not in the Region Metropolitana of Santiago, as stated by Franz (1996: 118).

Comments: See “Comments” section for A. pseudangularis.

Holotype: CENTRAL CHILE: FMNH (FMHD# 96-214); Región Maule: Talca prov.: 1 ♂; Area de Protectíon Vilches, above Quebrada Piedra del Plato; 35° 36.46'S 71° 04.34'W; 1180 m; 18.XII.1996; Nothofagus spp. & other forest, Chusquea understory, berlese, wet old flood debris at stream edge; A. Newton & M. Thayer 972.

Paratypes (18 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Maule: Talca prov.: FMNH (FMHD# 96-214); 4 ♂and 3 ♀; Area de Protección Vilches, above Quebrada Piedra del Plato; 35° 36.46'S 71° 04.34'W; 1180 m; 18.XII.1996; Nothofagus spp. & other forest, Chusquea understory, berlese, wet old flood debris at stream edge; A. Newton & M. Thayer 972. – MHNG (# MHNGENTO-0261246–0261248); 1 ♂ and 2 ♀; same data. – FMNH (FMHD# 96-214); 1 ♀; same data; Newton & M. Thayer 953. – FMNH (FMHD #96-208); 1 ♀; Area de Protección Vilches, Piedras Tacitas area; 35° 36.53'S 71° 04.10'W; 1185 m; 17.XII.1996; Nothofagus spp. with shrubs along stream, berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton & M. Thayer 101. – FMNH (FMHD #96-209); 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data; Nothofagus ssp. with shrubs along stream, berlese, wet litter at seep; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1011. – FMHD (FMHD #2002-031); 1 ♀; R. N. Altos del Lircay, vic. Centro de Visitantes Piedras Tacitas; 35° 36.39'S 71° 04.23'W; 1210 m; 03.XII.2002; Nothofagus spp. forest, berlese, flood debris small stream; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1073. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261249–0261250); 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data.

Description: Body 1.6-1.7 mm long, entirely brown; antennae and legs reddish; palpi yellowish; some specimens with darker head and abdomen. Anterior sides of head strongly convergent. Antennae similar in both sexes; scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III longer than wide; antennomere IV about as long as wide; antennomere V slightly longer than wide; antennomeres VI and VII about as long as wide; antennomere VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long, wider than VIII; antennomere X wider than long, longer and wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, about as long as VIII-X combined. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) about twice as long as tergite 2 (V); basal striae separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 110-113; posterior part weakly convex, smooth and barely punctate, separated from anterior part by large transverse sulcus widened at middle. Mesotrochanters with posterior margin prolonged as spine (Fig. 18); mesofemora (Fig. 18) enlarged with anterior margin bearing dense short and stout setae; protibiae (Fig. 12) subapically notched, bearing small subapical mesal spine; mesotibiae (Fig. 16) with mesal margin prolonged apically as short spine. Metaventrite possessing for about two-thirds of its length a large semi-oval medial depression with posterior margins raised and protruding. Abdomen with first tergite bearing on each side near anterior margin a tubercle with short apical pubescence (Figs 114-115). Aedeagus (Fig. 3) 0.26-0.275 mm long; dorsal plate subrectangular, large; dorsal longitudinal struts divergent; copulatory pieces on each side with long apically pointed medial sclerite bearing at apex long mesal spine and inwardly recurved lateral spine. Parameres stout with seta on apical third of lateral margin; apical portion curved anteriorly, prolonged laterally as spine bearing medioventral seta.

Female: Similar to male except head, mesotrochanters, mesofemora, protibiae, mesotibiae, metaventrite, and abdominal tergite 1 (IV) unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected only in December in Nothofagus forest at about 1200 m. All specimens came from sifted samples.

Distribution: The species was collected only in Talca province (Maule Region) in Central Chile (Fig. 203 blue triangles).

Comments: Achilia cipolla sp. nov. is similar to A. bituberculata, from which it is easily distinguished by the anterior margins of the head being strongly convergent. The males of the two species differ also by the morphology of the head (cf. Figs 92-95 and 110-113), of the protibiae (cf. Figs 11 and 12), of the mesotibiae (cf. Figs 13 and 16), and of the aedeagus (cf. Figs 3 and 6).

Achilia nigrita Jeannel, 1962: 442; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov, 2024: 173.

Type material (1 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago prov.: MHNH; 1 ♀ (Holotype of Achilia nigrita, here fixed); labels verbatim: “Holotype (red label) / Rio Clarillo; 10.2.1957 / Achillia, nigrita (handwritten by Jeannel) / Achillia, nigrita Jeannel, 1962 ♀; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”

Additional material examined (6 ex.): CHILE: MNHN; 2 ♀; Chili. – CENTRAL CHILE: Región Valparaíso: San Antonio prov.: Algarrobo; MNHS; 2 ♀; Algarrobo; 21.VII.1951; G. Kuschel & L. E. Peña. – MNHN; 2 ♀; Algarrobo; G. Kuschel.

Description: Male: Unknown.

Female: Body 1.45-1.5 mm long, blackish with reddish elytra blackened along suture and at margins; antennae blackish; maxillary palpi reddish-brown; legs dark brown. Pubescence predominantly yellowish, fine and decumbent, denser on elytra and on abdominal tergites, and consisting of shorter and blackish suberect setae on antennae, maxillary palpi and pronotal margins. Head transverse; vertex slightly raised, separated from frontal lobe by faint transverse sulcus; two small vertexal foveae at level of about middle of eyes; frontal margin slightly pointed; eyes very large, prominent, longer than tempora; tempora convex. Antennae with scape longer than wide; pedicel longer than wide, slightly shorter than scape; antennomeres III-VIII small; antennomere IX wider than long, wider than VIII; antennomere X wider than long, wider than IX and about as wide as XI; antennomere XI longer than wide, ovoidal, about as long as VII-X combined. Pronotum wider than long, wider than head; disc convex, smooth and shiny with only few punctures; median antebasal foveae slightly smaller than lateral antebasal foveae; maximal pronotal width distinctly before mid-length; anterior portion of lateral margins distinctly convergent and sinuate; posterior portion of lateral margins slightly convergent; basal margin of pronotum with contiguous row of shallow impressions. Elytra together distinctly wider than long, with protruding humeri; disc smooth with sparse punctures; 2 large basal foveae; sutural stria entire; discal stria extended to about one-third of elytral length. Abdomen smooth, with some punctures, especially on abdominal tergite 1 (IV); abdominal tergite 1 more than twice as long as tergite 2 (V), with short and sparse setal brush between subparallel basal striae, the latter striae extended to about one-third of paratergal length and separated at base by about half of tergal width; all abdominal tergites slightly convex in middle.

Collecting data: Collected only in February and July. No other data available.

Distribution: The species were collected only in the Región Metropolitana de Santiago and Valparaíso Regions in the Central Chile (Fig. 203 fucsia stars).

Comments: Jeannel (1962: 442) described A. nigrita based on a female collected in Río Clarillo in the Region of Santiago. Although he stated that the holotype is deposited in the collections of the MNHS, this taxon is not listed in the catalog of the MHNS holotypes of insects (Camousseight, 1980). In Raffray's collection housed in the MNHN we found one female identified as such by Jeannel and labeled “Rio Clarillo, 10.2.1957”, but without “TYPE” red label. This female corresponds perfectly to Jeannel's original description and we consider that there is no reason to doubt that it is the holotype of A. nigrita. According to Jeannel (1962: 442) A. nigrita is a species well-characterized by its squat shape, dark colour, and especially by its broadly spaced basal striae of abdominal tergite 1 (IV), the latter character being without equivalent in any other Chilean species of Brachyglutini.

Rybaxidia Jeannel, 1962: 390, 392; Newton & Chandler, 1989: 44; Asenjo et al., 2019: 64.

Type species: Rybaxidia kuscheli Jeannel, 1962

According to Jeannel (1962: 386) this genus belongs to the phyletic series of Achilia, characterized by the pronotum with rounded and deep median antebasal fovea distinctly separated from the lateral antebasal foveae, and by the aedeagus with each paramere bearing one seta on its lateral margin and never apically. Still, according to Jeannel (1962: 390) Rybaxidia is distinguished from other genera in this phyletic series by the parameres being narrow and elongate, the pronotum with large median antebasal fovea, the elytra with 3 basal foveae, abdominal tergite 1 (IV) as long as tergite 2 (V) and possessing short basal carinae, and the males possessing sexual characters on the antennal club. We have examined the holotypes of Rybaxidia kuscheli and Rybaxidia torticornis, the only two species placed in this genus, and through comparison with many species of different species groups of Achilia we found that the characters used by Jeannel to distinguish Rybaxidia from Achilia are not significant, as these features also occur in many species of Achilia. We here consider Rybaxidia Jeannel, 1962 to be a junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890 (syn. nov.). Consequently, Rybaxidia kuscheli would be named Achilia kuscheli (Jeannel, 1962), but this name is preoccupied by Achilia kuscheli Jeannel, 1962, now synonym of Achilia valdiviensis (Blanchard, 1851) (see Sabella et al., 2020: 141); therefore, we propose the new name Achilia kuscheliana nom. nov. for Rybaxidia kuscheli Jeannel, 1962. Also, Rybaxidia torticornis Jeannel, 1962 must be named Achilia torticornis (Jeannel, 1962) comb. nov. These two taxa will be dealt with below. They possess in common the following features: pubescence long, decumbent and dense over entire body; head slightly modified in male, wider than long, with two vertexal foveae about at level of middle of eyes, the eyes not very protruding and shorter than slightly convex tempora; pronotum distinctly wider than long, wider than head, with disc convex, smooth and shiny with only some punctures; maximal pronotal width distinctly before mid-length; anterior portion of pronotal lateral margins distinctly convergent and sinuate anteriorly; posterior portion of pronotal lateral margins slightly convergent; median and lateral antebasal foveae well-impressed; basal margin of pronotum with contiguous row of shallow impressions; elytra together wider than long with very protruding humeri; elytral disc smooth and shiny; elytra with four big basal foveae, except for some specimens with three basal foveae due to coalescence of two lateral foveae; elytra with sutural stria entire; elytral discal stria extended to about elytral mid-length; abdomen smooth, with some minute punctures; abdominal tergite 1 (IV) about as long as tergite 2 (V), with short and sparse setal brush between basal striae, the basal striae extending to about one-quarter of paratergal length and separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

In order to keep the text more concise, these features are not repeated in the following descriptions.

Rybaxidia kuscheli Jeannel, 1962: 392-393, figs 137 (habitus male); 138 (antenna male); 139 (antenna female); 140 (aedeagus); Newton & Chandler, 1989: 44; Asenjo et al., 2019: 64.

Type material (1 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena: Magallanes prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (holotype of Rybaxidia kuscheli here fixed); labels verbatim: “Holotype (red label) / P. Eden; 4.12.58 / Rybaxidia; kuscheli (hanwritten by Jeannel) / Rybaxidia kuscheli Jeannel = Achilia kuscheliana Kurb., Cuc. & Sab.; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; kuscheliana Kurb., Cuc. & Sab. ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Additional material examined (210 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Aysén: Aysén prov.: BMNH (E-2003-12); 2 ♀; Queulat National Park; beating; 21.XI/12. XII.2003; P. M. Hammond; FIT. – BMNH (E-2003-12); 1 ♂; Queulat National Park, roadside W base Camp; XII.2003; P. M. Hammond. – 1 ♂; same locality, edge nr. base; XII.2003; P. M. Hammond; litter. – BMNH (E-2003-12); 3 ♂ and 3 ♀; same locality; XI.2003; D. Inward; transect litter. – BMNH (BM-1999-107); 1 ♂; Laguna San Rafael National Reserve; II.III.1999; P. M. Hammond & K. A. Jackson; FIT in forest. – MHNS; 1 ♀; Laguna San Rafael, P.ta Leopardo; 19.I.1978; J. Solervicens. – MHNG; 2 ♂ and 5 ♀; 30 km N Puyuhuapi, station 107; 100 m; 29.I.1985; S. & J. Peck; sifted moos on logs. – MNHG; 3 ♂; 15 km S Las Juntas, 30 km N Puyuhuapi; 100 m; 30.XII.1984/29.I.1985; S. & J. Peck; FIT, Nothofagus forest. – FMNH (FMHD #85-990, #85-107); 2 ♂; same locality; 29.I.1985; S. & J. Peck; sifted moos on logs. – Coyhaique prov.: MHNG; 1 ♂; Umg. Coyhaique; H. Franz. – Región Los Lagos: Palena prov.: MHNG; 1 ♂; 4 km NW Chaitén, station 108; 10 m; 30.I.1985; S. & J. Peck; mixed forest litter with soofy fungus. – FMNH (FMHD #97-33); 4 ♂ and 7 ♀; Austral Highway km 84.0 (17.8 km W Hornopirén); 42°00.57'S 72° 37.02'W; 140 m; 23.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1003; disturbed valdivian rainforest near ridge-top, berlese, leaf & log litter. – Llanquihue prov.: MHNG; 3 ♂ and 25 ♀; Alerce Andino National Park, road from park entrance to Laguna Chaiquenes, 41°40'S 72°35'W, station 36b; 200-350 m; 03-06.I.1993; D. Burckhardt; sifting of moss on rock, dead wood and forest floor and of vegetational debris. – MHNG; 19 ♂and 20 ♀; Alerce Andino National Park, above Laguna Chaiquenes, 41°40'S 72°35'W, station 37; 350-650 m; 04.I.1993; D. Burckhardt; mixed Fitzroya cupressoides forest with thick moss cover inside, sifting of moss on floor and tree trunks and vegetational debris. – MHNG; 1 ♂; Alerce Andino National Park, Laguna Triángulo, station 38b; 41° 40'S 72° 35'W; 550 m; 05-06.I.1993; D. Burckhardt; sclerophill rain forest, sifting of moss on tree trunks and of vegetational debris. – FMNH (FMHD #97-30); 6 ♂; Alerce Andino National Park, N side Laguna Sargazo; 41° 30'S 72° 36'W; 400 m; 21.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1000; Fitzroya cupressoides w/ valdivian rainforest understory steep slope, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-81); 1 ♂; Vicente Perez Rosales National Park, SW slope Volcán Osorno, km 10 to La Burbuja; 41° 08.33'S 72° 32.16'W; 910 m; 15.XII.2002; M. Thayer & A. Solodovnikov 1066; Nothofagus dombeyi w/mixed understory, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-84); 1 ♂; Vicente Perez Rosales National Park, SW slope Volcán Osorno, road to Ref. La Picada; 41° 01.05'S 72° 32.90'W; 430 m; 16.XII.2002; M. Thayer 1068; Nothofagus dombeyi w/conifers, berlese, rotting wood litter. – UHNC; 1 ♂; Lago Chapo, 13.5 km E Correntoso, site 656; 310 m; 16-27.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; valdivian rainforest, flight intercept (windows) trap. – Chiloé prov.: MNHS; 1 ♂ (mislabelled as holotype n° 1572 of Rybaxidia kuscheli); Chepu; 30.X.1958; G. Kuschel. – MNHS; 1 ♂ (mislabelled as paratype n° 1573 of Rybaxidia kuscheli); Chepu; 17.X.1958; G. Kuschel. – MSNG; 1 ♂; Chepu, TC-624; 26.I.2000; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀; near Cucao, 30 km SW Castro, 42°37'S 74°08'W, station 34b; 10-70 m; 28.XII.1992/01.I.1993; D. Burckhardt; sifting of moss on forest floor trees and dead trunks and vegetational debris. – MHNG; 3 ♂ and 8 ♀; Chiloé National Park, Cucao, 30 km SW Castro, station 29a; 30 m; 04-06.I.1991; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; temperate rain forest. – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 6 ♀; Rancho Grande, near Cucao, station 30a; 300-600 m; 04.I.1991; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; Fitzroya forest. – UHNC; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Ahoni Alto; 70 m; III.1988; L. Peña; malaise. – FMNH (FMHD# 97-21); 1 ♂ and 2 ♀; Puente La Caldera, 9.8 km E of Cucao; 42° 39.96'S 74° 00.70'W; 10 m; 14.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 991; valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-068); 1 ♂; Quemchi, 11 km W of (11 km E Hwy 5); 42° 10.40'S 73° 35.73'W; 140 m; 10.XII.2002; A. Solodovnikov & A. Newton 1060; valdivian rainforest remnant w/thick bamboo understory; berlese, leaf & log litter. – Osorno prov.: MHNG; 3 ♀; 65 km W Osorno, 40°28'S 73° 43'W, station 21; 150 m; 04.XII.1984; D. Burckhardt; valdivian rain forest sifting of moss on dead tree trunks, branches and rocks and of plant debris. – PHPC; 1 ♂; Puyehue National Park, 26.2 km E Entre Lagos, near Termas Aguas Calientes; 40° 44.130'S 72° 18.427'W; 460 m; 09-12.III.2008; H. Wood & C. Griswold; sifting litter. – MHNG; 1 ♀; Puyehue National Park, Aguas Calientes; 500 m; 28.XII.1984/08.II.1985; S. & J. Peck sifted forest stick litter, Pionero track. – MHNG; 5 ♂ and 13 ♀; same locality, station 25a; 400-500 m; 31.XII.1990/01.I.1991, M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt. – MHNG; 7 ♂ and 22 ♀; Puyehue National Park, Aguas Calientes, station 20b; 40° 40'S 72° 20'W; 450-600 m; 01/03.XII.1992; D. Burckhardt; moss on dead tree trunks, branches and rocks and of plant debris. – UHCN; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀; Puyehue National Park, 4.1 km E Anticura, trap site 662; 430 m; 19-26.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; valdivian rainforest; screen sweeping at dusk. – FMNH; 1 ♂ and 3 ♀; same data. – FMNH (FMHD #96-244); 1 ♂; Puyehue National Park, Antillanca road, 7.2 km above Aguas Calientes; 40° 45.55'S 72° 17.82'W; 660 m; 29.XII.1996/01.II.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 982; valdivian rainforest w/ Saxegothea dominant, dense Chusquea, flight intercept trap. – Región Los Ríos: Valdivia prov.: NHMW; 2 ♀; Ñancul; 24.II.1991.

