A survey of illuminated medieval manuscripts from Europe reveals depictions of several different methods used in the Middle Ages for catching butterflies. A discussion on the meaning and iconography of lepidopteran imagery in these manuscripts is presented.

“We have little doubt it is rightly referred to this species,” wrote Godman and Salvin (1893: 262) about their only Panamanian specimen, a female from Calobre, in order to treat the South American Jemadia hewitsonii (Mabille, 1878) in their “Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera—Rhopalocera.” Half a century later, Evans included her in a type series of the newly described subspecies J. hewitsonii pater Evans, 1951, which after 50 more years Burns elevated to species status. This female is neither J. hewitsonii nor J. pater, but a new species, possibly closest to South American Jemadia ovid Evans, 1951, new status. The new Central American Jemadia, repeatedly reared in the Caribbean rain forest of Costa Rica's Area de Conservación Guanacaste, is described here as Jemadia suekentonmiller Grishin, sp. nov.; and its facies, genitalia, and DNA barcodes are closely compared with those of various congeners. The twice-misplaced female is a paratype of J. suekentonmiller and is still the only known specimen from Panama.

Remarkably similar forewing patterns, striking sexual dimorphism, and rampant sympatry combine to present a taxonomically and morphologically bewildering complex of five species of Anacrusis tortricid moths in Central America: Anacrusis turrialbae Razowski, Anacrusis piriferana (Zeller), Anacrusis terrimccarthyae, n. sp., Anacrusis nephrodes (Walsingham), and Anacrusis ellensatterleeae, n. sp. Morphology and DNA barcodes (i.e., the mitochondrial gene COI) corroborate the integrity of the five species, all of which have been reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. These species are polyphagous, with larval foodplants spanning many families of flowering plants. In ACG they occupy different forest types that are correlated with elevation.

The sole known metapopulation of Philotiella leona on the Mazama Tree Farm (MTF) and adjacent areas of the Winema National Forest (WNF) in the Antelope Desert of Klamath County, Oregon was surveyed and studied during 2011–2013. The flight period extended from mid-June to mid-late July or early August (35–47 days) with higher temperatures in 2013 associated with the shortest period. Populations of P. leona based on Pollard walk counts were 4–5 X greater at 4 MTF sites than a WNF site. Populations appeared to be twice as large in 2011 than 2012 or 2013. Greatest numbers were seen in late June-early July with a gradual decline thereafter. Flight activity was meandering and low to the ground and mostly occurred after midday, as did mating and oviposition. Nectaring was observed on 9 plant species with Eriogonum umbellatum most favored. A mark, release and recapture (MRR) study was conducted at one location (∼ 0.4 ha) in the MTF with 214, 95 and 105 adults marked in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Recapture rates of 5.1, 5.3 and 9.5%, respectively, indicated longevity of up to 14 days and yielded population estimates of 61-4515 individuals. Greatest populations of E. spergulinum and P. leona appear to be centered on cleared slash/burn sites (like the MRR site) which are linked by trails and tracks. Conservation of P. leona may depend on the periodic creation of trail-linked slash/burn sites which appear to function as sites for sub-populations of a metapopulation.

We present an updated list of the members of the subtribe Cochylina (Tortricidae) in North America north of Mexico. We summarize the proposed changes in the classification since the end of 1978. We propose revised status for two genera, Rolandylis Gibeaux, 1985 and Thyraylia Walsingham, 1897. We propose eleven revised combinations: Saphenista parvimaculana (Walsingham, 1879), unplaced Cochylina omphacitis (Meyrick, 1912) [Cochylis], unplaced Cochylina voxcana (Kearfott, 1907) [Phalonia], Thyraylia bana (Kearfott, 1907), Thyraylia rhodites (Meyrick, 1912), Thyraylia bunteana (Robinson, 1869), Thyraylia discana (Kearfott, 1907), Thyraylia cricota (Meyrick, 1912), Thyraylia gunniana (Busck, 1907), Thyraylia hollandana (Kearfott, 1907), and Thyraylia nana (Haworth, [1811]). We propose four revised combinations: Rolandylis fusca Pogue, 2001, Rolandylis maiana (Kearfott, 1907), Rolandylis catalonica Gibeaux, 1985, Rolandylis virilia Pogue, 2001; and three new synonymies: Aethes ziscana Kearfott with A. bomonana (Kearfott), Henricus edwarsiana (Walsingham) with H. contrastana (Kearfott), and Phtheochroa pecosana (Kearfott, 1907) with Phtheochroa cartwrightana (Kearfott, 1907). The described fauna includes 20 genera and 137 species, yet it is likely that this region of North America includes two to three times that many species; at least six new genera are defined, but not yet formally described.