Corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong and Wolcott), can negatively impact production of maize (Zea mays L.) through direct damage while feeding and possible transmission of three plant pathogens. We present evidence of reemergence of D. maidis on maize in South Texas during the summer of 2016. Insect specimens resembling the exotic and invasive pest were collected in surveys at an experimental plot and a commercial field of maize in South Texas. Morphological and molecular taxonomy were used to validate identity of the species.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most representative crop of Mexico, mainly because of its social, cultural, and economic importance. The objective of this research was to identify genotypes with natural resistance to damage by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and their relationship with ear rot caused by Fusarium spp. Link (Nectriaceae). Samples were collected from September to November 2019 from hybrids and native maize in nine plots in Puebla and Morelos states. Ear rot pathogens and Lepidoptera found in plots were morphologically identified; ear rot incidence, severity, and damage caused by the pests were evaluated. Data of ear rot, leaf damage, and ear damage were adjusted by arcsine square root and analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means were compared by a Tukey multiple range test (p = 0.05). Fusarium spp. was found with 15.04 to 32.01% severity; damage by fall armyworm and corn earworm ranged from 23.63 to 46.96%, with galleries as long as 4.77 cm. The amount of ear rot was proportional to damage by Lepidoptera, demonstrating relationship between injury by these insects and ear rot severity caused by Fusarium spp. in hybrids and native cultivars in different areas, cultural practices, and production systems. Genotypes more resistant to damage by pests were Black Native from San Miguel, Teotlalco, Puebla; Pioneer 30F35 from Contla, Puebla; Pioneer P4028W from Tetelilla, Morelos; and Pioneer P4028W from Tepalcingo, Morelos.

Small grains are widely grown as a cool-season forage crop for beef cattle and dairy industries in Texas. Small grains such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for grazing are typically planted early in the fall and hence are more vulnerable to infestation by Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). Although delaying planting until cooler weather can reduce pressure, Texas does not have a “fly free” date like many northern states. However, other small grains such as barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) might be less prone to damage by Hessian fly. An experiment in a controlled environment was used to determine resistance of winter barley, hard red winter wheat, and hard red spring wheat lines to Hessian fly and compare infestations among species. Infested tillers of winter wheat were collected and put with barley and wheat lines at Feekes growth stage 1.1 in a growth chamber. Approximately 2 weeks later, plants were dissected and numbers of Hessian fly larvae and pupae were counted. Hessian fly infestations significantly greater than zero using Fisher's LSD (P < 0.1) were considered susceptible while those not significantly different were resistant. Results showed that 42 of 136 (30.9%) winter barley, 31 of 40 (77.5%) winter wheat, and eight of 24 (33.3%) spring wheat genotypes were susceptible to the biotype of Hessian fly. The average numbers of Hessian flies per tiller were 2.2, 4.8, and 7.6 for barley, spring wheat, and winter wheat lines, respectively. Barley was a less preferred host than wheat and might be better suited in areas with abundant Hessian flies.

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most widely grown crop in Oklahoma and typically is planted in autumn and harvested in June. Wheat in Oklahoma is often infested by insect pests, the most important of which are the cereal aphids – greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). We sampled a total of 69 wheat fields in central Oklahoma during five wheat-growing seasons. The number of wheat fields sampled ranged from seven in the 2016-2017 growing season to 24 fields in the 2009-2010 growing season. We used a D-vac suction sampler to collect aphids and their natural enemies in wheat fields in early November and again in the middle of March. During the five wheat-growing seasons, adult Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) and Aphelinus nigritus (Howard) were the most consistent and abundant parasitoids, with L. testaceipes present in each of the five growing seasons. The mean number of adult L. testaceipes per D-vac sample ranged from 1.38 in 2018-2019 to 64.3 adults per sample in the 2008-2009 growing season. Aphelinus nigritus was present in four of the five growing seasons and ranged from 0.86 to 7.82 adults per sample among the four growing seasons. Among arthropod predators, larval coccinellids were found in each growing season and ranged from 2.23 to 15.38 individuals per sample. Spiders were present in the five growing seasons and ranged from 1.63 to 19.0 per sample. Several other predator taxa in samples included Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Nabidae, and Syrphidae. Abundance of most species increased from November to March. Abundance of most natural enemy species (or taxa) was positively correlated to aphid abundance, suggesting natural enemies had an aggregative and/or reproductive numerical response to aphid populations.