Description: Body 1.6-1.7 mm long, black or blackish with reddish elytra, antennae, and legs; maxillary palpi yellowish; some specimens paler or uniformly brown. Male: Head as in Figs 116-119 with surface more or less punctate; medial posterior part weakly convex, separated from anterior part by transverse sulcus; anterior margins convergent anterior to eyes. Antennae (Figs 33, 120-121) with scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III wider than long; antennomeres IV to VII wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long, wider than VIII, with mesal margin very enlarged from basal part up to about middle, forming protuberance bearing apical tubercle; antennomere X strongly transverse, much shorter and narrower than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, longer than VIII-X combined. Labrum (Fig. 30) with pair of stout setae. Protrochanters (Fig. 40) and mesotrochanters (Fig. 41) with dorsal surface pubescent; femora swollen, especially mesofemora; protibiae (Fig. 38) densely pubescent on apical third, apically notched and bearing small subapical spine at mesal angle. Metaventrite possessing a large semi-oval medial depression with posterior margins raised and protruding for about two-thirds of its length. Aedeagus (Figs 24-25) 0.38-0.39 mm long; dorsal plate ovoid, short, with upper margin of ventral lamina recurved anterad and forming two short latero-apical spines; dorsal longitudinal struts short, divergent, arranged almost at flat angle; copulatory pieces consisting of very large medial sclerite associated with other long and thin medial sclerites frayed as numerous long and thin spines on distal half, and on each side consisting of long pointed sclerite with distal half curved medially and 4-5 shorter spiniform sclerites. Parameres thin and recurved medially, bearing 3 long subapical setae.

Female: Similar to male except head, antennae, protrochanters, mesotrochanters, femora, protibiae, and metaventrite unmodified. Labrum (Fig. 31) with pair of setae shorter than in male.

Collecting data: Collected from October to March in Nothofagus spp., Araucaria spp., Saxegothaea spp., Fitzroya cupressoides, and mixed forests, where it was found also in stunted, in remnant, and in boundary forests at elevations ranging from 10 m up to about 1000 m. Most specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter, moss, dead trunks, plant debris, and sometimes mushrooms, but other collecting techniques included flight intercept (window) traps, Malaise traps, and screen sweeping.

Distribution: The species is widespread in Southern Chile from Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena to Los Ríos Regions (Fig. 203, circles edged in green).

Comments: The species was described by Jeannel (1962: 392-393) from four specimens: 1 male and one female collected by G. Kuschel on 04.XII.1958 at Puerto Eden, and 1 male and 1 female also collected by G. Kuschel on 17.XII.1958 at Chepu. Jeannel (l. c.: 393) mentioned the holotype as coming from P[uerto]. Eden and preserved in the collection of the MNHS. In the collection of the MNHS we located two male specimens from “Chepu, 30.12.58, G. Kuschel” and “Chepu, 17.12.58, G. Kuschel” labeled as holotype and paratype of Rybaxidia kuscheli, respectively. In the collections of the MNHN we located a third male specimen of R. kuscheli from “P. Eden, 4.12.58, G. Kuschel”, but without any type label. This specimen, which is housed in the MNHN, is clearly the holotype of R. kuscheli, while the two males housed in the MNHS have erroneously been labelled as holotype and paratype of this species and listed as such in the catalog of the MHNS holotypes of insects (Camousseight, 1980: 16). The males of A. kuscheliana are easily distinguished from those of A. torticornis by the shape of the antennae (cf. Figs 32, 126-127 and 33, 120-121), labrum (cf. Figs 28 and 30), and of the aedeagus (cf. Figs 23 and 24-25). The females of A. kuscheliana are also easily distinguished from those of A. torticornis by the distinctly wider head with the anterior margins only slightly convergent (strongly convergent in A. torticornis), and by the shape of the labrum (cf. Figs 29 and 31).

Rybaxidia torticornis Jeannel, 1962: 393-394.

Cautinia brevicornis Franz, 1996:108, fig. 51 (aedeagus); Asenjo et al., 2019: 50 (syn. nov.).

Type material (3 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Los Lagos: Chiloé prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Rybaxidia torticornis here fixed); labels verbatim: “Holotype (red label) / San Pedro; Chili, 10.XI.58(2 / Rybaxidia; torticornis; Jeannel / Rybaxidia; torticornis (hanwritten by Jeannel) / Rybaxidia; torticornis Jeann. =; Achilia torticornis (Jeann.); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; torticornis (Jeann.) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”; Llanquihue prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (paratype of Rybaxidia torticornis here fixed); labels verbatim: “Paratype (red label) / Frutillar, 20.IX.57 / Achilia; torticornis (Jeann.) ♂; det. Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023”; Región Araucanía: Cautín prov: NHMW; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Cautinia brevicornis); labels verbatim: “Holotype (red label) / CHILE; Prov. Cautín; Lago Caburgua; Febrero 21, 94; T. Cekalovic col.; TC-395 / Cautinia; brevicornis m. (handwritten by Franz) / Cautinia; brevicornis Franz = Achilia torticornis (Jeannel); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; torticornis (Jeannel) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Additional material examined (559 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Aysén: General Carrera prov.: MNHS; 1 ♂ (mislabelled as holotype n° 1574 of Rybaxidia torticornis); Río Murta; 25.I.1956; G. Kuschel. – Aysén prov.: BMNH (E-2003-12); 1 ♂; Queulat National Park, Glacier Path; 21.XI/12.XII.2003; P. M. Hammond; FIT. – BMNH (E-2003-12); 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data; beating. – BMNH (E-2003-12); 1 ♂; Queulat National Park, Base Camp Area; 21.XI/12.XII.2003; P. M. Hammond. – BMNH (BM-1999-107); 8 ♂ and 1 ♀; Laguna San Rafael National Park, base camp, 46°44'44”S 73°56'34”W; II.III.1999; P. M. Hammond & K. A. Jackson; FIT in forest. – BMNH (E-2003-12); 4 ♂ and 8 ♀; Queulat National Park; XI.2003; D. Inward; transect litter. – MHNG; 10 ♂; 33 km E Puerto Aysén, Río Simpson NP; 70 m; 31.XII.1984/26.I.1985; S. & J. Peck; FIT select cut forest. – MHNG; 1 ♂; 34 km W P. to Aysén, San Sebastian; 150 m; 24.I.1995; S. & J. Peck. – MHNG; 4 ♂; 16 km NW Cisnes, Medio Río Grande; 200 m; 30.XII.1984/28.I.1985; S. & J. Peck; FIT mature beech forest. – MHNG; 3 ♂ and 11 ♀; 30 km N Puyuhuapi, station 107; 100 m; 29.I.1985; S. & J. Peck; sifted moss on logs. – FMNH (FMHD #85-990, #85-107); 1 ♂; 30 km N Puyuhuapi, 29.I.1985; S. & J. Peck; sifted moss on logs. – Coyhaique prov.: FMNH (FMHD #85-982, #85-90); 1 ♂; 10 km NW Coyhaique, reserva Nacional; 900 m; 22.I.1985; S. & J. Peck; mossy logs and leaf litter, beech forest, berlese. – Región Los Lagos: Palena prov.: MHNG; 1 ♂; 4 km NW Chaitén, station 108; 10 m; 30.I.1985; S. & J. Peck mixed forest litter with soft fungus. – MHNG; 2 ♂; 37 km SE Chaitén; 60 m; 28.XII.1984/30.I.1985; S. & J. Peck; riverside 2nd forest. – FMNH (FMHD #97-31); 1 ♀; Austral Highway km 60.2 (4.0 km S Contao turnoff); 41°49.87'S 72° 42.33'W; 140 m; 23.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1001; young secondary valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #97-32); 5 ♂; Austral Highway km 67.9 (11.7 km S Contao turnoff); 41°55'S 72° 42'W; 220 m; 23.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1002; young secondary valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #97-33); 3 ♂; Austral Highway km 84.0 (17.8 km W Hornopirén); 42°00.57'S 72° 37.02'W; 140 m; 23.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1003; disturbed valdivian rainforest near ridge-top, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #97-34); 2 ♀; Austral Highway km 89.5 (12.3 km W Hornopirén); 41°59.10'S 72° 34.12'W; 10 m; 24.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1004; low secondary valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter. – Llanquihue prov.: MHNG; 3 ♂; Frutillar Bajo, University Chile Forest Reserve; 100 m; 22. XII.1984/02.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; FIT ravine mixed forest. – MHNG; 1 ♀; Lago Chapo, 34 km E Puerto Montt; 300 m; 24.XII.1984; S. & J. Peck; beech forest sifted bracket fungi. – UHNC; 2 ♂; Lago Chapo, 13.5 km E Correntoso, site 656; 310 m; 16-27.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; valdivian rainforest, flight intercept (windows) trap. – UHNC; 1 ♂; same data, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor. – FMNH (FMHD #97-16); 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Lago Chapo, near SE end, km 9.9 on road from Rollizo; 41° 30.63'S 72° 23.98'W; 385 m; 04.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 989; valdivian rainforest on steep slope, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #97-26); 8 ♂ and 2 ♀; Lago Chapo, 1.2 km N of NW end; 41° 25'S 72° 35'W; 265 m; 19.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 996; small secondary Nothofagus dombeyi w/valdivian rainforest understory, berlese, leaf & log litter. – MHNG; 1 ♂; La Arena, 45 km SE Puerto Montt; 100 m; 25.XII.1984; S. & J. Peck. – FMNH (FMHD #97-39); 5 ♂ and 5 ♀; Puerto Montt, 50 km SW on Hwy 5, 0.7 km NE jct. to Maullín; 41° 43.20'S 73° 22.27'W; 60 m; 20.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 999; secondary valdivian rainforest remnants, berlese, leaf & log litter. – MHNG; 1 ♂; Alerce Andino National Park, road from park entrance to Laguna Chaiquenes, station 36b; 41° 40'S 72° 35'W; 200-350 m; 03-06.I.1993; D. Burckhardt; sifting of moss on rock, dead wood and forest floor and of vegetational debris. – MHNG; 3 ♂ and 8 ♀; Alerce Andino National Park, Laguna Tríangulo, station 38b; 41° 40'S 72° 35'W; 550 m; 05-06.I.1993; D. Burckhardt; sclerophil rain forest, sifting of moss on tree trunks and of vegetational debris. – MHNG; 1 ♀; Petrohué; 30.I.1979; Chambrier. – UHNC; 1 ♂; Saltos Petrohué, 6.4 km SW Petrohué; 140 m; 28.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; valdivian raiforest, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor. – MHNG; 4 ♂ and 41 ♀; V. Perez National Park, Salto Petrohué; 150 m; 23. XII.1984; S. & J. Peck; mixed forest litter Berlese – MHNG; 5 ♂; same locality; 04.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; mixed forest litter. – FMNH (FMHD #85-938, #85-54); 1 ♂; Vicente Perez Rosales National Park, Salto Petrohué; 150 m; 23.XII.1984; S. & J. Peck; mixed forest litter, berlese. – FMNH (FMHD #97-8); 4 ♂; Vicente Perez Rosales National Park, 9.2 km NE Ensenada, on road to Petrohué; 41° 10.20'S 72° 27.10'W; 125 m; 02-28.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 987; valdivian rainforest w/ Nothofagus spp., flight intercept trap. – FMNH (FMHD #97-10); 9 ♂; same locality; 02.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 987; valdivian rainforest w/ Nothofagus spp., berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #97-38); 3 ♂; Vicente Perez Rosales National Park, SW slope Vn Osorno, km 4 to La Burbuja; 41° 09.95'S 72° 30.80'W; 310 m; 27.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1007; secondary valdivian rainforest w/Nothofagus dombeyi- Eucryphia cordifolia berlese, leaf & log. – FMNH (FMHD #97-11); 2 ♂; Vicente Perez Rosales National Park, SW slope Vn Osorno, km 10.1 to La Burbuja; 41° 08.30'S 72° 32.15'W; 925 m; 03-27.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 988; Nothofagus dombeyi & Podocarpus nubigena w/valdivian rainforest understory, flight intercept trap. – FMNH; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Vicente Perez Rosales National Park, SW slope Volcán Osorno, road to Ref. La Picada; 41° 01.05'S 72° 32.90'W; 430 m; 16.XII.2002; A. Newton, A. Solodovnikov & M. Chani 1068; Nothofagus dombeyi w/pyr.-fogging old logs & stumps. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-83); 4 ♂ and 2 ♀; same data but berlese, leaf & log litter. – Chiloé prov.: MSNG; 1 ♂; 5 km SW Chonchi, TC-560; 21.I.1998; T. Cekalovic. – MSNG; 1 ♂; same locality; 14.I.1999; T. Cekalovic. – MSNG; 1 ♂; Puente La Caldera, TC-565; 24.I.1998, T. Cekalovic. – MHNG; 2 ♀; 30 km SW Castro, 42° 37'S 74° 08'W, station 34b; 10-70 m; 28. XII.1992/01.I.1993; D. Burckhardt; sifting of moss on forest floor trees and dead trunks and vegetational debris. – MHNG; 2 ♂; Cucao, 30 km SW Castro, station 29a; 30 m; 04-06.I.1991; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; temperate rainforest. – MHNG; 1 ♂; Mocopulli; 02. II.1985; T. Cekalovic. – UHNC; 1 ♂; Ahoni Alto; 70 m; 22.II.1988; L. Masner; primary forest. – FMNH; 1 ♂; Quemchi, 11 km W of (11 km E Hwy 5); 42° 10.40'S 73° 35.73'W; 140 m; 10.XII.2002; M. Thayer, A. Solodovnikov, D. J. Clarke & A. Newton 1060; valdivian rainforest remnant w/thick bamboo understory; pyr fogging large old stumps & logs. – FMNH (FMHD #58-55); 1 ♀; Ancud Dept., Dalcahue; 42° 23'S 73°40'W; VII.1958; L. Peña. – FMNH (FMHD #97-24); 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Colonia Yungay Road to (3.6 km W Hwy) 5; 42° 59'S 73° 41'W; 90 m; 17.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 995; grazed secondary valdivian rainforest remnants, berlese, leaf & log litter. – Osorno prov.: MHNG; 2 ♂; 65 km W Osorno; 40° 28'S 73° 43'W, station 21; 150 m; 04.XII.1984; D. Burckhardt; valdivian rainforest sifting of moss on dead tree trunks, branches and rocks and of vegetable detritus. – UHNC; 1 ♂; Puyehue National Park, Anticura; 250 m; 12-14.II.1988; L. Masner; Nothofagus forest, pan trap. – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Puyehue National Park, Anticura Repucura trail, station 41; 500 m; 19.XII.1984; S. & J. Peck; bracket fungi with soft fungi. – MHNG; 1 ♂; same locality; 500 m; 06. II.1985; S. & J. Peck; forest litter. – UHNC; 5 ♂ and 9 ♀; Puyehue National Park, 4.1 km E Anticura, trap site 662; 430 m; 19-26.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; valdivian rainforest; screen sweeping at dusk. – FMNH; 4 ♂ and 84 ♀; same data. – FMNH; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀; same data but berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor, vouchers associated with larvae. – UHNC; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀; same data; fligth intercept (windows) traps. – UHNC; 5 ♂; same data; berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor. – UHNC; 1 ♂; 4.1 km W Anticura, site 663; 270 m; 19-25.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; valdivian rainforest, flight intercept (windows) trap. – UHNC; 1 ♂; same data; berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor. – FMNH (FMHD# 96-250); 3 ♂; Puyehue National Park, 4 km E Anticura; 40° 39.73'S 72° 08.10'W; 460 m; 30. XII.1996/30.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 985-1; valdivian rainforest w/large, Saxegothea, flight intercept trap. – FMNH (FMHD# 97-41); 4 ♂ and 3 ♀; same data but berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD# 97-4); 2 ♂; same locality; 01-30.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 985-2; valdivian rainforest w/large, Saxegothea, flight intercept trap. – FMNH (FMHD# 97-40); 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data but berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD# 97-5); 2 ♂ and 2 ♀; Puyehue National Park, 4 km E Anticura; 40° 39.73'S 72° 08.10'W; 460 m; 30.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 985-3; valdivian rainforest w/large, Saxegothea, flight intercept trap. – FMNH (FMHD# 97-39); 2 ♂ and 4 ♀; same data but berlese, leaf and log litter. – FMNH; 2 ♂; Puyehue National Park, Antillanca road; 470 m; 20-25.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor. – UHNC; 2 ♂ and 11 ♀; Puyehue National Park, Antillanca road; 470-720 m; 18-24.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; valdivian rainforest; screen sweeping at dusk. – UHNC; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; Puyehue National Park, Antillanca road, trap site 658; 965 m; 18-25.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; Nothofagus pumilio forest, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor. – FMNH; 2 ♀; same data. – MHNG; 5 ♂; Puyehue National Park, Antillanca road; 500-1000 m; 18-20.XII.1984; S. & J. Peck; car netting. – FMNH 3 ♂and 4 ♀; same data. – MHNG; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; Puyehue National Park, Antillanca, 40° 45'S 72° 15'W, station 18b; 1000 m; 30.XI.1992; mixed Nothofagus forest; D. Burckhardt; sifting of moss on tree trunks and forest floor and of vegetational debris. – MHNG; 3 ♂; 3 km S Maicolpué, Bahia Mansa; 200 m; 03.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; mixed forest litter. – MHNG; 1 ♀; Puyehue National Park, road Aguas Calientes-Antillanca, station 19b; 40°45'S 72°15-20'W; 750-850 m; 30.XI/01. XII.1992; D. Burckhardt; sifting of moss on tree trunks and forest floor and vegetational debris. – MHNG; 7 ♂and 23 ♀; Puyehue National Park, Aguas Calientes, station 20b; 40° 40'S 72° 20'W; 450-600 m; 01/03. XII.1992; D. Burckhardt; moss on dead tree trunks, branches and rocks and of vegetable detritus. – MHNG; 5 ♂ and 7 ♀; Puyehue National Park, Aguas Calientes, station 25a; 400-500 m; 31.XII.1990/01.I.1991; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt. – MHNG; 5 ♂ and 6 ♀; Puyehue National Park, Aguas Calientes to Antillanca, station 27a; 1000 m; 02.I.1991; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt. – UHNC; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; Puyehue National Park, Volcan Casa Blanca, trap site 668; 1270 m; 22-25. XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; just above tree line; berlese, alpine shrub litter. – FMNH; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-88); 2 ♂; Puyehue National Park, Ruta 215; near Laguna Las Mellizas; 40° 40.8'S 71° 59.4'W; 1000 m; 19.XII.2002; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1070; Nothofagus pumilio forest w/ dense bamboo understory, berlese, wet debris in large stream. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-90); 2 ♂; Puyehue National Park, Ruta 215; km 4.5 of Aduana station; 40° 40.23'S 72° 05.21'W; 580 m; 19.XII.2002; A. Newton, M. Thayer, D. J. Clarke & M. Chani 1071; valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH; 1 ♀; same locality; 19.XII.2002; A. Newton, M. Thayer, A. Solodovnikov, D. J. Clarke & M. Chani 1071; valdivian rainforest, pyr-fogging old logs. – Región Los Ríos: Ranco prov.: MHNG; 1 ♂; 34 km WNW La Union, stat. 36; 700 m; 17.XII.1984; S. & J. Peck; litter mixed evergreen forest. – Valdivia prov.: MHNG; 2 ♂; Parque Nacional Alerce Costero, Chaihuín; 500 m; 15.II.2018; sifting litter; S. Kurbatov. – Región Araucanía: Cautín prov.: MHNG; 3 ♂ and 8 ♀; Conguillío National Park, station 12a; 950 m; 19-21.XII.1990; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; forest litter. – FMNH (FMHD# 96-226); 1 ♂; Conguillío National Park, 11.1 km SE Laguna Captrén guard sta.; 38° 40.05'S 71° 37.21'W; 1080 m; 23.XII.1996/05.II.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 976; Nothofagus obliqua & alpina, dense Chusquea understory, flight intercept trap. – FMNH (FMHD# 96-229); 1 ♂; Conguillío National Park, 1.5 km E Laguna Captrén guard sta.; 38° 38.67'S 71° 41.37'W; 1365 m; 23.XII.1996/05.II.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 977; Nothofagus dombeyi & decidous spp., Araucaria araucana with Chusquea understory, flight intercept trap. – MHNG; 3 ♂ and 4 ♀; Huerquehue National Park, station 16a; 800-900 m; 22-24.XII.1980; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; forest litter. – MHNG; 1 ♀; Huerquehue National Park, station 17a; 800 m; 22-25. XII.1980; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; forest litter. – MHNG; 4 ♀; Huerquehue National Park, Lago Cicho, station 18a; 1250-1350 m; 23.XII.1990; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; forest litter. – UHNC; 3 ♂; Volcán Villarica, site 653; 1250 m; 15-29.XII.1982; Nothofagus dombey and pumilio forest w/Chusquea, berlese, flight intercept (window) trap; A. Newton & M. Thayer. – FMNH (FMHD# 96-239); 5 ♂; Villarica National Park, Volcán Villarica, road to ski center; 39° 22.48'S 71° 58.30'W; 1180 m; 26.XII.1996; A. Newton & M. Thayer 980; Nothofagus dombeyi forest w/Chusquea, berlese, leaf & log litter. – Malleco prov.: MHNG; 1 ♂and 1 ♀; Nahuelbuta National Park, 40 km W Angol; 1200-1500 m; 19.XII.1984/17.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; Nothofagus-Araucaria, FIT. – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Nahuelbuta National Park; 19.XI.1981; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀; Nahuelbuta National Park, 37° 50'S 73° 00'W, station 30b; 1.100 m; 23.XII.1992, D. Burckhardt; sifting of moss on stone, dead wood and of vegetational debris in Araucaria-Nothofagus dombeyi forest along creak with river. – FMNH; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀; Nahuelbuta National Park, 2.3 km W Los Portones entrance; 37° 49.41'S 72° 58.95'W; 1150 m; 07. XII.2002; A Newton & M. Thayer 1057; Nothofagus dombeyi + ¿ antarctica, mostly open understory, pyr.fogging; berlese, leaf & log litter, live trunks. – FMNH (FMHD #97-48); 2 ♂ and 21 ♀; Nahuelbuta National Park, 2.3 km W Los Portones entrance; 37° 49.32'S 72° 58.73'W; 1190 m; 07.II.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1010; Nothofagus spp. forest (evergreen & deciduous); berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #96-224); 1 ♂; Nahuelbuta National Park, 4.5 km W Los Portones entrance; 37° 49.25'S 72° 59.82'W; 1300 m; 21.XII.1996; A. Newton & M. Thayer 975; Nothofagus spp., emergent Araucaria araucana, Chusquea understory, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-054); 1 ♀; Nahuelbuta National Park, Comallín area, between Guardería and pic nic area; 37° 48.33'S 73° 00.98'W; 1200 m; 06.XII.2002; A. Solodovnikov; Nothofagus-Araucaria-bamboo, sun-extracted sifted litter. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-041); 1 ♂; Nahuelbuta National Park, E of Guarderia Pichinahuel; 37° 48.20'S 73° 01.41'W; 1290 m; 05-24.XII.2002; A. Newton, M. Thayer, A. Solodovnikov; D. J. Clarke & M. Chani 1054; Araucaria-Nothofagus dombeyi with Chusquea bamboo, flight intercept trap. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-047); 1 ♀; Nahuelbuta National Park, road to Piedra del Águila; 37° 49.29'S 73° 01.90'W; 1360 m; 06.XII.2002; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1055; Nothofagus dombeyi & pumilio, large Araucaria, bamboo + shrub understory, berlese, leaf & log litter. – PCVB; 1 ♂; Road to Laguna Blanca, 22 km ENE Curacautín; Araucaria-Nothofagus mixed forest, 1250-1450 m; 38° 21'S 71° 39'W; dead wood, leaves, moss; 11.I.2006; M. Schülke [9].

Description: Body 1.4-1.55 mm long, brown or blackish with reddish elytrae, antennae, and legs; maxillary palpi yellowish; some specimens paler or uniformly brown.

Male: Head as in Figs 122-125; posteromedial part weakly convex, separated from anterior part by transverse sulcus; anterior margins strongly convergent anterior to eyes. Antennae (Figs 32, 126-127) with scape and pedicel longer than wide; antennomere III about as wide as long; antennomeres IV, V and VI wider than long; antennomeres VII and VIII much wider than long, with lateral margin enlarged; antennomere IX wider than long, large, laterally with deep notch margined on both sides by lamelliform processes; antennomere X much wider than long, with lateral margin prolonged into long spiniform apophysis; antennomere XI longer than wide. Labrum (Fig. 28) with pair of big processes each bearing long basal seta. Femora slightly swollen; protibiae densely pubescent on apical third, subapically slightly notched, bearing long and flat mesal seta. Metaventrite with posterior half raised and divided by narrow medial sulcus, anterior portion possessing large semi-oval depression with prominent posterior margins. Aedeagus (Fig. 23) 0.39-0.40 mm long; dorsal plate ovoid, strongly narrowed apically; dorsal longitudinal struts short, divergent, arranged almost at flat angle; copulatory pieces consisting of medial sclerite associated with long pointed sclerite and 2-3 shorter spiniform sclerites on each side. Parameres thin and sinuate; apical portion curved anteriorly, with 3-4 apical spines.

Female: Similar to male except head, antennae, femora, protibiae, and metaventrite unmodified. Labrum (Fig. 29) with pair of processes smaller than for male.

Collecting data: Collected from November to July, in Nothofagus spp., Araucaria spp., Saxegothaea spp., sclerophyll and mixed forests, where it was found also in stunted, in remnant, and in boundary forests at elevations ranging from 10 m up to 1500 m. Most specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter, moss, dead trunks, plant debris, and sometimes mushrooms, but other collecting techniques included flight intercept (window) traps, car-netting, pan traps, and screen-sweeping.

Distribution: The species is widespread in Southern Chile from Aysén to Araucanía Regions (Fig. 203 red circles).

Comments: The species was described by Jeannel (1962: 393-394) from five specimens: 1 male collected by G. Kuschel on 20.IX.1954 at Frutillar, 1 male and 1 female collected on 10.XI.1958 at Cerros de San Pedro, and 1 male and 1 female collected on 25.I.1956 at Río Murta. According to Jeannel (l. c.: 394) the holotype is from San Pedro and housed in the collections of the MNHS. In the collections of the MNHS we located one male specimen from “Rio Murta, 25.I.56, G. Kuschel” and labeled as holotype of Rybaxidia torticornis. In the collections of the MNHN we located a second male specimen from “San Pedro, 10.11.58”, but without any type label. This specimen housed in the MNHN is clearly the holotype of R. torticornis, while the male housed in the MNHS has erroneously been considered as the holotype of this species, and is listed as such in the catalog of the MHNS holotypes of insects (Camousseight, 1980: 16).