Use of biorational insecticides reduces environmental and health damage caused by conventional insecticides. The leafhopper, Empoasca papayae Oman (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is one of the most important pests of papaya (Carica papaya L., Brassicales: Caricaceae), because the insect is a vector of phytoplasmas and rickettsia causing irreversible economic damage. The research aimed to determine the biological effectiveness of biorational products: calcium hydroxide, diatomaceous earth, potassium soap, prepared calcium sulfide broth (calcium hydroxide, wettable sulfur, and water at 1:2:10), Terramax, Terra-oil, Terrax CE, imidacloprid as a positive check, and an absolute check without insecticide, on adult leafhoppers in a laboratory. Each treatment had five replications, randomly placed in a humidity chamber. Terramax and Terrax CE killed more pests, 82.98 and 87.23% at 24 hours, followed by increase to 95.65 and 93.48% at 48 hours, respectively. Terraoil, Quimex 95, and Prevents killed 78.26, 76.09, and 74.64%, respectively, 48 hours after application. Diatomix and calcium sulfide killed only 56.52 and 54.34%, respectively. Terramax, Terrax CE, Terraoil, Quimex 95, and Prevents biorational products can be alternatives to control the leafhopper in papaya.

Pathogenicity and virulence of three strains of entomopathogenic fungi, Isaria javanica (CHE-CNRCB 307), Metarhizium anisopliae (CHE-CNRCB 224), and Beauveria bassiana (CHE-CNRCB 168), and a check of 1 ml of sterile 0.03% Tween® 80 were evaluated on adult spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). Lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) of entomopathogenic fungi was determined at five concentrations (1 × 10⁴, 1 × 10⁵, 1 × 10⁶, 1 × 10⁷, and 1 × 10⁸ conidia per ml^-1) and the lethal time (LT⁵⁰) at a dose of 1 × 10⁸ conidia per ml. The evaluated strains had different amounts of pathogenicity and virulence on adult D. suzukii. The I. javanica (CHE-CNRCB 307) strain had the largest significant differences with LC₅₀ of 1.6 × 10⁴ adult conidia per ml and LT₅₀ of 4,579 days. The M. anisopliae (CHE-CNRCB 224) and B. bassiana (CHE-CNRCB 168) strains were not significantly different compared to each other, with LC₅₀ of 3.1 × 10⁵ and 1.4 × 10⁶ adult conidia per ml and LT₅₀ of 18.16 and 15.3 days, respectively. Results provide information about entomopathogenic fungi and support for using it to control D. suzukii.

Rigorous experimentation in a laboratory is essential to develop a method to control a pest. Therefore, obtaining a simple and inexpensive method for breeding pest organisms is a fundamental task. Drosophila suzukii (Masumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a pest of agricultural importance in much of the world, because it causes great economic loss in fruits of various cultivated plants. The objective of this work was to optimize a rearing method based on banana (Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae) in semi-synthetic diet for D. suzukii, estimate biological parameters, length of development time and mortality, and population parameters in laboratory conditions. To verify effectiveness of the diet, a bioassay was used to estimate parameters of a life table for D. suzukii. Biological parameters from the bioassay and the intrinsic growth rate value (0.09183) indicated the banana-based diet can support and increase abundance of D. suzukii through generations.

The southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), uses a needle-like stylet bundle to feed on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) bolls and other high-value crops, occasionally introducing disease-causing pathogens to developing fruit. Ongoing efforts to better understand the role of stink bug stylets in potential transmission of pathogens yielded the first evidence of a rotational aspect to the stylet bundle of the southern green stink bug. Our objective was to provide the first imagery and descriptions of observed rotation of the southern green stink bug stylet bundle. From the point of origin, a counterclockwise rotation occurs along the length of the stylet bundle in the southern green stink bug. A 90° counterclockwise rotation was observed within a span of approximately 195 µm of the stylet bundle in the insect head as the stylet bundle entered the labrum, and the rotation continued into the distal labial segments. Distally, the interlinkage between the maxillary and mandibular stylets was reduced, enabling the maxillary stylets to operate independently and possess their own rotation aspect. This report confirms and describes stylet bundle rotation in the southern green stink bug. We also added to the knowledge base by describing the degree of rotation and existence of a separate rotation aspect to the maxillary stylets distally. Additional work might be needed to determine the degree of rotation in other phytophagous stink bugs and to correlate the likelihood of pathogen transmission based on stylet bundle rotation potentially affecting feeding behavior.

Commerce of live ants has increased around the world with potential negative consequences. Field-collected colonies are shipped in small plastic or glass containers, and ant colonies moved illegally need to be confiscated and killed by regulatory authorities. We obtained 100% mortality of field-collected worker ants of seven genera immersed in 70% isopropyl alcohol for 60 minutes, in 10% sodium hypochlorite (Clorox) solution for 8 hours or placing them at -11 to -28°C for 8 hours in the freezer of a refrigerator. Exposing worker ants to 20 seconds under microwave energy killed 100% in only six of the seven ant genera. Seventy-five percent of Solenopsis invicta Buren workers survived microwave treatment.

Nineteen parasitoids of Cydia caryana (Fitch) were found in six pecan-growing areas of Coahuila State (Saltillo, Monclova, General Cepeda, Parras de la Fuente, Muzquiz, and Torreon). Calliephialtes grapholithae (Cresson, 1890), Phanerotoma fasciata (Provancher, 1881), Hyssopus spp. (Linnacus, 1753), and Apanteles epinotiae (Forester, 1962) were most common. Calliephialtes grapholithae parasitized 26.46% of shuckworm larvae at Saltillo and 7.04% at Parras, while P. faciata parasitized 10.05% of larvae at Saltillo and 30.99% at Parras. Parras de la Fuente was the pecan-growing area with most parasitism (53.52%), followed by Saltillo (46.93%), General Cepeda (41.38%), Monclova (24.0%), Muzquiz (17.24%), and Torreon (5.52%).

The genetic relationships of the clouded sulphurs, Colias Fabricius complex of South America, assessed through a study of the COI mitochondrial part of the DNA genome (‘barcoding’) are reported. Barcoding tests used the Barcoding of Life Database platform over a set comprised of 181 specimens of South-American Colias and four outgroup specimens of two geographically closest Neotropical Colias (C. philodice guatemalena Röber and C. eurytheme eurytheme Boisduval inhabiting southern North America). According to the data obtained, all South-American clouded sulphurs constitute a natural concise group (monophyletic clade), characterized by large interspecific and moderate intraspecific mutational divergences in the mitochondrial part of the genome and peculiar structure of the haplotypes/haplogroups. This clade is largely, and with high bootstrap support, detached from the clade of ‘true’ Colias occurring in Eurasia, North America, and Africa, that stems from a joint analysis over the sequences received for the two groups of Colias butterflies. Hence, the clade encompassing all species of South-American clouded sulphurs requires designating a separate genus, Scalidoneura stat. nov. (gen. rest. per historical priority), which is sister to the clade encompassing all Colias species occurring in the rest of the world, for which the genus name Colias is used. Furthermore, among South-American clouded sulphurs (Scalidoneura) are three phenotypically distinctive species – S. dimera Doubleday and Hewitson, S. vauthierii Guérin-Méneville, and S. alticola Godman and Salvin (with the latter, ex-subspecies of C. euxanthe Felder and Felder, being re-raised to full-species rank: stat. nov., viz. sp. rest.) – which are very divergent genetically. On the contrary, the rest of four South-American Scalidoneura species (quite different in habitus, too) – S. euxanthe, S. lesbia Fabricius, S. misti Kir’yanov, and S. flaveola Blanchard – are almost indistinguishable in their DNA barcodes. In addition, for peculiar species S. alticola, separate on the phylogenetic trees among other South-American clouded sulphurs, it is worthwhile to erect Altocolias subgen. nov. within the genus Scalidoneura. The new systematic approach used in the present study, which is basically grounded on DNA barcoding and revisiting the subgenera concept for worldwide clouded sulphurs, deletes internal inconsistencies and controversies that hindered previous attempts to propose a stable system for this peculiar block of pierid butterflies.

The Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) mosquito is the most important vector transmitting dengue virus and other pathogens in Latin America. There are several control programs, many of which are ineffective, and therefore, new control alternatives need to be developed. Small interference RNAs (dsiRNA) are mediators of the interference of gene expression. Silencing RNA is a very conserved mechanism in nature in which small double-stranded siRNA (dsiRNA) regulates gene translation. The aim of this study was to use antisense RNA (dsiRNA and siRNA) by oral administration in stage-I mosquito larvae and evaluate the effect of inhibition of the translation of exon 5 of gene DSX. The exon is removed specifically in males (alternative splicing in exon 5 encodes a protein version of females in dipteran species). The dsiRNA molecule had greater impact on individuals treated, obtaining 25.45% of emerged females, in contrast to the siRNA molecule that had 35.80%, compared with the check in which the emergence ratio was 1:1. This might have been due to the chemical structure of the molecule, because dsiRNA is folded on itself, providing greater stability, compared to single-chain siRNA. Silencing with iRNA of exon 5 in the DSX gene produced changes in sexual differentiation of Ae. aegypti, which could lead to a new mosquito control strategy.

Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia (Starcovici, 1893). Canine babesiosis cases occurring worldwide are associated mainly with Babesia gibsoni (Patton, 1910) and Babesia canis (Piana and Galli-Valerio, 1895), the latter reclassified into three sub-species: B. canis canis (Piana and Galli-Valerio, 1895), B. canis rossi (Nuttall, 1910), and B. canis vogeli (Reichenow, 1937). A 7-month-old male, Siberian husky dog, Canis familiaris (Linnaeus, 1758) infested with ticks was taken to a veterinary clinic at Colima, Mexico. Symptoms at clinical examination of the dog included: weakness, pale mucous membranes, decreased capillary filling time (≥4 seconds), fever (39.8°C), left abdominal distension, and pain. Radiographic images showed moderate splenomegaly. Hematological study revealed reduction in packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte count, platelet count, and leukocyte count. Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears showed pyriform-shaped bodies inside erythrocytes, compatible with a large Babesia spp. Molecular analysis indicated a Babesia spp. in the blood. The study describes the first case reported at Colima, Mexico, where B. canis vogeli infection was confirmed in a dog.

While scorpion fauna of the Baja California Peninsula is well known for diversity, the biology of individual species has been less studied. The objective of the study was to assess abundance of scorpions of the coastal dunes at Laguna Manuela, Baja California, Mexico. In total, 182 scorpions were marked during 4 nights of sampling. Vejovoidus longiunguis (Williams, 1969), a purported dune specialist, was in extraordinarily large numbers relative to Centruroides exilicauda (Wood, 1863), a widespread habitat generalist species. The results contrasted with previous studies of V. longiunguis in different areas of its range.