For convenience we will deal here with Cautinia brevicornis Franz, 1996, although this taxon technically belongs to the “Genera described by Franz in 1996”, which are treated later in this paper. We have examined the holotype and only known specimen of this species, which Franz attributed to the tribe Euplectini, but it is a member of the tribe Brachyglutini. Indeed, the male holotype of Cautinia brevicornis Franz, 1996 belongs to Achilia torticornis (Jeannel, 1962) (syn. nov.), and, since C. brevicornis is the type species of the monospecific genus Cautinia Franz, 1996, Cautinia becomes a new junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890 (syn. nov.). A. torticornis is very similar to A. kuscheliana, with the two species being distinguished as discussed above in the “Comments” paragraph of A. kuscheliana.

Bryaxinella Jeannel, 1962: 391, 394; Newton & Chandler, 1989: 42; Asenjo et al., 2019: 59.

Type species: Bryaxinella nodicornis Jeannel, 1962

Tegument glabrous. Head dorsally with similarly shaped pair of tentorial pits and medial frontal fovea, lacking infraocular carinae, and ventrally with medial elevation limited on both sides by pair of longitudinal sutures. Pronotum with very small median antebasal fovea and pair of lateral antebasal foveae. Prosternum with pair of paranotal carinae reaching middle of prosternal length; it seems that there is a pair of anteroprosternal foveae. Meso-metaventrite with median mesoventral, pair of lateral mesoventral, pair of mesocoxal and pair of metaventral foveae; lacking transverse lateral suture delimiting meso- and metaventrite. Elytra with 3 basal foveae; sutural stria entire; discal stria long, extending from outer basal fovea almost to posterior elytral margin; humeri well-marked; subhumeral fovea and lateral sulcus lacking. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) longer than tergite 2 (V), with pair of weakly marked small discal carinae; pair of basolateral foveae present (it is uncertain whether these are mediobasal foveae, as they are not visible on dry specimens). Abdominal sternite 2 (IV) with pair of mediobasal and pair of basolateral foveae. Male secondary sexual characters localized on antennae, mandibles, mesolegs, and abdominal sternites; abdominal sternite 7 (IX) not exposed.

Comments: We had at our disposal only the holotype of the single species of this genus, so we could not study some of the characters that would be visible only by using semi-destructive preparations. Bryaxinella is most likely an element of the Neotropical fauna, and with the current level of knowledge of Neotropical Brachyglutini we are unable to hypothesize its precise relationships with the other genera of this realm.

According to Jeannel (1962: 386) this genus belongs in the phyletic series of Achilia characterized by the pronotum with a rounded and deep median antebasal fovea distinctly separated from the lateral antebasal foveae, and by the aedeagus with each paramere bearing one seta on its lateral margin and never at the apex. Jeannel (1962: 390-391) noted that Bryaxinella is distinguished from other genera in this phyletic series by the aedeagus possessing an ovoidal basal capsule with a “dorsal window” (= dorsal diaphragm opening), the lamellar parameres being wide at their bases with convex lateral margins, the elytra with 3 basal foveae, and the males with sexual characters on the antennal funiculus. The genus includes only Bryaxinella nodicornis Jeannel, 1962 (Fig. 128).

Bryaxinella nodicornis Jeannel, 1962: 394-395, figs 141 (habitus male); 142 (antenna male); 143 (aedeagus); Newton & Chandler, 1989: 42; Asenjo et al., 2019: 59.

Type material (1 ex.): CENTRAL ARGENTINA: San Juan prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Bryaxinella nodicornis here fixed); labels verbatim: “Holotypus (red label) / Rio Sasso; III.58 / Rep. Argentina; Delamare / Neotrissemus; nodicornis (handwritten by Jeannel) / Bryaxinites; nodicornis m. (handwritten by Jeannel) / Bryaxinella; nodicornis Jeannel ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”

Description: Habitus as in Fig. 128. Body 1.8 mm long, reddish-testaceous with darker abdomen; maxillary palpi yellowish; tegument smooth and shiny; pubescence very short and sparse, except densely pubescent antennae. Head wider than long; eyes protruding, slightly longer than tempora; tempora weakly convex. Pronotum slightly wider than long; disc convex, its surface smooth and shiny; median antebasal fovea smaller than lateral foveae; anterior portion of lateral margins convergent; posterior portion of lateral margins slightly convergent. Elytra together wider than long, with protruding humeri; disc smooth and shiny; basal foveae large; discal stria extended to about entire elytral length. Abdomen smooth, with some minute punctures; abdominal tergite 1 (IV) about twice as long as tergite 2 (V), with short and sparse setal brush between divergent basal striae, these striae very short and separated at base by about one-fourth of tergal width.

Male: Head (Figs 129-132) apparently not modified, with margins clearly convergent anteriorly. Mandibles with small thin outgrowth at middle portion of outer margin. Antennae (Figs 36-37, 133-134) with scape longer than wide; pedicel about as long as wide; antennomeres III-IV wider than long, small; antennomere V longer than wide, with lateral margin enlarged and medial margin slightly arcuate; antennomere VI longer than wide, also enlarged; antennomeres VII-VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long and wider than VIII; antennomere X transverse and wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, slightly longer than IX-X combined. Metaventrite flat on posterior three-quarters, except center shallowly depressed. Mesocoxae with small truncate apophysis; mesofemora enlarged, with flat tubercle at base of mesal margin (Fig. 42); mesotibiae with mesal margin apically prolonged as long spine (Fig. 39). Abdominal sternites 2-4 (IV-VI) slightly depressed at middle; sternite 6 (VIII) densely punctate. Aedeagus (Fig. 26) 0.325 mm long; diaphragm opening ovoidal, apical portion pointed; longitudinal dorsal struts lacking; copulatory pieces consisting of 3 stout sclerites and a thinner sclerite bearing 4 small apical spines. Parameres stout with one or two setae on distal third of outer margin.

Female: Unknown.

Collecting data: According to Jeannel (1962: 396) the holotype and single known specimen of Bryaxinella nodicornis was collected in April at about 2000 m. However, the locality label of the holotype bears the date March 1958. Jeannel (l. c.) specified that this specimen was “deeply buried in the soil”, with no further explanation.

Distribution: The species is known only from the holotype from the Río Sasso (province San Juan; Southern Argentina) (Fig. 202 green diamonds).

Comments: Jeannel described this species based on one male collected at Río Sasso by Delamare in April 1959. In the collection of the MNHN we found one male from “Río Sasso, III.1954 Delamare” without any type label and identified by Jeannel as “Neotrissemus nodicornis” and “Bryaxinites nodicornis”, which are two unpublished names. As this specimen does match perfectly Jeannel's original description of Bryaxinella nodicornis, we think that there is no reason to doubt that it is indeed the holotype of this species.

In addition to the combination of characters provided in the generic description, this taxon can be easily distinguished from the southern South American Brachyglutini by the aedeagus possessing an ovoidal basal capsule with a dorsal diaphragm opening, an internal sac lacking longitudinal dorsal struts, and by the mesocoxae subcontiguous and bearing a very small apophysis.

Ectopocerus Raffray, 1904: 114, 149, 218; Raffray, 1908: 196, 226; O. Park, 1942: 124, 185; Jeannel, 1962: 391, 443; Newton & Chandler, 1989: 43; Asenjo et al., 2019: 61.

Type species: Decarthron verticicornis Reitter, 1885

Tegument with pubescence sparse. Antennae with 10 antennomeres. Pronotum with median antebasal and lateral foveae; basal margin with contiguous row of shallow impressions. Elytra with three basal foveae; sutural stria entire; discal stria short. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) much longer than tergite 2 (V), with pair of discal carinae.

Male secondary sexual characters localized on head, antennae, and metaventrite.

Comments: We had at our disposal only two males (including the holotype) of the type species of this monotypic genus, so we could not investigate properly several key characters that would be visible only by semi-destructive preparations. However, except for their 10-segmented antennae, these specimens seem to follow the same bauplan as the members of the genus Achilia. In absence of female specimens of Ectopocerus we also could not investigate if the reduced number of antennomeres is a non-sex-related character, or that the highly modified 9th antennomere of the male rather results from the fusion of two antennomeres. In the latter case, E. verticicornis could well represent only a peculiar member of Achilia. In the interests of stability of nomenclature and until new specimens of E. verticicornis with allow the proper reassessment of the status of Ectopocerus, we refrain from synonymizing these two genera here.

Ectopocerus includes only E. verticicornis (Reitter, 1885) (Fig. 135).

Decarthron verticicornis Reitter, 1885: 323, pl. II, fig. 3 (head and antenna of male);

Ectopocerus verticicornis Raffray, 1904: 218; Raffray, 1908: 227, pl. 4 fig. 8 (habitus); O. Park, 1942: 185; Jeannel, 1962: 444, figs 220 (habitus male); 221 (antenna male) 222 (aedeagus); Newton & Chandler, 1989: 43; Asenjo et al., 2019: 61.

Type material (1 ex.): CHILE: MNHN; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Decarthron verticicornis); labels verbatim: “Holotype (red label) / TYPE (red label) / Chile / Museum Paris 1917; coll. Raffray / E.; verticicornis; det. A. Raffray / Ectopocerus; verticicornis (handwritten by Jeannel) / Ectopocerus; verticicornis (Reitt.) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Additional material examined (1 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Araucanía: Cautín prov.: MNSG; 1 ♂; Río Pedregoso, Fundo Nueva Pomerania; TC-433; 25.I.1995; T. Cekalovic.

Description: Habitus as in Fig. 135. Body 1.45-1.50 mm long, light brown; maxillary palpi yellowish; tegument smooth and shiny; pubescence long and sparse. Head wider than long; eyes not very protuberant, slightly longer than tempora; tempora short and weakly convex. Pronotum wider than long; disc convex, its surface smooth and shiny; median antebasal fovea smaller than lateral foveae; anterior portion of lateral margins convergent anteriorly; posterior portion of lateral margins slightly convergent. Elytra together wider than long, with slightly protruding humeri; disc smooth and shiny; basal foveae big; sutural stria entire; discal stria extending to about elytral mid-length. Abdomen smooth, with some minute punctures. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) about twice as long as tergite 2 (V), with short and sparse setal brush between subparallel discal carinae, these carinae very short and separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 136-139; posterior portion bearing medial horn projecting anteriorly above excavated anterior portion. Antennae (Figs 34-35, 140-141) consisting of only 10 antennomeres; scape distinctly longer than wide; pedicel wider than long, its medial margin strongly enlarged at middle and bearing long seta; antennomeres III-VIII wider than long; antennomere IX very large, dorsally convex and ventrally concave, extended posteriorly as large retrograde elliptical lobe covering previous three antennomeres; antennomere X ovoidal, about 2.5 times longer than wide, with basal margin slightly concave, bearing 3 short and stout setae. Posterior half of metaventrite very shallowly concave at middle. Mesofemora with fringe of thin setae on mesal margin (Fig. 43). Aedeagus (Fig. 27) 0.325 mm long; basal plate subrectangular; dorsal longitudinal struts divergent; copulatory pieces consisting of 4 long spines fused at base and spread out to form 2 symmetrical pairs. Parameres stout with one long seta on outer lobe. Female: Unknown.

Collecting data: Jeannel (1962: 444) noted that the holotype of Ectopocerus verticicornis was collected in Valdivia by sifting humus.

Distribution: The species is known from Valdivia (Region Los Ríos) and Río Pedrigoso (Region Araucanía: Cautín province) (Fig. 202 red squares).

Comments: Reitter (1885: 323) described this species as Decarthron verticicornis based on a single male collected in Valdivia. In the Raffray collection (MNHN) we found one male from “Chile” identified by Raffray and Jeannel as Ectopocerus verticicornis, and bearing a red “TYPE” label. Although the locality label bears only its country of origin, this male specimen does match perfectly Reitter's original description. We consider that there is no reason to doubt that this male is the specimen used by Reitter to describe this taxon and, consequently, we fix it here as the holotype of Decarthron verticicornis.

Achilliotes Jeannel, 1962: 445; Newton & Chandler, 1989: 42; 62; Asenjo et al., 2019: 57.

Type species: Achilia brevicornis Raffray, 1904

According to Jeannel (1962: 386) this genus belongs to the phyletic series of Achilia, characterized by the pronotum with a rounded and deep median antebasal fovea distinctly separated from the lateral antebasal foveae, and by the aedeagus with each paramere bearing one seta on its lateral margin and never at its apex. Jeannel (1962: 390-391) noted that within this phyletic series Achilliotes is distinguished from other genera by the aedeagus lacking a diaphragm opening and possessing dorsal struts, by the lamellar parameres that are wide at their base with convex lateral margins lacking setae, by the pronotum and elytra with basal foveae, and by abdominal tergite 1 (IV) being as long as tergite 2 (V). Of the feature listed above the only one that would allow us to distinguish Achilliotes from Achilia is the absence of setae on the parameres. We have examined the types of Achilliotes brevicornis and it appears that the parameres of the aedeagus of Achilliotes brevicornis do possess a seta on the lateral margin. Consequently, we consider Achilliotes Jeannel, 1962 to be a junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890 (syn. nov.), and, as originally hypothesized by Raffray (1904: 139), Achilliotes brevicornis belongs indeed to the genus Achilia and must again be named Achilia brevicornisRaffray, 1904 (Fig. 142).

Achilia brevicornis Raffray, 1904: 139-140;

Achilliotes brevicornis, Jeannel, 1962: 445, figs 223 (habitus male), 224 (aedeagus); Newton & Chandler, 1989: 42; Asenjo et al., 2019: 57.

Type material (2 ex.): CHILE: MNHN; 1 ♂ (Lectotype of Achilia brevicornis here designated); labels verbatim: “Lectotype (red label) / TYPE (red label) / Chile / Museum Paris 1917; coll. Raffray / A. brevicornis; det. A. Raffray / Achilliotes; brevicornis; Raff. (handwritten by Jeannel) / Achilliotes; brevicornis (Raff.) =; Achilia brevicornis Raffray; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; brevicornis (Raffray) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”. MNHN; 1 ♂(Paralectotype of Achilia brevicornis here designated); labels verbatim: “Paralectotype (red label) / Chile / Museum Paris 1917; coll. Raffray / A. brevicornis; det. A. Raffray / Achilia; brevicornis (Raffray) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Description: Habitus as in Fig. 142. Body 1.7-1.8 mm long, dark brown, with abdomen blackish and elytra, legs and antennae reddish; maxillary palpi yellowish; tegument smooth and shiny; pubescence long and sparse. Head wider than long; eyes hemispherical, slightly longer than tempora; tempora weakly convex. Antennae (Figs 147-148) with scape, pedicel and antennomere III slightly longer than wide; antennomeres IV-VII about as long as wide; antennomere VIII wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long, wider than VIII; antennomere X wider than long, wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, slightly longer than IX-X combined. Pronotum wider than long; disc convex, its surface smooth and shiny; median antebasal fovea wider than lateral foveae; anterior portion of lateral margins convergent anteriorly; posterior portion of lateral margins slightly convergent; basal margin with contiguous row of shallow impressions. Elytra together wider than long, with protruding humeri; disc smooth and shiny; 2 big basal foveae; sutural stria entire; discal stria extending to about elytral mid-length. Abdomen smooth, with some minute punctures; tergite 1 about as long as 2, with short and sparse setal brush between basal striae, these striae very short and separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs. 143-146; posterior portion moderately convex, slightly punctate, laterally deeply hollowed and medially prolonged as pointed process reaching frons; frons fairly flat with margins convergent. Protrochanters (Fig. 49) with middle of posterior margin angulate and bearing two long setae; mesotrochanters (Fig. 50) with posterior margin prolonged as medial spine; mesotibiae (Fig. 47) with mesal margin apically prolonged as spine that is densely pubescent at base. Along almost its entire length metaventrite possessing large semi-oval medial depression with slightly raised posterior margin. Aedeagus (Fig. 44) 0.325 mm long; dorsal plate subrectangular; dorsal longitudinal struts subparallel at base and divergent in distal half; copulatory pieces consisting of apically enlarged medial sclerite associated on each side with large apically bifid sclerite ending in two spines that are curved laterally. Parameres stout, bearing seta on lateral margin.

Female: Unknown.

Collecting data: No data.

Distribution: This species is known only from the two male type specimens that Jeannel (1962: 446) noted: “undoubtedly coming from the collections of the Misses Kindermann in Valdivia” (Region Los Ríos). However, Raffray (1904: 139) never specified the number of specimens he used for the original description of Achilia brevicornis, nor did he detail the collecting locality of the types more precisely than “Chile”. For this reason, the species is not represented in the distribution maps.

Comments: The species has been described by Raffray (1904: 139-140) from an unspecified number of specimens from Chile. Jeannel (1962: 446) mentions two males of this species and in the Raffray collection (MNHN) we found two males from “Chile” identified by Raffray as Achilia brevicornis. The first specimen of this series also bears an identification label” Achilliotes brevicornis” handwritten by Jeannel. We designate this male specimen as the lectotype of Achilia brevicornis, and the other male as paralectotype.

The males of A. brevicornis are easily distinguished from those of other species of Achilia by the shape of the head (Figs 143-146) and of the aedeagus (Fig. 44).

Leptachillia laevissima Jeannel, 1962: 446; Newton & Chandler, 1989: 46; Asenjo et al., 2019: 62.

Type species: Leptachillia laevissima Jeannel, 1962

Tegument almost glabrous. Head with vertexal foveae. Pronotum without median antebasal and lateral foveae, and lacking antebasal sulcus; basal margin lacking contiguous row of shallow impressions. Elytra without basal foveae and discal stria. Mesoventrite with median mesoventral and pair of lateral mesoventral foveae. Metaventrite with pair of lateral metaventral and pair of lateral mesocoxal foveae. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) about twice as long as tergite 2 (V), lacking foveae and discal carinae. Structure of aedeagus as in Achilia, including apical part of parameres angled ventrally. Male secondary sexual characters localized on metaventrite and mesolegs.

Comments: We had at our disposal only the holotype of the type species and a second conspecific specimen unfortunately blackened likely due to some kind of oxidation during its conservation in alcohol and acetic acid. As a result we could not investigate several key characters that would be visible only from semi-destructive preparations. Nervertheless, based on our observations, it appears that Leptachillia is very similar to the genus Achilia, from which it differs mainly by the absence of pronotal and elytral foveae.

Newton & Chandler (1989: 46) attributed this genus to the subtribe Pselaptina Park, 1976, which was subsequently synonymized with Brachyglutina by Chandler (2001: 291) and reestablished on a new basis by Kurbatov & Sabella (2015: 303). In its current concept Pselaptina does not include Leptachillia, with this genus currently placed in the Brachyglutina.

Jeannel (1962: 446) described Leptachillia for only one species (L. laevissima Jeannel, 1962), and Franz (1996: 123) added to that genus a second species (L. coquimboensis Franz, 1996). We examined the type materials of L. coquimboensis and it appears to belong to a new genus (Estamentula gen. nov.), into which this species is formally tranferred into later in the present contribution. Consequently, Leptachillia includes only Leptachillia laevissima Jeannel, 1962 (Fig. 149).

Leptachillia laevissima Jeannel, 1962: 446, figs 225 (habitus male); 226 (maxillary palpus); 227 (aedeagus); Newton & Chandler, 1989: 46; Asenjo et al., 2019: 62.

Type material (1 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Valparaíso: Petorca prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Leptachillia laevissima here fixed); labels verbatim: “Holotype (red label) / Zapallar; AC 20.3.57 / Leptachillia; laevis (handwritten by Jeannel) / Leptachillia; laevissima Jeannel ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Additional material examined (1 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Araucanía: Malleco prov.: MHNG; 1 ♂; Purén, Contulmo Natural Monument; 350 m; 13.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; mixed forest litter.

Description: Habitus as in Fig. 149. Body 1.4 mm long, glossy reddish-testaceous; maxillary palpi yellowish; tegument smooth and shiny; almost glabrous. Head (Figs 150-153) wider than long, moderately convex, with some punctures; vertexal foveae small; eyes hemispherical, slightly longer than tempora; tempora short and moderately convex. Antennae (Figs 154-155) with scape and pedicel slightly longer than wide; antennomeres III-VI about as long as wide; antennomeres VII-VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long, wider than VIII; antennomere X much wider than long, wider than IX, as wide as XI; antennomere XI longer than wide, about as long as VIII-X combined. Pronotum wider than long; disc convex, its surface smooth and shiny; anterior portion of lateral margins convergent anteriorly; posterior portion of lateral margins slightly convergent. Elytra together wider than long, with humeri not protruding; disc smooth and shiny.

Male: Legs with posterior margin of mesotrochanters (Figs 51-52) prolonged as median spine; mesofemora (Fig. 52) enlarged with mesal margin bearing row of long setae; mesotibiae (Fig. 48) with mesal margin prolonged as subapical spine. Metaventrite slightly concave medially for posterior two-thirds. Aedeagus (Figs 45-46) 0.23-0.25 mm long; dorsal plate subrectangular, dorsal longitudinal struts short, divergent; copulatory pieces consisting of two pointed medial sclerites associated on each side with 4 short spines. Parameres relatively stout with apical portion recurved anteriorly, bearing long medioapical seta and long seta on apical third of lateral margin. Female: Unknown.

Collecting data: Jeannel (1962: 447) noted that one specimen (the holotype) was collected in the “espinal area” on 20.III.1954, while a second specimen was collected at 350 m in mixed forest litter in February.

Distribution: The species is known only from the male holotype collected in Zapallar (Region Valparaíso: Petorca province) and a second specimen was collected in Malleco province (Region Araucanía) (Fig. 202 circles edged in red).

Comments: The species was described from a single male collected in Zapallar, which Jeannel (1962: 390) should have deposited in the collection of the MNHS. However, this taxon is not listed in the catalog of the MHNS holotypes of insects (Camousseight, 1980). In the collection of the MNHN we found only one male identified by Jeannel as “Leptachillia laevis” that was labelled as from “Zapallar”, but lacking a type label. This specimen perfectly fits Jeannel's original description of this taxon and we consider that there is no reason to doubt that it is indeed the holotype of Leptachillia laevissima, here fixed.

Pseudachillia Jeannel, 1963: 353, 367; Newton & Chandler, 1989: 43; Asenjo et al., 2019: 63.

Type species: Pseudachillia bicolor Jeannel, 1963

Jeannel (1963: 367) placed this genus in the phyletic series of Achilia, characterized by the pronotum with a rounded and deep median antebasal fovea distinctly separated from the lateral antebasal foveae, and by the aedeagus with each paramere bearing one seta on its lateral margin and never at the apex. Jeannel (1963: 368) noted that within this phyletic series Pseudachillia is allied to Leptachillia because they also share the maxillary palpi with the last palpomere ovoidal and possessing a very long distal seta, but Pseudachillia can be distinguished from Leptachillia by the pronotum and elytra possessing basal foveae and striae. We have examined the holotype of Pseudachillia bicolor and compared it with many species of various species group of Achilia and found that the above-mentioned characters, in particular the morphology of the maxillary palpi and of the aedeagus, fall within the variation observed in the genus Achilia. So, we place Pseudachillia Jeannel, 1963 as a junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890 (syn. nov.), and consequently its two constitutive members (Pseudachillia bicolor Jeannel, 1963 and P. dolichocephala Jeannel, 1964) become Achilia bicolor (Jeannel, 1963) comb. nov. and Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964) comb. nov. In the seventh part of this series (Kurbatov et al., 2021: 155-156), we mentioned that Achilia andina Franz, 1996 and A. maiopensis Franz, 1996 strongly resemble members of Pseudachillia; the fate of these two species of Franz will be discussed in the “Comments” paragraph of A. dolichocephala.

Among the materials examined, two additional species were found to be very similar to A. bicolor and A. dolichocephala with respect to the secondary sexual dimorphism of the head and of the pedicel of antennae, and to the morphology of the aedeagus; these appear to be two new species: Achilia mifsudi sp. nov. and Achilia caprae n. sp. These four taxa will be dealt with below. These four taxa all possess the following common features: decumbent pubescence consisting of long yellowish setae over entire body, denser on anterior part of head (except in A. dolichocephala), combined with shorter sub-erect setae, especially on antennomeres and palpomeres; head modified in male, wider than long, with two small vertexal foveae at level of about middle of eyes and separated from them; eyes about as long as temples (distinctly longer than temples in A. dolichocephala), the latter short and weakly convex; pronotum wider than long, wider than head, with disc weakly convex and possessing some punctures; median antebasal fovea slightly smaller than lateral foveae; maximal pronotal width anterior to its mid-length (at mid-length in A. dolichocephala); anterior portion of lateral pronotal margins distinctly convergent and sinuate anteriorly; posterior portion of lateral pronotal margins slightly convergent; basal pronotal margin bordered with contiguous row of shallow impressions; elytra together wider than long, with protruding humeri; elytral disc with punctures; elytra with four basal foveae, except in some specimens with only three basal foveae due to coalescence of two outerfoveae; elytral sutural stria entire; elytral discal stria extending to about elytral mid-length; abdomen smooth, with some minute punctures; abdominal tergite 1 (IV) slightly longer than tergite 2 (V) (about twice as long as tergite 2 in A. dolichocephala), with short and sparse setal brush between slightly divergent basal striae, these striae extending to about one-third of paratergal length and separated at base by about one-third of tergal width. In order to keep the text more concise, these features are not repeated in the following descriptions.

Pseudachillia bicolor Jeannel, 1963: 353, 367, figs 16 (head and antenna), 17 (head lateral view), 18 (aedeagus); Jeannel, 1964: 11; Newton & Chandler, 1989: 43; Asenjo et al., 2019: 63.

Type material (1 ex.): Región Araucanía: Malleco prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (holotype of Pseudachillia bicolor here fixed); labels verbatim: “Holotypus (red label) / Nahuelbuta; F. Castri 1961 / Pseudachillia; bicolor (handwritten by Jeannel); Pseudachillia; bicolor Jeannel = Achilia bicolor (Jeannel); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; bicolor (Jeannel) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”

Additional material (8 ex.): Región Araucanía: Malleco prov.: MHNG; 1 ♂; Nahuelbuta National Park, station 30b; 37° 50'S 73° 00'W; 1100 m; 23.XII.1992; D. Burckhardt; sifting of moss on stone, dead wood and of vegetational debris in Araucaria-Nothofagus dombeyi forest along creak with river. – MHNG; 1 ♂; Nahuelbuta National Park, Piedra del Aquila, station 10a; 1450 m; 15.XII.1990; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-047); 1 ♂; Nahuelbuta National Park, road to Piedra del Águila; 37° 49.29'S 73° 01.90'W; 1360 m; 06.XII.2002; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1055; Nothofagus dombeyi & pumilio, large Araucaria, bamboo + shrub understory, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH (FMHD #2002-041); 1 ♂; Nahuelbuta National Park, E of Guarderia Pichinahuel; 37° 48.20'S 73° 01.41'W; 1290 m; 05-24.XII.2002; A. Newton, M. Thayer, A. Solodovnikov; D. J. Clarke & M. Chani 1054; Araucaria-Nothofagus dombeyi with Chusquea bamboo, flight intercept trap. – FMNH (FMHD #85-898, #85-13); 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; Nahuelbuta National Park, 45 km W Angol; 1500 m; 09.XII.1984; S. & J. Peck; Nothofagus forest litter, berlese. – FMNH (FMHD #96-221); 1 ♂; Nahuelbuta National Park, Comallín, 8.2 km NW Los Portones entrance area; 37° 48.21'S 73° 00.89'W; 1260 m; 21.XII.1996; A. Newton & M. Thayer 974; Nothofagus spp. - Araucaria araucana forest, berlese, leaf & log litter.

Description: Body 1.35-1.4 mm long, blackish, with reddish elytra, antennae, legs and maxillary palpi.

Male: Head as in Figs 156-159 dorsally with medial portion convex; lateral portions excavated dorsal to eyes, with dorsal outer edges ending posteriorly as more or less developed tooth; anterior portion with big and sparse punctures; anterior clypeal margin bearing medial triangular lamina with apical pair of tufts of setae. Antennae (Figs 67, 160-161) with scape longer than wide; pedicel about as long as wide, wider that other antennomeres including scape, with ventral surface slightly concave and mesal margin enlarged especially in distal half; antennomeres III-VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long, wider than VIII; antennomere X much wider than long, wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, about as long as VII-X combined, bearing some tubercles. Mesotrochanters (Fig. 71) with distal portion of posterior margin enlarged, forming rounded process; mesotibiae (Fig. 59) with mesal margin notched and prolonged apically as spine. Metaventrite with posterior half convex at middle, anteriorly with medial carina; anterior half with rhomboid-shaped medial depression with strongly raised edges. Abdominal sternite 1 (IV) shallowly concave at middle. Aedeagus (Fig. 53) 0.35-0.36 mm long; dorsal plate elongate, its apical portion bilobed with lateral margins serrate; dorsal longitudinal struts subparallel; copulatory pieces consisting of two long medial sclerites pointed apically. Parameres long with apex ending as two spines, bearing long and thin seta at distal third of lateral margin.

Female: Similar to male except head, antennae, mesotrochanters, mesotibiae, metaventrite and abdominal sternite 1 (IV) unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from December to April, in Nothofagus dombeyi, Araucaria araucana, mixed forests, also with bamboo; at elevations ranging from 650 m up 1500 m. Most specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter, moss, dead trunks, plant debris, and one male was collected with a flight intercept (window) trap.