Fourteen subfamilies, 32 tribes, 55 genera, and 92 species of Curculionidae were determined at Coahuila, México. Oprhyastes geminatus Horn and Cophes oblongus LeConte are new records for México, and Pagiocerus frontalis Fabricius and Epicaerus cognatus Sharp are the first records for Coahuila. Epicaerus cognatus Sharp, an endemic species of Mexico, is a pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops in Hidalgo, Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz. We determined to be pests or of economic importance: Cactophagus spinolae Gyllenhal (Opuntia Mill), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (stored grain), Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (stored grain), Sitophilus granarius L. (stored grain), Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllehnal (Agave L.), Caulophilus oryzae (Gyllenhal) (avocado seed (Persea Mill)), Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Gossypium hirsutum L.), Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Capsicum L.), Amphidees latifrons Sharp (Malus domestica Borkh), Anametis granulatus Say (Malus domestica Borkh), Epicaerus aurifer Boheman (Medicago sativa L.), Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Medicago sativa L.), Pityophthorus sp. Eichhoff (Pinus L.), Conophthorus cembroides Wood (Pinus L.), Pagiocerus frontalis Fabricius (Zea mays L. and Persea Mill seed), and Euplatypus segnis Chapuis (Carya illinoensis (Koch) and Persea Mill).

Acanthoderes (Pardalisia) funeraria Bates, 1861 was reported for the first time in the State of Durango, at the municipalities of Durango, Mezquital, and Vicente Guerrero. The species was reported in 19 of the 32 states of Mexico (59% of the national territory). Agave durangensis Gentry and A. parryi Engelm were reported as new hosts.

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an important pest of wild and cultivated blueberries, Vaccinium spp. (Ericales: Ericaceae), and causes great loss at infested farms. This is the first report of the occurrence of the pest at a plantation in Mexico. Suspicious larvae and adults were collected from flower and vegetative buds of 12,625 (11.2% of the total) infested blueberry plants, Vaccinium corymbosum L. Specimens were identified based on DNA similarity to known sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene and on traditional morphometric analysis of the species. Interestingly, DNA sequence similarity varied depending upon the origin of known sequences: 98.88-99.84% similarity with D. oxycoccana from V. corymbosum in Canada, Japan, and United Kingdom, <91.04% with specimens from Vaccinium macrocarpon from Canada, and <85.85% with other Dasineura species. In conclusion, both (morphometric and molecular) approaches agreed that all analyzed specimens were D. oxycoccana. Once identified, complete control of the pest was achieved 4 weeks after proper measures were initiated.

Bradysia sp. Frey, 1948 (Diptera: Sciaridae) damages mostly ornamentals, vegetables, and Agave spp. in greenhouses and nurseries. In Mexico, study has been infrequent, and only the identity of species of fungus gnats associated with crops of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) and forest nurseries has been reported. To contribute to knowledge of the species, an experiment was done at 24.7 ± 1.4°C, 53.9 ± 3.2% relative humidity, and photoperiod of 18:6 light:dark hours in a laboratory to determine the length of the biological cycle of the fungus gnat. The life cycle from egg to adult emergence was 25 ± 2.65 days. Eggs hatched 3.63 ± 0.5 days after oviposition. The larval stage lasted 17.19 ± 3.02 days, while the pupal stage was 2.19 ± 0.4 days. The adult stage was 2 days. This is the first report of the biology of the fungus gnat associated with lilies (Lilium L.) and its presence in the State of Oaxaca.

Para evaluar el método de infestación apropiado para la producción de grana cochinilla, Dactylopius coccus Costa, en Puebla se probó el método de infestación con hoja de maíz, el cual se comparó con tres métodos ya documentados: tenate, bolsa de tul, y gravedad, en traspatio usando cladodios de Opuntia ficus-indica (L) Mill. El mayor peso seco de D. coccus por cladodio (2.01 g) fue el uso de hoja de maíz, seguido de tenate. En la clasificación de segunda calidad de grana cochinilla el porcentaje de ácido carmínico del método de bolsa de tul fue el mejor seguido del método de tenate. El método de hoja de maíz se puede considerar una nueva opción para los productores de grana cochinilla.