Distribution: The species is known only from the National Park of Nahuelbuta in Malleco province (Region Araucanía), from which it is mentioned also by Jeannel (1964: 11) based on two female specimens collected at 650 m by F. Castri in IV-1968 (Fig. 202 triangles edged in red).

Comments: Achilia bicolor is very similar to A. mifsudi sp. nov. and A. caprae sp. nov., with the three species being mainly distinguished by male sexual characters (see “Comments” paragraph of these two latter species).

Holotype: SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Araucanía: Malleco prov.: MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO- 0261251); 1 ♂; E from Malalcahuello; 38° 26.3'S 71° 29.7'W; 1400 m; 12.II.2018; forest litter near dead log; S. Kurbatov.

Paratypes (180 ex.): CENTRAL ARGENTINA: Neuquén prov.: MNHN; 3 ♂ (identified as female of Achilia crassicornis); San Martin de los Andes; 15.IV.1959; C. Delamare. – SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL CHILE: Región Los Lagos: Osorno prov.: FMNH (FMHD# 97-5); 2 ♂; Puyehue National Park, 4 km E Anticura; 40° 39.73'S 72° 08.10'W; 460 m; 30.I.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 985-3; valdivian rainforest w/large, Saxegothea, flight intercept trap. – Región Araucanía: Cautín prov.: MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261252–0261260); 5 ♂ and 4 ♀; Conguillío National Park, station 12a; 950 m; 19-21. XII.1990; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; forest litter. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261261–0261262); 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Conguillío National Park, Playa Linda, station 13a; 1150 m; 19-20.XII.1990; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; forest litter. – FMNH (FMHD #96-226); 1 ♂; Conguillío National Park, 11.1 km SE Laguna Captrén guard sta.; 38° 40.05'S 71° 37.21'W; 1080 m; 23.XII.1996/05.II.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 976; Nothofagus obliqua & alpina, dense Chusquea understory, flight intercept trap. – FMNH (FMHD #96-229); 4 ♂; Conguillío National Park, 1.5 km E Laguna Captrén guard sta.; 38° 38.67'S 71° 41.37'W; 1365 m; 23.XII.1996/05.II.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 977; Nothofagus dombeyi & decidous spp., Araucaria araucana with Chusquea understory, flight intercept trap. – FMNH (FMHD #96-241); 2 ♂; Villarica National Park, Volcán Villarica, road to sky center; 39° 23.27'S 71° 57.82'W; 1390 m; 27.XII.1996/03.II.1997; A. Newton & M. Thayer 981; Nothofagus pumilio forest, flight intercept trap. – FMNH (FMHD #96-243); 1 ♂; same locality; 27.XII.1996; A. Newton & M. Thayer 981; Nothofagus pumilio forest, berlese, leaf & log litter. – FMNH; 1 ♂ and 6 ♀; Volcán Villarrica, site 653; 1250 m; 15-29.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; Nothofagus dombey & N. pumilio forest with Chusquea, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261263); 1 ♂; Huerquehue National Park, Lago Cicho, station 18a; 1250-1350 m; 23.XII.1990; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; forest litter. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261264); 1 ♂; Caburgua Lake; 04.XII.1977; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG (# MHNGENTO-0261265); 1 ♀; same locality; 01.XII.1978; T. Cekalovic. – FMNH (FMHD #85-905, #85-19); 6 ♂; Caracautín (40 km E); 1500 m; 12.XII.1984/16.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; Nothofagus-Araucaria forest, malaise trap. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261266); 1 ♂; same data. – Malleco prov.: MHNS; 4 ♂ (identified as Pseudachillia bicolor) Termas de Tolhuaca; 12.II.1998, sobre coigne; M. Guerrero. – FMNH (FMHD #96-236); 2 ♂ and 4 ♀; Malalcahuello, 11.1 km E on road to Lonquimay; 38° 26.32'S 71° 30.11'W; 1350 m; 24.XII.1996; A. Newton & M. Thayer 957; Nothofagus dombesyi-Araucaria araucana forest selectively logged, leaf & log litter. – FMNH; 4 ♀; 12 km E Malalcahuello, site 650; 1350 m; 13-31.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; Nothofagus dombey-Araucaria forest, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor. – FMNH; 1 ♀; same data, but flight intercept (windows) trap. – FMNH; 2 ♂ and 12 ♀; 6.5 km E Malalcahuello, site 651; 1080 m; 13-31. XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; Nothofagus dombey forest with Chusquea, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor. – UHNC; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data. – UNHC; 3 ♂; same locality; A. Newton & M. Thayer; flight intercept (windows) trap. – FMNH; 2 ♂; same data. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261267–0261284); 8 ♂ and 10 ♀; E from Malalcahuello, 38° 26.3'S 71° 29.7'W; 1400 m; 12.II.2018; forest litter near dead log; S. Kurbatov. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261285–0261292); 2 ♂and 6 ♀; same data, but litter near stream. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261293–0261294); 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; E from Malalcahuello, 38° 26.2'S 71° 29.3'W; 1500 m; 13.II.2018; forest litter near stream; S. Kurbatov. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261295); 1 ♀; E from Malalcahuello; 800 m; 10.II.2018; forest litter; S. Kurbatov. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261296); 1 ♂; Old road Malalcahuello-Lonquimay, El Colorado; 38°25' 56”S 71°30' 47”W; 1200 m; 11.II.2018; G. Sabella & D. Mifsud. – MHNG (# MHNGENTO-0261297–0261315); 5 ♂ and 14 ♀; Old road Malalcahuello-Lonquimay; 38°26' 20”S 71°13' 46”W; 1400 m; 12.II.2018; G. Sabella & D. Mifsud. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261316–0261319); 1 ♂ and 3 ♀; Old road Malalcahuello-Lonquimay; 38°26' 10”S 71° 23' 40”W; 1500 m; 13.II.2018; G. Sabella & D. Mifsud. – MHNG; 3 ♂; Purén, Contulmo Natural Monument; 350 m; 11.XII.1984-13.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; mixed forest litter. – Región Bío Bío: Ñuble prov.: FMNH; 3 ♂; 22.7 km ESE Recinto, site 646; 1330 m; 10.XII.1982/03.I.1983; A. Newton & M. Thayer; Nothofagus forest, windows trap. – UNHC; 2 ♂; same data. – FMNH; 1 ♂; Las Trancas, 19.5 km ESE Recinto, site 647; 1250 m; 10.XII.1982/03.I.1983; A. Newton & M. Thayer; Nothofagus forest, flight intercept (windows) trap. – UHNC; 1 ♂; same data; A. Newton & M. Thayer. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261320–0261323); 4 ♀; 2 km ENE Las Trancas; 35°54' 50”S 71°27' 34”W; 1300 m; 18.II.2018; G. Sabella & D. Mifsud. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261324); 1 ♀; 10 Km ENE Las Trancas; 35°54' 26”S 71°24' 39”W; 1600 m; 19.II.2018; G. Sabella & D. Mifsud. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261325–026138); 3 ♂ and 11 ♀; Las Trancas, 36°54.8 S 71°27.7 W; 1300 m; 18.II.2018, forest litter; S. Kurbatov. – MHNG (# MHNGENTO-0261339–0261350); 2 ♂ and 10 ♀; 10 km NE Las Trancas, 36°54.4 S 71°24.7 W; 1700 m; 19.II.2018, forest litter near stream; S. Kurbatov. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261351); 1 ♂; 10 km W Termas de Chillán, station 5a; 1250 m; 12-13.XII.1990; M. Agosti & D. Burckhardt; Nothofagus forest litter. – Concepción prov.: MNSG; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀; Hualpén Park; TC-36; 10.XII.1971; T. Cekalovic. – Región Maule: Talca prov.: FMNH (FMHD #96-208); 1 ♂; Area de Protección Vilches, Piedras Tacitas area; 35° 36.53'S 71° 04.10'W; 1185 m; 17.XII.1996; A. Newton & M. Thayer 1011; Nothofagus spp., with shrubs along stream, berlese, leaf & log litter.

Description: Body 1.3-1.4 mm long, blackish with reddish elytra, antennae, legs and palpi; some specimens paler or entirely light reddish.

Male: Head as in Figs 162-165, similar to that of A. bicolor. Antennae (Figs 68, 166-167) similar to those of A. bicolor, but medial margin of pedicel less enlarged in distal half. Mesotibiae (Fig. 60) with mesal margin notched and prolonged apically as spine. Metaventrite and first abdominal sternite as in A. bicolor. Aedeagus (Fig. 54) 0.35-0.36 mm long; dorsal plate with base rounded and narrowed apical portion bilobed, with lateral margins bearing 3-4 big teeth; dorsal longitudinal struts subparallel, very short; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of apically pointed medial sclerites and a pair of shorter sclerites apically curved laterally. Parameres stout with apex ending with four spines, bearing short seta at distal third of lateral margin.

Female: Similar to male except head, antennae, mesotibiae, metaventrite, and first abdominal sternite unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from December to April, in Nothofagus dombeyi, N. pumilio, Araucaria araucana, and Valdivian forests some with bamboo, where it was found at elevations ranging from 460 m to 1700 m. Most specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter, moss, dead trunks, and plant debris, but a good number of specimens were collected by flight intercept (window) traps and some also by malaise traps.

Distribution: The species is present in Southern and Central Chile from Los Lagos (Osorno province) to Maule (Talca province) Regions, and is also found in Central Argentina in San Martin de los Andes (Neuquén province) (Fig. 202 red circles).

Comments: Achilia mifsudi sp. nov. resembles most A. bicolor specimens. The males of these two species differ in the morphology of the antennae (cf. Figs 67, 160-161 and 68, 166-167) and of the aedeagus (cf. Figs 53 and 54), in particular by the parameres ending with four spines for A. mifsudi sp. nov. instead of two for A. bicolor. Achilia mifsudi sp. nov. and A. bicolor are also very similar to A. caprae sp. nov. (see “Comments” paragraph of this last species), and the females of these three species are very similar and difficult to separate.

Holotype: SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Los Lagos: Chiloé prov.: MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261352); 1 ♂; Isla Chiloé, Vilupulli; TC-563; 23.I.1998; T. Cekalovic.

Paratypes (51 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Los Lagos: Chiloé prov.: MSNG; 5 ♂ and 6 ♀; Isla Chiloé, Vilupulli; TC-563; 23.I.1998; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261353–0261355); 1 ♂ and 2 ♀; same data. – MHNS; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data. – MNSG; 1 ♂ and 3 ♀; Chiloé Island, Estero Llicaldad; TC-608; 19.I.2000; T. Cekalovic. – MHNG (# MHNGENTO-0261356–0261358); 1 ♂ and 3 ♀, same data. – Osorno prov.: MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261359); 1 ♂; Puyehue National Park, Anticura Repucura trail; 500 m; 06.II.1985; S. & J. Peck; forest litter. – FMNH; 4 ♂ and 7 ♀; 7.7 km NE Termas de Puyehue, site 664; 200 m; 19-25.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor. – UNHC; 1 ♂ and 6 ♀; same data. – Región Los Ríos: Valdivia prov.: FMNH; 2 ♂ and 5 ♀; 4.1 km W Anticura, site 663; 270 m; 19-25.XII.1982; A. Newton & M. Thayer; valdivian rainforest, flight intercept (windows) trap. – UNHC; 1 ♂; same data.

Description: Body 1.4-1.5 mm long, dark brown with reddish elytra, antennae, legs, and maxillary palpi; some specimens paler, others light reddish, either unicolourous or with blackish head.

Male: Head as in Figs 168-171, similar to that of A. bicolor. Antennae (Figs 69, 172-173) similar to those of A. bicolor, but pedicel with pubescent medial margin rounded and more concave ventrally. Protarsi (Fig. 73) with segments slightly swollen and pubescent; mesotrochanters (Fig. 72) with posterior margin enlarged distally; mesotibiae (Fig. 61) with mesal margin prolonged apically as large long spine. Metaventrite and abdominal sternite 1 (IV) as in A. bicolor. Aedeagus (Fig. 55) 0.33-0.34 mm long; dorsal plate basally narrowed, enlarged apical portion bilobed; dorsal longitudinal struts subparallel, very short; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of 3 apically pointed sclerites. Parameres relatively long and ending with 3 spines, bearing short seta at distal quarter.

Female: Similar to male except head, antennae, mesotrochanters, mesotibiae, protarsi, metaventrite, and abdominal sternite 1 (IV) unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from December to February in forests at elevations ranging from 200 m up to 500 m. Most specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter, some specimens were collected with flight intercept (window) traps.

Distribution: The species is present in Southern Chile from Los Lagos to Los Ríos Regions (Fig. 202 blue cross).

Comments: Achilia caprae sp. nov. is very similar to A. bicolor. The males of these two species differ in the morphology of the antennae (cf. Figs 67, 160-161 and 69, 172-173), mesotibiae (cf. Fig. 59 and 61), and of the aedeagus (cf. Figs 53 and 55), in particular by the parameres ending with three spines for A. caprae instead of two for A. bicolor. Achilia caprae sp. nov. also strongly resembles A. mifsudi sp. nov., whose males possess parameres ending with four spines (see “Comments” paragraph for that species). The females of these three species are very similar and difficult to separate.

Pseudachillia dolichocephala Jeannel, 1964: 11, figs 4 (head and male antenna) and 5 (aedeagus).

Achilia andina Franz, 1996: 119 fig. 70 (aedeagus); Kurbatov, Cuccodoro & Sabella, 2021: 155 (syn. nov.).

Achilia maipoensis Franz, 1996: 119, fig. 71 (aedeagus); Kurbatov, Cuccodoro & Sabella, 2021: 155 (syn. nov.).

Pseudachillidia andina Franz, 1996: 112, fig. 57 (aedeagus); Asenjo et al., 2019: 63 (syn. nov.; new junior secondary homonym of Achilia andina Franz, 1996).

Parachillia longicornis Franz, 1996: 112, fig. 58 (aedeagus); Asenjo et al., 2019: 63 (syn. nov.).

Type material (13 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago prov.: MNHN; 1 ♂ (lectotype of Pseudachillia dolichocephala here designated); labels verbatim: “Lectotype (red label) / La Parva / 250 / Pseudachillia; dolichocephala (handwritten by Jeannel) / Pseudachillia; dolichocephala Jeannel = Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; dolichocephala (Jeannel) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.” – MNHN; 1 ♂ and 3 ♀(paralectotypes of Pseudachillia dolichocephala here designated); labels verbatim: “Paralectotype (red label) / La Parva / Achilia; dolichocephala Jeannel; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.” – NHMW; 1 ♂ (holotype of Achilia andina); labels verbatim: “Holotypus (red label) / Mina de La Dispu-; tada 3000-3400 / Anden b. Santiago; Chile, lg. Franz / Achillia; andina m. (handwritten by Franz); det. H. Franz / HOLOTYPE; Achilia; andina; Franz 1996 (red label) / Achilia; andina Franz = Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; dolichocephala Jeannel ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.” – NHMW; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀(Paratypes of Achilia andina); labels verbatim: “Mina de La Dispu-; tada 3000-3400 / Anden b. Santiago; Chile, lg. Franz / Achillia; andina m. (handwritten by Franz) PARATYPUS / Achilia; dolichocephala Jeannel; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.” – NHMW; 1 ♂ (holotype of Achilia maiopensis); labels verbatim: “Holotypus (red label) / Cajon de Maipó / Anden b. Santiago; Chile, lg. Franz / Achillia; maiopensis m. (handwritten by Franz); det. H. Franz / HOLOTYPE; Achilia; maiopensis; Franz 1996 (red label) / Achilia; maiopensis Franz = Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; dolichocephala Jeannel ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.” – NHMW; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (Paratypes of Achilia maiopensis); labels verbatim: “Cajon de Maipó / Anden b. Santiago; Chile, lg. Franz / Achillia; maiopensis m. (handwritten by Franz) PARATYPUS / Achilia; dolichocephala Jeannel; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.” – NHMW; 1 ♀ (Holotype of Pseudachillidia andina); labels verbatim: “♂/ Holotypus (red label) / Mina de La Dispu-; tada 3000-3400 / Anden b. Santiago; Chile, lg. Franz / Pseudachillidia; andina m. (handwritten by Franz) / Pseudachillidia; andina Franz = Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; dolichocephala Jeannel ♀; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.” – NHMW; 1 ♂(Holotype of Parachillia longicornis); labels verbatim: “♂ / Holotypus (red label) / Mina de La Dispu-; tada 3000-3400 / Anden b. Santiago; Chile, lg. Franz / Pseudachillia; longicornis m. (handwritten by Franz) / Parachillia; longicornis Franz = Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; dolichocephala Jeannel ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Additional material (11 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago prov.: NHMW; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀ (identified as Achilia andina); Mina de La Disputada, Anden b. Santiago; 3000-3400 m; H. Franz. – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, same data. – NHMW; 2 ♀; Cajon de Maipó, Anden b. Santiago; H. Franz.

Description: Habitus as in Fig. 174. Body 1.45-1.6 mm long, dark brown with reddish elytra, antennae, and legs; some specimens uniformly light reddish.

Male: Head as in Figs 175-178, dorsally with medial portion convex, bearing sparse big punctures; lateral portions excavated above eyes, with dorsal outer margins ending posteriorly as more or less developed tooth to each side. Antennae (Figs 66, 179-180) with scape longer than wide; pedicel longer than wide, about as long as scape, mesal margin enlarged with surface strongly cribrose; antennomeres III-VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long, wider than VIII; antennomere X much wider than long, wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, about as long as VII-X combined, bearing some tubercles. Mesotrochanters (Fig. 70) bearing series of short setae on posterior margin; mesotibiae (Fig. 62) with mesal margin enlarged on apical half and bearing tuft of long setae; metatibiae (Fig. 63) subapically enlarged and densely pubescent. Metaventrite with posterior two-thirds raised at middle, middle area shallowly concave. Aedeagus (Figs 56-58) 0.32-0.33 mm long; dorsal plate subrectangular; dorsal longitudinal struts divergent, long; copulatory pieces consisting of pair of long and large apically narrowed medial sclerites with apices mesally curved, each of these sclerites combined with distally bifid sclerite ending with 3-4 spines on each diverging branch. Parameres relatively stout, apical portion recurved anteriorly bearing large medial seta; outer lobe bearing seta at apical third.

Female: Similar to male except head, antennae, mesotrochanters, mesotibiae, metatibiae, and metaventrite unmodified.

Collecting data: Ecological information on this species can be obtained from Jeannel (1964) and Franz (1996). The typical series was collected by Castri, at an altitude of 2900 m, under stones near a stream in October 1962. Franz collected this species in the Andes at elevations between 2500 and 3400-3500 m in November of different years by sifting under dwarf shrubs near streams.

Distribution: The species is known from only high-elevation sites in the Región Metropolitana de Santiago (Fig. 202 red X).

Comments: Jeannel (1964: 11) described Pseudachillia dolichocephala from five specimens (2 males and 3 females) collected at La Parva. In the MNHN collection we located five specimens (2 males and 3 females) from “La Parva” that were identified as Pseudachillia dolichocephala by Jeannel, but were lacking type labels. We consider that there is no reason to doubt that these specimens are those used by Jeannel to describe the species. Consequently, we here designate one male corresponding perfectly to Jeannel's original description of this taxon as the lectotype of Pseudachillia dolichocephala Jeannel, 1964, and the remaining 4 specimens as paralectotypes.

Franz (1996: 119) described Achilia andina based on a male holotype and 14 paratypes (without further indications) from “Mina de la Disputada”. We located ten specimens (6 males and 4 females) in the NHMW collection identified as such by Franz which was labelled as from “Mina de la Disputada”, but only 3 of them had type labels: the holotype (male) and two paratypes (male and female). All these specimens are conspecific with Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964). We here consider Achilia andina Franz, 1996 to be a junior synonym of Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964) (syn. nov.). Franz (1996: 119) described Achilia maiopensis based on a male holotype and 4 paratypes (without further indications) from “Cajon de Maipó, environs of Embalse de Yeso, 2500 m, 17.11.1965”. We located five specimens (2 males and 3 females) in the collections of the NHMW identified as such by Franz and labelled as from “Cajon de Maipó”, but only 3 of them bear type labels: the holotype (male) and two paratypes (male and female). All of these specimens are conspecific with Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964). We here consider Achilia maiopensis Franz, 1996 to be a junior synonym of Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964) (syn. nov.). For convenience, we will deal here with Pseudachillidia andina Franz, 1996 and Parachillia longicornis Franz, 1996, although these two taxa technically belong to the “Genera described by Franz in 1996” treated later in this paper.

We have located the holotype of Pseudachillidia andina in the collections of the NHMW. This specimen appears to be a female, in contradiction to the statement of Franz that it was a male, which we could unambiguously identify as a member of Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964). We here consider Pseudachillidia andina Franz, 1996 to be a junior synonym of Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964) (syn. nov.). As Pseudachillidia andina Franz, 1996 was the type species of the monotypic genus Pseudachillidia Franz, 1996, the latter genus becomes a new junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890 (syn. nov.). Note that following these new synonymies Pseudachillidia andina Franz (1996: 112) also becomes a junior homonym of Achilia andina Franz (1996: 119). We have located also the holotype of Parachillia longicornis Franz, 1996, in the collection of the NHMW. This specimen, collected at Mina de la Disputada on 9.11.1968, appears to be a male of Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964). We here consider Parachillia longicornis Franz, 1996 to be a junior synonym of Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964) (syn. nov.). As Parachillia longicornis Franz, 1996 was the type species of the genus Parachillia Franz, 1996, the latter genus becomes a new junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890 (syn. nov.). The fate of the two other members of Parachillia Franz, 1996 – Parachillia similis Franz, 1996 and Parachillia parva Franz, 1996 – will be discussed later in the paragraph dealing with that genus in the following section titled “Genera of Chilean Brachyglutini described by Franz”.

The males of Achilia dolichocephala are easily distinguished from those of all the other species of Achilia by the peculiar morphology of their head (Figs 175-178); the shape of their antennae (Figs 67, 179-180) and of their aedeagus (Fig. 66) is also diagnostic. The females of A. dolichocephala are also easily recognizable by the morphology of their head possessing the frons distinctly prolonged anteriorly with the margins convergent to form a pointed apex.

Atacamia paludosa Franz, 1996: 111; Asenjo et al., 2019: 58.

Type species: Atacamia paludosa Franz, 1996

Atacamia paludosa Franz, 1996: 111, fig. 56 (aedeagus); Asenjo et al., 2019: 58.

Type material (3 ex.): NORTHERN CHILE: Región Coquimbo; Choapa prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Atacamia paludosa); labels verbatim: “Holotypus (red label) / Bosque de Canelo; nördlich Los Vilos Chile, lg. Franz / Atacamia; paludosa m. (handwritten by Franz) / Atacamia; paludosa Franz = Achilia temporalis Jeannel; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; temporalis Jeannel ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”; NHMW; 2 ♀ (Paratypes of Atacamia paludosa); labels verbatim: “Bosque de Canelo; nördlich Los Vilos Chile, lg. Franz / Atacamia; paludosa m. (handwritten by Franz); PARATYPUS / Achilia; temporalis Jeannel ♀; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Additional material (1 ex.): NORTHERN CHILE: Región Coquimbo; Choapa prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂; Bosque de Canelo, nördlich Los Vilos; H. Franz.

Comments: The monospecific genus Atacamia was described by Franz (1996: 111) based on four specimens (holotype and 3 paratypes) of the type species Atacamia paludosa Franz, 1996. In the Franz collection we located three specimens (one male and two females) labeled by Franz as holotype (male) and paratypes (2 females) of Atacamia paludosa, together with a male collected at the same locality as the type material, but without paratype and identification labels. It appears that these four specimens are members of Achilia temporalis Jeannel, 1962, so we here place Atacamia paludosa Franz, 1996 as a junior synonym of Achilia temporalis Jeannel, 1962 (syn. nov.). Since Atacamia paludosa Franz, 1996 is the type species of this monospecific genus, Atacamia Franz, 1996 is here placed as a junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890 (syn. nov.).

Cautinia Franz, 1996: 108; Asenjo et al., 2019: 50.

Type species: Cautinia brevicornis Franz, 1996

Comments: We have demonstrated above (see “Comments” paragraph of Achilia torticornis) that the type species of this genus (Cautinia brevicornis Franz, 1996) is a junior synonym of Achilia torticornis (Jeannel, 1962), and that Cautinia Franz, 1996 is thus a junior synonym Achilia Reitter, 1890.

Mallecoa abnormis Franz, 1996: 110; Asenjo et al., 2019: 62.

Type species: Mallecoa abnormis Franz, 1996

Mallecoa abnormis Franz, 1996: 111, figs 55a-55b (aedeagus), 55c (antenna); Asenjo et al., 2019: 62.

Type material (2 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Araucanía; Curacautín prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Mallecoa abnormis); labels verbatim: “♂/ Holotypus (red label) / Umg. Malalcahuello; S Chile, lg. Franz / Mallecoa; abnormis m. (handwritten by Franz) / Mallecoa; abnormis Franz = Achilia abnormis (Franz); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; abnormis (Franz) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”; NHMW; 1 ♂ (Paratype of Mallecoa abnormis); labels verbatim: “♂ / Paratypus / Umg. Malalcahuello; S Chile, lg. Franz / Mallecoa; abnormis m. (handwritten by Franz) / Achilia; abnormis (Franz) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Comments: The monospecific genus Mallecoa was described by Franz (1996: 110) based on three male specimens (the holotype and 2 paratypes) of the type species Mallecoa abnormis Franz, 1996.

In the Franz collection we located two specimens labeled by Franz as holotype and paratype of Mallecoa abnormis, of which very little remained apart from the aedeagi (Figs 64-65), which are quite damaged. Given the state of conservation of the two males examined, nothing particular can be said regarding the external morphology of this species. Nevertheless, from the examination of the two quite damaged aedeagi, we came to the conclusion that these specimens most likely represent an additional member of Achilia, possibly of the A. puncticeps group of species. Therefore, we consider that Mallecoa abnormis Franz, 1996 must be named Achilia abnormis (Franz, 1996) comb. nov. Mallecoa abnormis Franz, 1996 is the type species of this monospecific genus, with Mallecoa Franz, 1996 here placed as a junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890 (syn. nov.).

Distribution: The species is known only from Malalcahuello Araucanía Region (Curacautín province) (Fig. 202 squares edged in red).

Mehuinia Franz, 1996: 107; Asenjo et al., 2019: 50.

Type species: Mehuinia inexpectata Franz, 1996

Mehuinia inexpectata Franz, 1996: 108, fig. 51 (aedeagus); Asenjo et al., 2019: 50.

Type material (1 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Los Ríos: Valdivia prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Mehuinia inexpectata); labels verbatim: “Holotype (red label) / Cordillera de la; Costa b. Mehuín; S Chile, lg. Franz / Mehuinia; inexpectata m. (handwritten by Franz) / Mehuinia; inexpectata Franz = Achilia puncticeps (Reitt.); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; puncticeps (Reitt.) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”.

Comments: In the Franz collection we located the holotype and only specimen of this taxon (mentioned by Franz in the original description as being from Cordillera de Mehuín, between San José and Mehuín, Cerro Mutro, about 600 m, Bosque Valdiviano, sifting litter, 31.X.1968, leg. Franz), which he described in the Euplectini. It appears that the holotype (male) of Mehuinia inexpectata Franz, 1996 is a member of the Brachyglutini, in particular of Achilia puncticeps (Reitter, 1883) (syn. nov.). Consequently, as Mehuinia inexpectata Franz, 1996 is the type species of this monospecific genus, Mehuinia Franz, 1996 is a junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890 (syn. nov.).

Parachillia Franz, 1996: 112; Asenjo et al, 2019: 63.

Type species: Parachillia longicornis Franz, 1996

The genus Parachillia was described by Franz (1996: 112) for 3 species from Chile: P. longicornis Franz, 1996, P. similis Franz, 1996 and P. parva Franz, 1996. We have already discussed above (see “Comments” paragraph of Achilia dolichocephala) that the type species of this genus (Parachillia longicornis Franz, 1996) is a junior synonym of Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964) and, consequently, that Parachillia Franz, 1996 is a junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890.

We have also examined the types of the other two species contained in this genus, and both turned out to be also junior synonyms (see below) of members of Achilia.

Comments: We have already discussed (see “Comments” paragraph of Achilia dolichocephala) why Parachillia longicornis Franz, 1996 is a junior synonym of Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964).

Parachillia similis Franz, 1996: 113, fig. 59 (aedeagus).

Type material (2 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Bío Bío; Concepción prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Parachillia similis); labels verbatim: “♂ / Holotypus (red label) / Pinares; 10.10.91 / prov. Concepción; Chile lg. Cec. / Pseudoachillia; similis m. (handwritten by Franz) / Parachillia; similis Franz = Achilia simulans (Reitter); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; simulans ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”; NHMW; 1 ♂ (Paratype of Parachillia similis); labels verbatim: “Pinares; 10.10.91; Concepción / Pseudoachillia; similis m. (handwritten by Franz) PARATYPUS / Achilia; bifossifrons (Reitt.) ♂; Sab., Cucc. & Kurb. 2016 det.”.

Comments: In the Franz collection we located the male holotype of Parachillia similis Franz, 1996, which is a member of Achilia simulans (Reitter, 1885) (syn. nov.), a species treated in Sabella et al. (2024: 170). We also found a second male labeled by Franz as a paratype of Parachillia similis although not mentioned in the original description, which is a member of Achilia bifossifrons (Reitter, 1883), a species treated in Sabella et al. (2017: 127).

Parachillia parva Franz, 1996: 113, fig. 60 (aedeagus).