La grana cochinilla, Dactylopius coccus Costa, es un insecto de gran importancia industrial para la extracción del colorante rojo ácido carmínico. Se examinó el efecto posterior a la cópula sobre el peso y el tamaño corporales, empleando hembras copuladas y hembras vírgenes de tres meses de edad post infestación. Aunque la cópula aumentó significativamente el peso y el ancho en las hembras copuladas, las diferencias entre ambas variables fueron tan pequeñas, que a simple vista fue imposible diferenciar una hembra copulada de una hembra virgen debido a su semejanza en tamaño. Bajo las condiciones experimentales empleadas en este trabajo, la ausencia de cópula en D. coccus no impidió que una hembra virgen, alcanzara un peso y tamaño equivalentes al de una hembra copulada de la misma edad, resultados que contrastan con la idea generalizada de que las hembras de esta especie necesitan copular para aumentar su tamaño corporal. Las equivalencias entre las variables de ambos grupos experimentales de hembras, pudieron ser en parte consecuencia de la compensación entre el grado de la madurez de los ovarios y la cantidad de cuerpo graso presente, lo que implica una disminución en la cantidad de ácido carmínico que, cuando hay fecundación, se acumula en los huevos y repercute en la calidad de la grana cochinilla.

Infestaciones de Silba adipata McAlpine en México en los últimos 2 años ha ocasionado daños al comercio y exportación de higo (Ficus carica L.). Su estatus de plaga en erradicación ha despertado interés para generar un programa eficiente de monitoreo y control. Se evaluaron tres localidades, San Juan Ahuehueyo, Tepalcingo, y Amilpas de Zacualpan en Morelos donde se registró el número de moscas/trampas/día (MTD), y la proporción de sexos comparando siete atrayentes y un testigo. Resultandos indicaron que Tepalcingo y Amilpas de Zacualpan son las localidades más infestadas por S. adipata. Las mayores capturas fueron cuando se usaron sulfato de amonio al 2 y 4%. Las proporciones hembras: machos en Tepalcingo fueron: 3.0, 3.8 y 3.1, cuando se usó (hexano+ agua) y (sulfato de amonio al 2 y 4%). En Amilpas de Zacualpa 4.1 hembras con sulfato de amonio 4%.

La hembra de Conotrachelus dimidiatus oviposita en frutos inmaduros de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) dejando una marca de señalización para asegurar el recurso alimenticio de su descendencia y evitar la competencia intraespecífica. Los compuestos químicos volátiles asociados a estas marcas de oviposición al ser identificados pueden ser sintetizados y empleados para señalizar artificialmente los frutos y disminuir el número de frutos dañados. En este trabajo se reportan compuestos químicos volátiles asociados a frutos ovipositados en campo y en condiciones controladas de laboratorio con daños de alimentación y oviposición a las 6, 24 y 48 horas después de ser aislados con hexano e identificados mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Los compuestos selineno, B cadineno, aromadendreno, Alfa copaeno, globulol, y Gama-curcumeno presentaron una mayor concentración en los cromatogramas de frutos ovipositados por las hembras. Se detectaron también 2 hexenal y al thujopseno que son componentes reportados como repelentes de otros insectos. Se considera que el efecto individual o la combinación de algunos de los compuestos pudieran generar un efecto disuasivo de oviposición para las hembras de C. dimidiatus en huertos comerciales de guayaba.

Pterophylla beltrani Bolívar y Bolívar es un insecto rico en diversos metabolitos, con potencial alimenticio y nutracéutico. En este trabajo se presenta un posible uso de su extracto etanólico como un recubrimiento en frutos de fresas el cual impidió el crecimiento de hongos en su superficie, comparado con 60% de las fresas del tratamiento control donde si se desarrollaron hongos. Además, el extracto etanólico no altera el pH o cambios en los niveles de °Brix de las fresas.