Type material (2 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Los Ríos; Chiloé prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Parachillia parva); labels verbatim: “♂ / Holotypus (red label) / Isla Chiloé; Coinco 8.2.93 / Achillia; parva m. (handwritten by Franz) / Parachillia; parva Franz = Achilia bifossifrons (Reitter); Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; bifossifrons ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.” – NHMW; 1 ♀(Paratype of Parachillia parva); labels verbatim: “Isla Chiloé; Coinco 8.2.93 / Achillia; parva m. (handwritten by Franz) PARATYPUS / Achilia; bifossifrons ♀; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”

Additional material (1 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Los Ríos; Chiloé prov.: NHMW; 1 ♀; Isla Chiloé, Coinco; 08.II.93.

Comments: In the Franz collection we located two specimens (holotype male and paratype female) of Parachillia parva Franz, 1996. It appears that these two specimens are members of Achilia bifossifrons (Reitter, 1885) (syn. nov.), a species treated in Sabella et al. (2017: 127). There is also an additional female identified by Franz as Parachillia parva that is not labeled as paratype, which also belongs to Achilia bifossifrons.

Paractium mochae Franz, 1996: 91, fig. 18 (aedeagus).

Type material (2 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Bío Bío: Arauco prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Paractium mochae); labels verbatim: “Holotype (red label) / Isla Mocha; lg. Cekal. Chile / Paractium; mochae m. (handwritten by Franz) / Paractium; mochae Franz = Achilia elfridae Raffray; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det. / Achilia; elfridae Raffray ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”; NHMW; 1 ♀ (Paratype of Paractium mochae); labels verbatim: “Isla Mocha; Chile lg. Cekal. / Paractium; mochae m. (handwritten by Franz); PARATYPUS / Achilia; excisa (Schaufuss) ♀; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”

Comments: In the Franz collection we located the holotype and the paratype of this species (mentioned by Franz in the original description as being collected at “Insel Mocha, Hacienda La Rinconada, 40 m, 19.I.1995, leg. Cekalovic”), which he described in the Euplectini. It appears that the two type specimens (1 male and 1 female) belong to two different species of Brachyglutini: the holotype (male) of Paractium mochae Franz, 1996 is a member of Achilia elfridae Raffray, 1904 (syn. nov.), while the paratype (female) belongs to Achilia excisa (Schaufuss, 1880).

Pseudachillidia andina Franz, 1996: 112; Asenjo et al., 2019: 63.

Type species: Pseudachillidia andina Franz, 1996

Comments: We have already discussed above (see “Comments” paragraph of Achilia dolichocephala) that the type species of this genus (Pseudachillidia andina Franz, 1996) is a junior synonym of Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964), and that Pseudachillidia Franz, 1996 is thus a junior synonym of Achilia Reitter, 1890. Also, Pseudachillidia andina Franz, 1996 is a junior homonym of Achilia andina Franz, 1996, with the latter species being also a synonym of Achilia dolichocephala (Jeannel, 1964).

Type species: Estamentula stultissima sp. nov. Gender: feminine.

Description: Habitus as in Figs 181-182. Head with pair of small vertexal foveae; ventrally with distinct medial elevation delimited by pair of longitudinal sutures, and with pair of partially reduced infraocular carinae. Labrum (Fig. 80) with anterior margin uniformly rounded; left mandible (Figs 78-79) with only one long medial macroseta on outer margin; maxillary palpi (Fig. 77) with palpomere 4 barely wider than palpomere 3. Antennae elongate; antennomeres 1-7 longer than wide. Pronotum with very small median antebasal fovea and pair of lateral antebasal foveae; lacking any sulci or carinae; lacking row of contiguous basal impressions. Elytra without any foveae and striae, humeri not protruding. Abdominal tergites 1-4 (IV-VII) approximately equal in length; tergite 1 (IV) with pair of basolateral foveae, lacking mediobasal foveae and discal striae. Prosternum with pair of small anteroprosternal foveae. Mesometaventrite (Fig. 76) with only pair of lateral mesoventral foveae; lateral transverse sutures between meso- and metaventrites lacking. Abdominal sternites 2-5 (IV-VII) more or less equal in length; sternite 2 (IV) with only pair of basolateral foveae. Development of male sexual characters of prolegs different between species; within type species variable and possibly correlating with development of eyes. Males also have exposed abdominal sternite 7 (IX) split into three sclerites, with medial one (penial plate) large and rather oval (Fig. 82). Aedeagus symmetrical; basal bulb with characteristic inverted T-shaped sclerotized structure; internal sac without any sclerites. Parameres well-developed, setiferous at apex.

Comments: Among the genera of the Chilean fauna of Brachyglutini, Estamentula gen. nov. stands apart in many aspects. First of all, abdominal tergites 1-4 (IV-VII) and sternites 2-5 (IV-VII) are all of similar lengths. Besides, males have abdominal sternite 7 (IX) exposed and split into three parts (as, for example, representatives of Rybaxis Saulcy, 1876 and Batraxis Reitter, 1882; see Chandler, 2001: p. 36 & Kurbatov, 2024: pp. 330, 333). According to our collegue and the specialist on Neotropical Pselaphinae, Don Chandler, this new genus most closely resembles members of the genera Xybarida Raffray, 1897 and Globa Raffray, 1887. We could examine three species of the genus Xybarida, including the type species X. clavata Raffray, 1897 (disarticulated), and three species of the genus Globa (one of them dismembered), from which the new genus differs quite significantly, namely:

1. Head ventrally with infraocular carinae, which are simple, not bifurcate, strongly reduced and visible only on anterior third of head in Estamentula, while in Xybarida and Globa these carinae are bifurcate and well-expressed along entire length of head.

2. Antennae elongate, with antennomeres 3-7 longer than wide in Estamentula, while in Xybarida and Globa they are not longer than wide.

3. Labrum with anterior margin uniformly rounded in Estamentula,whileinXybaridaandGlobathismargin is slightly concave with denticle-like anterolateral angles.

4. Mesometaventrite with only one pair of lateral mesoventral foveae in Estamentula, while members of Xybarida and Globa also possess a median mesoventral fovea, a pair of mesocoxal foveae, and a pair of metaventral foveae expressed in varying degrees.

5. Abdominal tergite 1 (IV) about as long as 2 (V) in Estamentula, instead of tergite 1 about two times longer than 2 in Xybarida and Globa.

6. Abdominal sternite 2 (IV) about as long as 3 (V) in Estamentula, instead of sternite 2 about two times longer than 3 in Xybarida and Globa.

7. Male abdominal sternite 7 (IX) exposed, with two visible lateral sclerites in Estamentula, in contrast these are not exposed in Xybarida and Globa.

In addition, Estamentula differs from Xybarida by the lack of a pair of curved longitudinal carinae on the prosternum, which are present in Xybarida and located anterolaterally from the procoxal cavities.

In addition to the type species, Estamentula also includes Leptachillia coquimboensis Franz, 1996, which was described in Leptachillia, now a junior synonym of Achilia; it corresponds fully with our concept of Estamentula, where it is here transferred and becomes Estamentula coquimboensis (Franz, 1996) (comb. nov.).

Holotype: CENTRAL CHILE: FMNH (FMHD# 96-214); Región Maule: Talca prov.: (FMHD #2002-032); 1 ♂ (macrophthalmic); R. N. Altos del Lircay, Sendero Laguna del Alto; 35° 36.62'S 71° 03.92'W; 1240 m; 03-26.XII.2002; Nothofagus dombeyi & antarctica forest, dense understory, flight intercept trap; A. Newton, M. Thayer & M. J. Clarke 1052.

Paratypes (32 ex., 19 microphthalmic and 13 macrophthalmic): SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL CHILE: Región Bío Bío: Concepción prov.: MSNG; 1 ♂ (microphthalmic); Lagunillas; TC-206; 10.IV.1988; T. Cekalovic. – MSNG; 1 ♂ (microphthalmic); Escuadron; TC-204; 02.IV.1988; T. Cekalovic; ex Peumus boldus. – Ñuble prov.: MSNG; 10 ♂(microphthalmic); Los Lleuques; TC-299; 07.XII.1991; T. Cekalovic. – Región Maule: Talca prov.: (FMHD #2002-032); 7 ♂ and 3 ♀ (macrophthalmic) R. N. Altos del Lircay, Sendero Laguna del Alto; 35° 36.62'S 71° 03.92'W; 1240 m; 03-26.XII.2002; Nothofagus dombeyi & antarctica forest, dense understory, flight intercept trap; A. Newton, M. Thayer & M. J. Clarke 1052. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261360–0261362); 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ (macrophthalmic); same data. – FMNH (FMHD# 96-213); 4 ♂ (microphthalmic); Area de Protectíon Vilches, above Quebrada Piedra del Plato; 35° 36.46'S 71° 04.34'W; 1180 m; 18.XII.1996; Nothofagus spp., & other forest, Chusquea understory, berlese, wet old flood debris at stream edge; A. Newton & M. Thayer 972. – MHNG (# MHNG-ENTO-0261363); 1 ♂ (microphthalmic); same data. – FMNH (FMHD #96-208); 1 ♂ (microphthalmic); Area de Protección Vilches, Piedras Tacitas area; 35° 36.53'S 71° 04.10'W; 1185 m; 17.XII.1996; A. Newton & M. Thayer 101; Nothofagus spp. with shrubs along stream, berlese, leaf & log litter.

Description: Habitus as in Figs 181 (male macrophthalmic) and 182 (male microphthalmic). Body 1.2-1.3 mm long (microphthalmic form) / 1.35-1.4 mm long (macrophthalmic form). Head in microphthalmic form (Figs 183-186) about as wide as long with very small eyes (1-4 ommatidia); in macrophthalmic form (Figs 189-192) wider than long with well-developed eyes (10-12 ommatidia). Antennae (Figs 187-188 and 193-194) similar in both forms (macro- and microphthalmic), slightly thinner in female; scape and pedicel longer than wide, similar in length; antennomere III longer than wide, slightly narrowed at base; antennomeres IV and V slightly longer than wide; antennomeres VI-VII about as long as wide; antennomere VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long, wider than VIII; antennomere X much wider than long, wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, longer than VII-X combined, bearing some tubercles. Microphthalmic form with all femora distinctly swollen at middle.

Male: Legs usually unmodified; some specimens with posterior margin of protrochanters (Fig. 81) prolonged as rounded process, and medial margin of protibiae (Fig. 83) prolonged as short process that is apically truncate in distal third. Aedeagus (Fig. 74) 0.25-0.27 mm long (microphthalmic males), 0.21-0.24 mm long (macrophthalmic males), but identical in morphology; dorsal plate subrectangular, elongate, slightly narrowed apically; internal sac lacking sclerites. Parameres strongly narrowed and slightly recurved apically, distal third bearing two large dorsal and one ventral seta. Female: Very similar to male except gular region less convex, antennae with thinner segments, and last abdominal sternite unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from December to April in forests of Nothofagus dombeyi & antarctica or Peumus boldus, also with Chusquea spp. at elevations ranging from 1180 m up to 1240 m. The specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter, and also from flight intercept (window) traps.

Distribution: The species is known only from Bío Bío (Concepción and Ñuble provinces) and Maule (Talca province) Regions (Fig. 202 blue triangles).

Comments: Estamentula stultissima sp. nov. shows considerable intraspecific variability. First of all, there are microphthalmic (1-4 ommatidia) and macrophthalmic specimens (10-12 ommatidia), that have never been collected together at the same locality. Furthermore, the microphthalmic form is smaller (1.2-1.3 mm) than the macrophthalmic form (1.4-1.45 mm). The microphthalmic form has longer legs with the femora swollen at the middle. Even the aedeagus, identical in both forms from a morphological point of view (see Fig. 74), is significantly longer in the microphthalmic males (0.25-0.27 mm) than in the macrophthalmic forms (0.21-0.24 mm). Finally, two microphthalmic males collected in the province of Concepción have modified protrochanters (Fig. 81) and protibiae (Fig. 83), while in the other males they are simple (unmodified). Despite this significant variability, the morphology of the aedeagus in all the specimens examined is identical to that shown in Fig. 74. For this reason, we prefer to consider E. stultissima as a single species characterized by high intraspecific variability, rather than describing two new taxa possessing indiscriminant genitalia.

E. stultissima sp. nov. is similar to E. coquimboensis, and their main diagnostic features are discussed in the “Comments” paragraph of E. coquimboensis.

Leptachillia coquimboensis Franz, 1996: 123, fig. 75 (aedeagus).

Type material (5 ex.): CENTRAL CHILE: Región Coquimbo; Choapa prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂ (Holotype of Leptachillia coquimboensis); labels verbatim: “/ Holotypus (red label) / red label without any writing / Quebrada La Palma; Prov. Coquimbo; Chile, lg. H. Franz / Hacienda de La Palma; sudliech. Ovalle, Chile; lg. H. Franz 1963 Leptachillia coquimboensis m. (handwritten by Franz) / Estamentula; coquimboensis (Franz) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.” – NHMW; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀ (Paratypes of Leptachillia coquimboensis); Paratype (red label) / Quebrada La Palma; Prov. Coquimbo; Chile, lg. H. Franz / Estamentula; coquimboensis (Franz) ♂; Sabella, Cuccodoro & Kurbatov 2023 det.”

Description: Habitus as in Fig. 195. Body 1.45-1.6 mm long. Head (Figs. 196-199) wider than long; eyes small (2-6 ommatidia). Antennae (Figs 200-201) similar in both sexes; scape and pedicel longer than wide, similar in length; antennomere III longer than wide, slightly narrowed at base; antennomeres IV and V longer than wide; antennomeres VI-VII about as long as wide; antennomere VIII slightly wider than long; antennomere IX wider than long, wider than VIII; antennomere X much wider than long, wider than IX; antennomere XI longer than wide, longer than VII-X combined, bearing some tubercles. Femora slightly swollen at middle (more in male than in female).

Male: Protibiae (Fig. 84) with medial margin indented in distal half. Aedeagus (Fig. 75) 0.35-0.37 mm long; dorsal plate subrectangular, elongate, apically enlarged and ending with many spines; internal sac lacking sclerites. Parameres strongly recurved apically, forming stout spiniform process that is recurved laterally, distal third bearing two large dorsal and one ventral setae.

Female: Very similar to male except gular region not convex, antennae with thinner segments, and last abdominal sternite unmodified.

Collecting data: According to Franz (1962: 447) the only known specimens was collected in a sclerophyll forest by sifting leaf litter on 20.IX.1965.

Distribution: The species is known only from Quebrada La Palma (Coquimbo Region, Choapa province) (Fig. 202 blue triangle inverted).

Comments: E. coquimboensis differs from E. stultissima by its larger body size (1.2-1.4 mm long for E. stultissima instead of 1.45-1.6 mm long for E. coquimboensis), the lateral margins of the head are less convergent anteriorly (cf. Figs 183-186, 189-192 and 196-199), antennomeres IV-V are distinctly longer than wide (slightly longer than wide for E. stultissima), and by the morphology of the aedeagus (cf. Figs 74 and 75).