México es el principal productor y exportador de Aguacate, Persea americana Miller, con una superficie de 234,269 ha, donde Nayarit ocupa el cuarto lugar nacional de producción. En años recientes los escarabajos ambrosiales cobran relevancia por la amenaza que representan especies como Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) - Raffaelea lauricola T. C. Harr., Graedrich y Aghayeva (Ophiostomatales: Ophiostomataceae) y Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) - Fusarium euwallaceae Freeman, Mendel, Aoki y O'Donnell (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), dos especies reglamentadas para México, por lo que es importante conocer la diversidad de estos barrenadores que tienen el potencial de afectar distintos hospederos. Además de presentase R. lauricola y F. euwallaceae, las especies nativas podrían ser vectores secundarios y hospederos de enemigos naturales. Se recolectaron 202 especímenes entre septiembre y diciembre del año 2020 en los municipios de Xalisco, Tepic, y San Blas, donde se encontraron diez especies: Xyleborus affinis (73.76%), X. volvulus (7.92%), X. bispinatus (6.43%), X. morulus (4.95%), X. macer (2.47%), X. ferrugineus (1.98%), X. posticus (0.99%), X. intrusus (0.49%), X. spinulosus (0.49%), y X. squamulatus (0.49%), lo cual significa que existe diversidad de especies ambrosiales en el cultivo del aguacate en Nayarit, México.

Se llevó a cabo un estudio de las especies de abejas colectadas en la Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOr) para conocer sus patrones de riqueza y endemismo. El área de estudio fue dividida en una cuadrícula de 0.5° times; 0.5° latitud/longitud, donde fueron ubicados 4,547 registros provenientes de bases de datos institucionales y una colección de museo, los cuales corresponden a 279 especies, agrupadas en 73 géneros y cinco familias. Los datos obtenidos muestran que la riqueza de especies se concentra en la parte norte de la SMOr. El índice de complementariedad para cada combinación de cuadros resultó alto (IC > 0.8). En la SMOr son necesarios nueve cuadros del total (21) para tener representado 82% de las especies de abejas. El cuadro de Arteaga es el que tiene la mayor riqueza de especies, los valores más altos de endemismo y se ubica en dos áreas naturales protegidas conocidas como parque nacional Cumbres de Monterrey y área de protección de recursos naturales bajo Río San Juan. Se concluye que la parte norte de la SMOr es la región más biodiversa en especies de abejas dentro de esta cadena montañosa.

Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille) reduced the number of zinnia seeds to half by feeding on flower anthers, producing a negative impact on reproductive potential and affecting the cosmetic value of the plant.

During autumn-winter 2020-2021, leaf petioles of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) with larvae and pupae of clover stem borer, Languria mozardi Latreille, 1807 (Coleoptera: Languriidae), were collected at the Municipality of Ébano, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. A large percentage (70.8 to 92%) of specimens collected completed larval and pupal stages and emerged as adults in laboratory conditions, showing that satisfactorily completed its life cycle in a soybean plant, a potential host for the pest in Mexico.

Larvae of the sawfly, Monoctenus sanchezi Smith, are phytophagous on white cedar (Juniperus flaccida Schlechtendal). We report for the first time Zelus tetracanthus (Stål) and Pselliopus zebra (Stål) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Copestylum caudatum Curran (Diptera: Syrphidae) as predators of the sawfly, which constitute new host records and extend the distribution in Mexico.

The potter wasp, Parancistrocerus fulvipes (Saussure 1856), and its associated mites were recorded for the first time from the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Twenty-eight specimens, all phoretic or resistance nymphs (hypopus) of Vespacarus fulvipes Baker and Cunliffe 1960 was the species of mite in the acarinarium of the wasp.

De junio a octubre del 2019 y 2020 se observó marchitamiento, muerte apical, y necrosis de brotes en plantaciones de morera establecidas en Hidalgo, México. Con características morfométricas y análisis molecular se identificó a Hexachaeta fallax (Lima) como la plaga causante del daño, y representa el primer reporte en morera (Morus nigra L.) para Hidalgo, México.

Primer reporte de Leptodictya plana Heidemann (Hemiptera: Tingidae) como huésped de Tripsacum andersonii Gray y T. latifolium Hitchc.